销售库存管理系统的设计与实现-文献翻译
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文献翻译
库存管理系统的设计
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2012年3月16 日
库存管理系统的设计
仓库管理系统（WMS）的演变与许多其他软件解决方案是非常相似的。最初的系统用来控制物料在仓库内的流动和贮存，仓库的作用正在延伸到包括轻型制造业，交通运输管理，订单管理，和完整的会计制度中。利用与先前的业务有关的软件，制造资源计划，作为一个比较，材料需求计划（MRP）开始作为一个规划要求，原材料的生产环境的系统。物料需求计划很快演变成以MRP系统，补充调度和容量规划为基础的逻辑制造资源计划（MRPII系统）。最终MRPII系统演变成企业资源规划（ERP），吸收所有的MRPII系统的功能包括充分的财务与客户和供应商管理功能。现在，无论仓库管理系统演变成一个以仓库为中心的ERP系统是一件好事或不可达的辩论。清楚的是，在仓库管理系统，企业资源规划，布局规划要求，交通运输管理系统，供应链计划，高级计划与排程，以及制造执行系统之间扩大重叠功能性只会增加那些寻找软件解决方案业务的公司混乱水平。
1最低限度，一个仓库管理系统应采取下列措施
您是否真的需要仓库管理系统？
并非每一个仓库需要一个仓库管理系统。当然，任何仓库可受益于其中一些功能，但这些受益是否足以证明管理系统最初的
2 声明
仓库管理系统将减少库存！仓库管理系统将减少劳动力成本！仓库管理系统将增加存储容量！仓库管理系统将提高客户服务！仓库管理系统将增加库存的准确性！和正在进行的相关费用是正确的？仓库管理系统是大的，复杂的，数据密集型的应用。他们往往需要大量的初始安装，很多系统资源的运行，很多正在进行的数据管理为继续运行。没错，你需要“管理”你的仓库“管理”制度。一般情况下，大规模的行动最终将建立一个新的IS部门用来唯一负责管理仓库管理系统。
3 现实
实施一个仓库管理系统用来自动的数据收集将可能使你的准确性增加，减少劳动力
成本（提供需要维持系统的劳动力少于物品保存在仓库楼需要的劳动力）和更好地来服务客户以降低周期。预期库存减少和增加存储容量的可能性较小。虽然在接收过程中增加了准确性和效率可能降低库存安全水平，但这种降低产生的影响与整体库存水平相比可以忽略不计。控制库存水平批量最主要的因素是多种尺寸，交货时间和需求的变化，仓库管理系统将对任何因素有重大影响是不可能。而且同时仓库管理系统确实的为更多的有组织的存储提供工具，因为这种存储可能会导致更多的存储容量，相对于这种改善您之前的仓库管理系统是多么草率啊。除了劳动效率，决定实施仓库管理系统的决定因素，往往与一些能满足您的客户的需求有更多关联，比如您目前的系统不支持（或不太支持）像先进先出，交叉对接，自动挑选补充，波采摘，多种跟踪，停车场管理，自动数据采集，自动材料处理设备等。
4 设置
仓库管理系统的设置需求是广泛的，每个项目和地点都必须保持在详细或分组类似项目和地点分类。一个例子，项目详细程度的特点将包括确切尺寸和重量，每个项目在每个单位的项目储备（项目，案件，托盘等），以及信息，如是否可以与其他物品混在一个位置，无论是的最高层次，最大堆叠高度，最高量的位置，危险性分类，半成品或原材料，快与慢动，等。尽管一些行动将需要用这种方式设立每个项目，但大多数业务将有利于创造群体的类似产品。例如，如果你是一个音乐CD分销商，您将创建集团单一CD和双张CD，保持详细的尺寸和重量的资料在组一级，只需要对每个项目附上组代码。您可能会需要对特殊物品保持详细的资料，如盒装套或CD的特别包装。您也可以为地域的不同类型在您的仓库里创造群组。一个例子是，为您用于CD采摘的三种不同大小前瞻性采摘地点建立3个不同群体（小一，二，三）。然后，您可以建立单一的光盘数量，将适合P1，P2和P3的位置，多种双张CD适合在小一，二，小三的位置等。您可能还设立案件的数量，每个CD组光盘数量,货箱的数量和光盘的每个后备存储位置组。
如果这听起来很简单，但在现实中很多业务有更多元化的产品组合，将需要更多的系统设置。而且建立产品的物理特性和产品的位置只是蓝图的部分。你设定的使系统知道产品可以适合哪里并且多少产品将满足这个地方已经足够了。您现在需要建立必要的信息，以让系统决定从哪些位置选择，补充，并采集，并在这些事件应该出现这些序列
中（记得仓库管理就是“指示”流动）。你分配具体逻辑的的做法使各种组合项目/订单/数量/位置信息将出现。
下面我列出一些用于确定实际位置和序列的逻辑
位置顺序。这是最简单的逻辑;您只需确定流经你的仓库和为每一个地点分配序列编号。为了挑选这是把您选择的在流经的仓库排序，在采集逻辑将寻求在第一位置的顺序适合的产品。
区逻辑。由于把你的储存地点分到区，您可以直接采摘，收集，或补充或特定地区的仓库。自区逻辑唯一指定的一个地区，则需要再加上一些其他类型的逻辑，以确定确切位置在禁区内。
固定的位置。逻辑使用预先确定的固定地点，每一项目中分拣，采集，和补充。固定地点是一块采摘挑选和个案选择的行动最常用的首要位置，但是，它们也可用于二级存储。
随机地点。由于电脑不能真正随机（也不想要他们）的任期随机位置有点误导。随机地点一般指的是产品不会储存在指定的固定地点的地方。如Zone逻辑，您将需要一些额外的逻辑，以确定确切位置。
先入先出（FIFO的）。首先指示挑选最古老的库存。
最后，先出（LIFO）。我不认为这种逻辑有任何实际应用，直到我的网站访问者发送一封电子邮件，说明自己在国内和海外销售易腐货物的行动。他们为海外客户使用LIFO（因为长期在途中）和为国内客户使用FIFO。
挑选到清楚。用最少的人手挑选逻辑指示的地点。这种逻辑是巨大的空间利用率。
预留位置。这个是在预约具体地点采集时使用。从申请预留位置将交叉对接，在那里你可以指定一定数量的入境货物转移到具体的举办地点外，或直接到等待出境拖车。
