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大学英语四级翻译题解题技巧

大学英语四级翻译题解题技巧
大学英语四级翻译题解题技巧

本文由金雨甜贡献

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大学英语四级翻译题

大学英语四级考试改革后,取消了原有的词汇与语法结构部分的试题,增添了新翻译这部分的新题型,与以往作为四级考试备选题型之一的英译汉不同,新题型的翻译改为汉译英,增加了一定的难度。

一、题型介绍大学英语四级考试的最后一个阶段是翻译。翻译部分为汉译英,共5个句子,一句一题,句长为15—30词。句中的一部分已用英文给出,要求考生根据全句意思将汉语部分译成英语,约3到8个单词。考试时间5分钟。翻译须符合英语的语法结构和表达习惯,要求用词准确。该部分主要考核学生运用正确的词汇和语法结构并按英语习惯表达思想的能力。因此,要求学生在平时学习和四级复习中熟练掌握四级大纲规定的词汇、词组和语法知识,熟悉各种句子结构,并且能够活学活用。二、评分原则及标准 1. 整体内容和语言均正确,得1分。2. 结构正确,但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当,得0.5分。3. 整体意思正确但语言有错误,得0.5分。4. 整体意思完全错误,即使结构正确也不得分。5. 大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。

翻译题型三大考点

1. 固定搭配考点:这是翻译中的最为核心

的考点,也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点。比如说名词与动词搭配,形容词与名词搭配,动词与副词的修饰关系,名词与介词搭配,更为重要的是常见的固定词组介词搭配,更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达,这些都可能成为考试的命以及固定表达,这些都可能成为考试的命题重点。

例1:By contrast, American mothers were more likely ( 把孩子的成功归因于) 把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent. (大纲样题)。大纲样题) 【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型。有考点剖析】两个固定搭配考点:1)be 两个固定搭配考点:1)be likely to do sth ;

2) owe… /attribute… (把归功、因于) owe…to /attribute…to (把…归功、因于)

2. 核心语法考点:这部分语法考点大多数核心语法语法考点

是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移,尽管词汇单选题现在不考了,但是还是不能忽视这部分题目,因为考点是一致的。核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、法考点最重要的虚拟语气,其次是倒装结构、从句知识、非谓语动词等。从句知识、非谓语动词等。

例:Not 例:Not only (他向我收 (他向我收费过高), 费过高), but he didn’t do a good repair job didn’ either (大纲样题) (大纲样题) 【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点剖析】考点。考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况。句首的Not only决定了法现象的掌握情况。句首的Not only决定了倒装连接,下文用了过去时态,因此这里需在he之前加did。所以答案应该为did 需在he之前加did。所以答案应该为did he overcharge me。 me。

3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查

例1:Though a skilled worker, (他被公司解雇了) (他被公司解雇了) last week because of the economic crisis . 【考点剖析】本题的重要考点就是考考点剖析】生对“解雇”生对“解雇”这个核心动词的翻译。可以表示解雇的有dismiss, 表示解雇的有dismiss, discharge, fire等。 fire等。

如何准备

1)在进行翻译练习时,尽量力求翻译答案)在进行翻译练习时,多样化,以便扩展思维,开阔思路,多样化,以便扩展思维,开阔思路,掌握重点核心表达。重点核心表达。

例: (为了挣钱供我上学), mother 为了挣钱供我上学), often takes on more work than is good for her

【考点剖析】对于“为了挣钱供我上学考点剖析】对于““的表达,我们可以说To earn money for my 的表达,我们可以说To education; To earn money for my schooling ; In order to make money to finance my education ; In order to make money to fund my education ; In order to earn money to afford my education 等。表达多样化,发散性思维,对地道英文表达的积累很有帮助,直接与四级考试中翻译与写作题型相关。

2). 绝对不能忽视以前词汇语法的单项选)绝对不能忽视以前词汇语法的单项选择题,择题,尽量在以前的词汇题中挖掘新四级翻译考点。翻译考点。例:The 例:The author was required to submit an abstract of about 200 words together with his research paper.

