2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题

2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题

(适用于1-25班)

时间: 150分钟

2008.1.14

Part I: Reading Comprehension 40%

Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices given to answer the questions or to complete the statements that follow each passage. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal-hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms.

Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination.

Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a "super-race"? (Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories.) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a "savings bank'' full of spare kidney, livers, or hands?

Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God?, "Broad scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created."

1. According to the passage, the exhaust from a car engine could probably be checked

by .

A. using metal-hungry microbes.

B. making use of enzymes.

C. adjusting the engine.

D. patenting new life forms.

2. According to the passage, which of the following would worry the critics the

most?

A. The unanticipated explosion of population.

B. The creation of biological solar cells.

C. The accidental spill of oil.

D. The unexpected release of destructive microbes.

3. Which of the following notions is NOT mentioned?

A. Developing a "savings bank" of one's organs.

B. Breeding soldiers for a war.

C. Producing people with cow-like stomachs.

D. Using genetic forecasting to cure diseases.

4. According to the passage, Hitler attempted to .

A. change the pilots biologically to win the war.

B. develop genetic farming for food supply.

C. kill the people he thought of as inferior.

D. encourage the development of genetic weapons for the war.

5. What does Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard's statement imply?

A. The commercial applications of genetic engineering are inevitable.

B. America will depend on other countries for biological progress.

C. Americans are proud of their computers, automobiles and genetic

technologies.

D. The potential application of each new genetic advance should be controlled. Passage Two

The concept of "environment" is certainly difficult and may even be misunderstood; but we have no handy substitute. It seems simple enough to distinguish between the organism and the surrounding environment and to separate forces acting on an organism into those that are internal and biological and those that are external and environmental. But in actual practice this system breaks down in many ways, because the organism and the environment are constantly interacting so that the environment is modified by the organism and vice versa.

In the case of man, the difficulties, with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture. If we look at man as an animal and try to analyze the environmental forces

that are acting on the organism, we find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like factors common to all biological situations; but we also find, always, very important environmental influences that we can only class as "cultural", which modify the physical and biological factors. But man, as we know him, is always a bearer of culture; and if we study human culture, we find that it, in turn, is modified by the environmental factors of' climate and geography. We thus easily get into great difficulties from the necessity of viewing culture, at one moment, as a part of the man and, at another moment, as a part of the environment.

6. Which of the following words can best describe the popular understanding of "environment" as the author sees it?

A. Elaborate.

B. Prejudiced.

C. Faultless.

D. Oversimplified.

7. According to the author the concept of ―environment" is difficult to explain

because .

A. it doesn't distinguish between the organism and the environment

B. it involves both internal and external forces

C. the organism and the environment influence each other

D. the relationship between the organism and the environment is unclear

8. In analyzing the environmental forces acting on man the author suggests

that .

A. biological factors are less important to the organism than cultural factors to

man

B. man and other animals are modified equally by the environmental forces

C. man is modified by the cultural environment as well as by the natural

environment

D. physical and biological factors exert more influence on other organisms

than on man

9. As for culture, the author points out that .

A. it develops side by side with environmental factors

B. it is also affected by environmental factors

C. it is generally accepted to be part of the environment

D. it is a product of man's biological instincts

10. In this passage, the author is primarily concerned with .

A. the interpretation of the term "environment"

B. the discussion on organisms and biological environment

C. the comparison between internal and external factors influencing man

D. the evaluation of man's influence on culture

Passage Three

The tourist trade is booming. With all this coming and going, you’d expect greater understanding to develop between the nations of the world. Not a bit of it! Superb systems of communication by air, sea and land make it possible for us to visit each other’s countries at a moderate cost. What was once the ‘grand tour’, reserved for only the very rich, is now within everybody’s grasp? The package tour and chartered flights are not to be sneered at. Modern travelers enjoy a level of comfort which the lords and ladies on grand tours in the old days couldn’t have dreamed of. But what’s the sense of this mass exchange of populations if the nations of the world remain basically ignorant of each other?

Many tourist organizations are directly responsible for this state of affairs. They deliberately set out to protect their clients from too much contact with the local population. The modern tourist leads a cosseted(宠爱溺爱的)sheltered life. He lives at international hotels, where he eats his international food and sips his international drink while he gazes at the natives from a distance. Conducted tours to places of interest are carefully censored. The tourist is allowed to see only what the organizers want him to see and no more. A strict schedule makes it impossible for the tourist to wander off on his own; and anyway, language is always a barrier, so he is only too happy to be protected in this way. At its very worst, this leads to a new and hideous kind of colonization. The summer quarters of the inhabitants of the cite universitaire: are temporarily reestablished on the island of Corfu. Blackpool is recreated at Torremolinos where the traveler goes not to eat paella, but fish and chips.

The sad thing about this situation is that it leads to the persistence of national stereotypes. We don’t see the people of other nations as they really are, but as we have been brought up to believe they are. You can test this for yourself. Take five nationalities, say, French, German, English, American and Italian. Now in your mind, match them with these five adjectives: musical, amorous (多情的), cold, pedantic(学究式的), native. Far from providing us with any insight into the national characteristics of the peoples just mentioned, these adjectives actually act as barriers. So when you set out on your travels, the only characteristics you notice are those which confirm your preconceptions. You come away with the highly unoriginal and inaccurate impression that, say, ‘Anglo-Saxons are hypocrites’ of that ‘Latin peoples shout a lot’. You only have to make a few foreign friends to understand how absu rd and harmful national stereotypes are. But how can you make foreign friends when the tourist trade does its best to prevent you?

Carried to an extreme, stereotypes can be positively dangerous. Wild generalizations stir up racial hatred and blind us to the basic fact—how trite(老一套的) it sounds! – That all people are human. We are all similar to each other and at the same time all unique.