最大限度地立方。立方体逻辑中是在WMS系统发现最多的，尽管它很少使用。立方体逻辑基本上使用单位面积计算立方体（立方英寸每单位）。然后比较这个位置的立方体能力，以确定有多少适合。现在，如果这些单位能堆叠成的位置，以填补每立方英寸的空间中的位置，立方体逻辑将工作。由于这很少发生在现实世界，立方体的逻辑往往是不切实际的。
10）巩固。查询看是否有一个以现有性质存放相同产品的位置。还可以创造更多的行动，以巩固同类产品存放在多个位置。
很多序列。用于采摘或补充，这将使用大量批号或日期，以确定位置，以选择或补充。这是非常常见的逻辑结合多种方法，以确定最佳的位置。例如您可以选择使用挑选到清晰的逻辑内先入先出逻辑当有多个地点以同样的收据的日期。您也可能会根据目前的工作量改变的逻辑。在繁忙时段内您可以选择的逻辑，优化生产力，同时在速度较慢时期您切换到逻辑，优化空间利用率。
Warehouse Management Systems
The evolution of warehouse management systems (WMS) is very similar to that of many other software solutions. Initially a system to control movement and storage of materials within a warehouse, the role of WMS is expanding to including light manufacturing, transportation management, order management, and complete accounting systems. To use the grandfather of operations-related software, MRP, as a comparison, material requirements planning (MRP) started as a system for planning raw material requirements in a manufacturing environment. Soon MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRPII), which took the basic MRP system and added scheduling and capacity planning logic. Eventually MRPII evolved into enterprise resource planning (ERP), incorporating all the MRPII functionality with full financials and customer and vendor management functionality. Now, whether WMS evolving into a warehouse-focused ERP system is a good thing or not is up to debate. What is clear is that the expansion of the overlap in functionality between Warehouse Management Systems, Enterprise Resource Planning, Distribution Requirements Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Execution Systems will only increase the level of confusion among companies looking for software solutions for their operations.
1 Do You Really Need WMS?
Not every warehouse needs a WMS. Certainly any warehouse could benefit from some of the functionality but is the benefit great enough to justify the initial and ongoing costs associated with WMS? Warehouse Management Systems are big, complex, data intensive, applications. They tend to require a lot of initial setup, a lot of system resources to run, and a lot of ongoing data management to continue to run. That’s right, you need to "manage" your warehouse "management" system. Often times, large operations will end up creating a new IS department with the sole responsibility of managing the WMS.
2 The Claims:
WMS will reduce inventory!
WMS will reduce labor costs!
WMS will increase storage capacity!
WMS will increase customer service!
WMS will increase inventory accuracy!
