刘炳善《英国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解-第7章 19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人【圣才出品】

第7章19世纪中后期的散文家和诗人

7.1 复习笔记

Ⅰ. Background Knowledge（背景知识）

Refer to “Background Knowledge” of Part Six.

参考第六章：批判现实主义的“背景知识”部分。

Ⅱ. Features of prose and poetry of the Mid and Late 19th Century（19世纪中后期的散文和诗歌文体特征）

1. The most important genre of this period is prose, which includes fictional prose

and non-fictional prose. Fictional prose is also called novel (Novels of mid and late 19th century have been mentioned in Part Six). The main representatives of non-fictional prose are Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin and Thomas Babington Macaulay.

2. The fifties saw the rising of two poets: Tennyson and Browning. By the end of the

19th century, the most important writers were those who were concerned with the socialist movements, and one of them was William Morris.

3. Literary trends at the end of the 19th century included naturalism,

neo-romanticism and aestheticism. The representatives of aestheticism who believed in “art for art’s sake” were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde. Steve nson, the neo-romanticist created the pleasant works that followed the principles of

the mysterious style of the Romanticists such as Byron. The naturalists, represented by George Gissing, though not being aware of the source of misery, gave a detailed description of the evils of society and the harsh reality as well as people’s painful life in the slums.

1. 这一时期的文学创作以散文见长，既包括故事性散文（小说），又包括非故事性散文。非故事性散文作家的主要人物有托马斯·卡莱尔，约翰·罗斯金，托马斯·巴宾顿·麦考利。

2. 50年代起，丁尼生和布朗宁在诗歌领域崛起。到十九世纪末期，最主要一类作家是那些热衷社会主义运动者，其代表人物是威廉·莫里斯。

3. 19世纪末，新的文学流向包括自然主义，新浪漫主义和唯美主义。唯美主义的代言人是“纯艺术”或“为艺术而艺术”创作的沃尔特·佩特，奥斯卡·王尔德。新浪漫主义者史蒂文森追随伟大的浪漫主义诗人拜伦及浪漫主义神秘与奇特传统，为对当时社会现实不满的读者创作出赏心悦目作品。自然主义流派则以乔治·吉辛为代表，他们虽不知道产生痛苦的根源，却详尽地描述了社会的丑恶、令人不快的现实及贫民窟人们的痛苦生活。

Ⅲ. Literary Terms（文学术语）

1. Naturalism（自然主义）

(1) Naturalism is an extreme form of realism. It was a literary movement taking

place from 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. Influenced by the evolution theory of Charles Darwin, naturalists believed that one's heredity and social environment determine one's character.

(2) Naturalism is depicted as a literary movement that seeks to photo a believable

everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalistic works often include sordid subject matter that exposes the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, sex, prejudice, disease, prostitution, and filth.

(3) George Gissing is a naturalist.

(1) 自然主义是现实主义的极端形式。它从19世纪80年代持续到20世纪40年代。自然

主义通过对现实十分详尽的描写来反映社会条件，遗传和环境在塑造人的性格方面起不可避免的作用。受达尔文进化论影响，自然主义学者认为人物性格就是由遗传和社会环境决定。

(2) 自然主义与浪漫主义或者超现实主义正好相反，后两者所刻画的物体具有高度的象征性

甚至是超自然性，而自然主义则是原原本本地反映现实。自然主义作家描写的是能够展现生活艰辛的社会肮脏面：贫穷，种族歧视，性，偏见，疾病，卖淫等。

(3) 乔治·吉辛便是一名自然主义者。

2. Neo-Romanticism（新浪漫主义）

(1) Neo-classicism lasts from very late 19th century to early 20th century. The

naturalist in art stresses external observation, whereas the neo-romantic adds feeling and internal observation.

(2) Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the

positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend which laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and

fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. These artists tend to draw their inspiration from artists of the age of high romanticism, and in this they react in general to the “ugly” modern world of machines, new cities, and profit.

(3) Characteristic themes include longing for perfect love, utopian landscapes, and

romantic death. Stevenson is a representative of neo-romanticism.

(1) 新浪漫主义从19世纪末到20世纪初。自然主义者强调的是客观的外部观察，而新浪

漫主义在刻画事物中则添加了个人感觉和内心感想。

(2) 不满于社会现实的肮脏丑陋，试图逃避积极解决社会问题的方法，一些作家采纳了这种

新的文学倾向，他们通过创作刺激的冒险和令人目眩的故事来取悦读者。他们效仿浪漫主义最繁荣时期（即1798-1832年），通过这样来反对肮脏的现代世界的机器，新城市和至高无上的利益。

(3) 新浪漫主义描写的典型主题是完美的爱情，乌托邦式乡土和浪漫的死亡。史蒂文斯是新

浪漫主义代表。

3. Aestheticism（唯美主义）

(1) The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement—“art for art’s sake”—was set

forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier.

(2) The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter

Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde, with his Picture of Dorian Gray.

(3) Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art

imitate life. This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.

(1) 唯美主义的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔·高缔尔提出。

(2) 英国运用该美学理论的第一人是19世纪末最重要的文论作家沃尔特·佩特。奥斯卡·王尔

德则因创作《道林·格雷的画像》而成为英国该运动的重要代表人物。

(3) 唯美主义崇尚艺术高于生活，认为生活应该模仿艺术，而不是艺术模仿生活。这是对维

多利亚工业发展时期宣扬物质崇拜的一种反抗，也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战。

4. Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独白）

(1) A dramatic monologue is a piece of spoken verse that offers great insight into

the feelings of the speaker.

(2) Dramatic monologue was favoured by many poets in the Victorian period, in

which a single person in the poem, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. This person addresses and interacts with one or more other people;

but we know of the auditors’ presence, as for what they say and do, only from clues in the discourse of the single speaker. The main principle controlling the poet’s choice and formulation of what the lyri c speaker says is to reveal to the reader the speaker’s temperament and character.

(3) Examples of a dramatic monologue exist in My Last Duchess by Robert

Browning.

(1) 戏剧独白是一种可以更好了解人物所思所想的独白式诗歌。

(2) 该形式主要受维多利亚时期诗人的青睐。在戏剧独白中，诗歌主要是由该诗歌中一个人

物（非作者）() 的独白构成，该人物会在特定场合的特定时刻开始讲话。这个独白者会跟一个或者多个听者进行交流，但是这一个或者多个听者的回答在诗中是不会出现的，我们通过独白者的言语可以猜测听者说了什么。诗人通过这种独白方式向读者介绍独白者的性格和品质。

(3) 典型的戏剧独白诗歌是罗伯特·布朗宁的《我的前公爵夫人》。

5. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood（先拉斐尔兄弟会）

(1) The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a

group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

(2) The group’s intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to

be the mechanistic approach first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. They believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular were corrupted by the academic teaching of art.Hence the name “re-Raphaelite”.

(1) 先拉斐尔兄弟会是1848年开始的一个艺术团体（也是艺术运动），由3名年轻的英国

画家所发起——约翰·艾佛雷特·米莱、但丁·加百利·罗塞蒂和威廉·霍尔曼·亨特。(2) 他们的目的是为了改变当时的艺术潮流，反对那些在米开朗基罗和拉斐尔的时代之后在