11.The best title for this passage is ___________.

A. tourism contributes nothing to increasing understanding between nations.

B. tourism is tiresome.

C. conducted tour is dull.

D. tourism really does something to one’s country.

12.What is the author’s attitude toward tourism?

A. apprehensive.

B. negative.

C. critical.

D. appreciative.

13.Which word in the following is the best to summarize Latin people shout a lot?

A. silent.

B. noisy.

C. lively.

D. active.

14.The purpose of the author’s criticism is to point out

A. conducted tour is disappointing.

B. the way of touring should be changed.

C. when traveling, you notice characteristics which confirm preconception.

D. national stereotypes should be changed.

15.What is ‘grand tour’ now?

A. moderate cost.

B. local sight-seeing is investigated by the tourist organization.

C. people enjoy the first-rate comforts.

D. everybody can enjoy the ‘grand tour’.

Passage Four

These days we hear a lot of nonsense about the ‘great classless society’. The idea that the twentieth century is the age of the common man has become one of the great clichés of our time. The same old arguments are put forward in evidence. Here are some of them: monarchy as a system of government has been completely discredited. The monarchies that survive have been deprived of all political power. Inherited wealth has been savagely reduced by taxation and, in time, the great fortunes will disappear altogether. In a number of countries the victory has been complete. The people rule; the great millennium has become a political reality. But has it? Close examination doesn’t bear out the claim.

It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be leveled out if you provide everybody with the same educational opportunities. (It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question.) The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. The old rules of the jungle, ‘survival of the fittest’, and ‘might is right’ are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For ‘aristocracy(贵族统治)’ read ‘meritocracy(英才统治’; in other respects, society remains unaltered: the class system is rigidly maintained.

Genuine ability, animal cunning, skill, the knack of seizing opportunities, all bring material rewards. And what is the first thing people do when they become rich? They use their wealth to secure the best possible opportunities for their children, to give them ‘a good start in life’. For all the lip service we pay to the idea of equality, we do not consider this wrong in the western world. Private schools which offer unfair advantages over state schools are not banned because one of the principles in a democracy is that people should be free to choose how they will educate their children. In this way, the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain extent: an able child from a wealthy home can succeed far more rapidly than his poorer counterpart. Wealth is also used indiscriminately to further political ends. It would be almost impossible to become the leader of a democracy without massive financial backing. Money is as powerful a weapon as ever it was.

In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden. But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing: class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant.

16.What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Equality of opportunity in the twentieth century has not destroyed the class

system.

B. Equality means money.

C. There is no such society as classless society.

D. Nature can’t give you a classless society.

17.According to the author, the same educational opportunities can’t get rid of

inequality because

A. the principle ‘survival of the fittest’ exists.

B. Nature ignores equality in dispensing brains and ability.

C. Material rewards are for genuine ability.

D. People have the freedom how to educate their children.

18.Who can obtain more rapid success

A. Those with the best opportunities.

B. Those with the best brains.

C. those with wealth.

D. Those who have the ability to catch at opportunities.

19.Why does the author say the new meritocracy can perpetuate itself to a certain

extent? Because

A. money decides everything.

B. Private schools offer advantages over state schools.

C. People are free to choose the way of educating their children.

D. Wealth is used for political ends.

20.According to the author, ‘class divisions’ refers to

A. Genius and stupidity.

B. Different opportunities for people.

C. Oppressor and the oppressed.

D. the rich and the poor.

Part II Translation from English to Chinese 20%

Directions:Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.

Believe me when I tell you that you have been given everything you need. You already own the gifts you seek. They were given to you a long time ago. Don’t spend your lifetime seeking your happiness, when in reality, you already have the means to it. The amazing part about this secret is that no one can steal it from you. The gifts you have been given, including your very own acres of diamonds are yours to keep and share as you see fit. Everyone is good at something, and you’ll come to find out that the more you share your treasures, the shinier they get, and the more valuable they become. In turn, you become a richer and happier person.

Part III. Translation from Chinese to English 20%

Directions: Put the following Chinese into English. Write your answer on your Answer Sheet.

承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。这正是我们需要教育的原因。教育，正好可以不断发现隐藏在我们头脑里的无知和偏见，它们就像隐藏在电脑里的病毒。除非我们保持警惕，不断检查电脑清除病毒。否则，某一天我们就会深陷麻烦。我们不知道在什么时候什么地方它们就会袭击我们，带来严重后果。

Part IV. Writing 20%

Directions:Write a composition of about 150 words on the following title. Write your composition on your Answer Sheet.

The Qualities Needed for a Good Boss

2007级硕士研究生(B类)英语期末考试试题答案

(适用于1-25班)

时间: 150分钟

2008.1.14

Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)

1. ( B )

2. ( D )

3. ( D )

4. ( C )

5. ( A )

6. ( D )

7. ( C )

8. ( C )

9. ( B ) 10. ( A )

11. ( A ) 12. ( C ) 13. ( B ) 14. ( B ) 15. ( D )

16. ( A ) 17. ( B ) 18. ( C ) 19. ( A ) 20. ( D )

Part II: Translation from English to Chinese (20 points)

(略)

Part III: Translation from Chinese to English (20 points)

It is no disgrace to admit that we are all heavily influenced by prejudices. And this is precisely the reason why we all need education. Education is just the progressive discovery of our ignorance and prejudices which are hidden in our mind like computer virus in a computer. And unless we stay alert and check our computer constantly and wipe out all the viruses, we will be in serious trouble some day. We will not know when and where they will hit us with serious consequences.

Part IV: Writing (20 points)

(略)

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