3 The Reality:
The implementation of a WMS along with automated data collection will likely give you increases in accuracy, reduction in labor costs (provided the labor required to maintain the system is less than the labor saved on the warehouse floor), and a greater ability to service the customer by reducing cycle times. Expectations of inventory reduction and increased storage capacity are less likely. While increased accuracy and efficiencies in the receiving process may reduce the level of safety stock required, the impact of this reduction will likely be negligible in comparison to overall inventory levels. The predominant factors that control inventory levels are lot sizing, lead times, and demand variability. It is unlikely that a WMS will have a significant impact on any of these factors. And while a WMS certainly provides the tools for more organized storage which may result in increased storage capacity, this improvement will be relative to just how sloppy your pre-WMS processes were.
Beyond labor efficiencies, the determining factors in deciding to implement a WMS tend to be more often associated with the need to do something to service your customers that your current system does not support (or does not support well) such as first-in-first-out, cross-docking, automated pick replenishment, wave picking, lot tracking, yard management, automated data collection, automated material handling equipment, etc.
4 Setup
The setup requirements of WMS can be extensive. The characteristics of each item and location must be maintained either at the detail level or by grouping similar items and locations into categories. An example of item characteristics at the detail level would include
exact dimensions and weight of each item in each unit of measure the item is stocked (each, cases, pallets, etc) as well as information such as whether it can be mixed with other items in a location, whether it is rack able, max stack height, max quantity per location, hazard classifications, finished goods or raw material, fast versus slow mover, etc. Although some operations will need to set up each item this way, most operations will benefit by creating groups of similar products. For example, if you are a distributor of music CDs you would create groups for single CDs, and double CDs, maintaining the detailed dimension and weight information at the group level and only needing to attach the group code to each item. You would likely need to maintain detailed information on special items such as boxed sets or CDs in special packaging. You would also create groups for the different types of locations within your warehouse. An example would be to create three different groups (P1, P2, P3) for the three different sized forward picking locations you use for your CD picking. You then set up the quantity of single CDs that will fit in a P1, P2, and P3 location, quantity of double CDs that fit in a P1, P2, P3 location etc. You would likely also be setting up case quantities, and pallet quantities of each CD group and quantities of cases and pallets per each reserve storage location group.
If this sounds simple, it is…well… sort of. In reality most operations have a much more diverse product mix and will require much more system setup. And setting up the physical characteristics of the product and locations is only part of the picture. You have set up enough so that the system knows where a product can fit and how many will fit in that location. You now need to set up the information needed to let the system decide exactly which location to pick from, replenish from/to, and put away to, and in what sequence these events should occur (remember WMS is all about “directed” movement). You do this by assigning specific logic to the various combinations of item/order/quantity/location information that will occur.
Below I have listed some of the logic used in determining actual locations and sequences.
Location Sequence. This is the simplest logic; you simply define a flow through your warehouse and assign a sequence number to each location. In order picking this is used to sequence your picks to flow through the warehouse, in put away the logic would look for the
first location in the sequence in which the product would fit.
Zone Logic. By breaking down your storage locations into zones you can direct picking, put away, or replenishment to or from specific areas of your warehouse. Since zone logic only designates an area, you will need to combine this with some other type of logic to determine exact location within the zone.
Fixed Location. Logic uses predetermined fixed locations per item in picking, put away, and replenishment. Fixed locations are most often used as the primary picking location in piece pick and case-pick operations, however, they can also be used for secondary storage.
Random Location. Since computers cannot be truly random (nor would you want them to be) the term random location is a little misleading. Random locations generally refer to areas where products are not stored in designated fixed locations. Like zone logic, you will need some additional logic to determine exact locations.
First-in-first-out (FIFO). Directs picking from the oldest inventory first.
Last-in-first-out (LIFO). Opposite of FIFO. I didn't think there were any real applications for this logic until a visitor to my site sent an email describing their operation that distributes perishable goods domestically and overseas. They use LIFO for their overseas customers (because of longer in-transit times) and FIFO for their domestic customers.
Pick-to-clear. Logic directs picking to the locations with the smallest quantities on hand. This logic is great for space utilization.
Reserved Locations. This is used when you want to predetermine specific locations to put away to or pick from. An application for reserved locations would be cross-docking, where you may specify certain quantities of an inbound shipment be moved to specific outbound staging locations or directly to an awaiting outbound trailer.
Maximize Cube. Cube logic is found in most WMS systems however it is seldom used. Cube logic basically uses unit dimensions to calculate cube (cubic inches per unit) and then compares this to the cube capacity of the location to determine how much will fit. Now if the units are capable of being stacked into the location in a manner that fills every cubic inch of space in the location, cube logic will work. Since this rarely happens in the real world, cube logic tends to be impractical.
Consolidate. Looks to see if there is already a location with the same product stored in it with available capacity. May also create additional moves to consolidate like product stored in multiple locations.
Lot Sequence. Used for picking or replenishment, this will use the lot number or lot date to determine locations to pick from or replenish from.
It’s very common to combine multiple logic methods to determine the best location. For example you may chose to use pick-to-clear logic within first-in-first-out logic when there are multiple locations with the same receipt date. You also may change the logic based upon current workload. During busy periods you may chose logic that optimizes productivity while during slower periods you switch to logic that optimizes space utilization.
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理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方
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大部份太阳能炊具有某种形式的反光罩的集中太阳的能量。太阳轮使用不反光但集中太阳能通过创造蒸汽从相对较大的收集器区域,并将其用于一个较小的烹饪区。随着太阳能轮使用蒸汽作为传热媒介,它是一种间接的烹饪系统。这允许一个分裂的烹饪系统,其热太阳能集热器可以放置在某个距离(如在屋顶上)除了烹饪的地方(例如在厨房里)。厨师正在不接触阳光的并且可以用蒸汽,无论高低都方便,可接受的区域。 这使它成为一个非常方便的炊具为大量的食物。使用简单叠加可以蒸煮几样菜，可以煮熟的同时进行。那热气腾腾的过程是非常相似与传统蒸煮过程，应该容易得到各种文化的认可。 太阳所产生的蒸汽也可以被用来热量大的罐炖肉或汤通过引导蒸汽直接进入了液体在它凝聚和释放的热凝。这就引起我做一个温柔的风潮的食品烤干。 在其设计技术,利用太阳船的有效性标准疏散管太阳能集热器可降低成本。 配料系统 可以看出从素描以上基本的想法是很简单的。太阳能收集器里装满了水。因为它具有极高的效率和良好的保温玻璃管的撤离开始沸腾的水会暴露在阳光下时。蒸汽会被引导到蒸笼以灵活的、蒸汽抗性软管。 连续系统
最后更复杂的,因为它必须确信,玻璃管永远不会变干的。一滴滴喂料系统集成式换热器提供了一条连续的淡水来代替水流失为蒸汽。这也防止了重建的盐和污染的太阳能集热器。因为这个系统包含了大量的沸腾的水在玻璃管,它具有使绝对肯定,没有压力,建立该体系。 成本 为了保持成本低，Sun2Steam正在出售一转换工具包可以很容易地安装在一个标准的低成本太阳能集热器。此套将直接来自澳大利亚,而太阳能收集器可直接来源于一个低成本的供应商。 一个太阳能集热器和20管直径和57mm 1.8米长，在中国是可以买到的大约200美元。转换组件包括500万绝缘软管取决于汇率蒸汽将大约200美元。成本增加25%,装船的税负导致的总费用为500美元左右的太阳能船没有安装费用和培训。 这使得轮船进入上部成本支架太阳能炊具。然而所有的材料都要持久和完整的炊具应该很容易超过了一生的10年。炉子可以很容易地帮助准备食物为10人。这使人均成本的太阳能减少至约五十美元。 也有一些额外的好处。太阳轮能生产大约5升的高质量的蒸馏水一天所产生的凝汽。一个可选的转换器将允许生产超过100升的安全、pasteurised饮水每天。报告描述太阳能蒸笼在这里可以找到: 大多数高海拔的烹饪和烘烤的指示不推荐补偿,直到你到达约6000英尺的海拔高度。居住在该地区,并且现在我住在怀俄明,是正确的,我们的高度范围你真正开始注重细微的差别,所以我已经学会补偿烤时和烹饪。 水沸腾时会出现在较低的温度在这里——这是由于减少了空气压力。你不会真正注意到什么大的差异在4000英尺,甚至在6000英尺,唯一的真正的区别是面带最微小的更久一点做饭,和糙米试你的耐心一点超过正常(以接近一个小时做饭,而不是通常的40分钟)。糖果还可以要求较长的沸腾时期达到各种球类或裂缝阶段。最引人注目的差异在这个高度是烤面包。蛋糕是一个倾向于看起来更温柔,更容易摔跤在中间。面包做一些有趣的事情。 蛋糕混合料通常会表明你应该添加额外的勺面粉加入混合,如果你是在高海拔超过5-6000呎。你可能需要补偿甚至更多,如果你是比那更高一些。
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