句中的submit(提交)这个考点词在2006年句中的submit(提交)这个考点词在2006年6月的新四级的翻译题中再次出现,这足以说明的新四级的翻译题中再次出现,这足以说明以前的词汇语法题目的考点与新题型中的翻译题考点具有延续性与继承性。

He gave a pledge to handle the affairs in a friendly manner . 【考点探究】本题为2003年6月四级考试的词考点探究】本题为2003年汇单选题,handle 汇单选题,handle the affairs in a friendly manner (以友好的方式处理事务)是一个核心表达,很以友好的方式处理事务) 有可能在翻译中考查。因为在这句话中,出现了考点叠加的现象:第一,give 第一,give a pledge to do sth (承诺做某事); (承诺做某事) 第二,handle(处理) 第二,handle(处理)这个核心动词的用法;第三,in manner(以方式) 第三,in …manner(以…方式)这个重要短语;考生一定要清楚,在复习词汇单选题的时候,出现考点叠加的地方一定要高度重视,容易命题。

3). 多背搭配,同时利用经典搭配多造句子,多背搭配同时利用经典搭配多造句子,搭配,完善语法结构。完善语法结构。同时可以提高自己的写作水一举两得。平,一举两得。 4). 强化重点语法知识。如倒装结构、虚拟强化重点语法知识。如倒装结构、语法知识语气、比较结构、定语从句、状语从句、语气、比较结构、定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词等。谓语动词等。 5). 深度分析已考翻译试题,全面掌握挖掘潜深度分析已考翻译试题,在考点,学会举一反三。在考点,学会举一反三。

解题步骤

1:首先快速浏览句子,先看英语不看汉语,从而判断划线处所填句子的形式、时态。所谓形式包括:1.词组固定搭配(不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等)2.虚拟 3.被动所谓时态是指:根据前后已经给出的英语句子判断所填英语句子的时态。 2:看括号里面的汉语句子,以核心词核心词为切入点,核心词找准主谓宾、分清定状补。 3:先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补,切块对应翻译,重新组合。动词注意时态,名词注意单复数。

常见语法考点真题解析

1、从句的翻译 (1)主语从句 (1)主语从句真题: (很多人没有意识到的)is 很多人没有意识到的)is providing the best education possible for their children.(2009.6) 答案:What 答案:What many people don’t realize don’

What的用法 What的用法

1. what = just as,意为“恰像,犹如,好比”用作连词,引 as,意为“恰像,犹如,好比”导比较状语从句。⑴惯用句式是:A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正惯用句式是:A D. 意为“如C对D一样”例如:一样” E.g. Air is to us what water is to fish. (介词to 表示两者的关系)(介词to ⑵也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如:也有“ D. E.g. Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。(介词for表示“了家禽正如画家离不开画布一

样。(介词for表示“供…使用”)⑶ what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是:What C is 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是:What to D,that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.) D, B.( D.)在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“在这一结构中,喻体在前,主体在后,相当于“just as…, as… so…”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如: so…”结构,意思也是“而言正如C 一样” What blood vessel is to a man's body,that railway is to body, transportation.( transportation.(=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body ,so Railway is to transportation.)铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人 transportation.)体一样。

2. what 与do with连用,意为“(怎样)处 with连用,意为“理﹑安排或对付等”。what常有较灵活的翻安排或对付等” what常有较灵活的翻译,常用结构是:“译,常用结构是:“what …do with sth./sb.? sth./sb.?”或“what to do with sth./sb.”例如: sth./sb.”① What will you do with the letter? letter?② The kids do not know what to do with themselves on rainy days.

2.what 用作复合关系代词时,既可指代人又可指代物。例如:可指代物。例如:①China is no longer what it used to be?中国 be?已不是过去的中国。② She is what you call a “bluestocking”。 bluestocking”她就是你说的“女才子”她就是你说的“女才子”。③ She is not what she was five years ago. 她不 ago. 再是5 再是5年前的她了。

3. What从句可用作宾语补足语或状语。例如: What从句可用作宾语补足语或状语。例如:① We will make the factory twice what it is today. (句中的twice (句中的twice what it is today是动词make的宾语the today是动词make的宾语the factory的补足语) factory的补足语) Gravity is what makes you weigh what you weigh. 地心吸引力使人称得现有的重量(句中的第一个 what到句末为表语从句;句末的what what到句末为表语从句;句末的what you weigh 是说明前面的动词weigh,系回答how 说明前面的动词weigh,系回答how much 的问题,作状语)

4.与what连用的常用句型和词组 4.与what连用的常用句型和词组⑴ What if…?如果(假如)…将会怎么样?例如: if…如果(假如)… What if it is true?如果这是真的又怎么样? true? What if a storm should come up?万一发生暴风雨怎么 up?办?

⑷ come what will(may)是固定搭配必须倒装,意为 will(may)“不管发生什么事”“不管怎样”不管发生什么事”“不管怎样” Come what will (may),I will always stand by you. may),I She made up mind that, come what may, she would stay there. They said they would follow the Party's lead come what might.

(2)宾语从句 (2)宾语从句真题:Many 真题:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), 来衡量的), not how much they can earn.(2007.12) 答案:is 答案:is measured by how much they can loan

(3)表语从句 (3)表语从句真题:真题:In my sixties, one change I notice is that ———— that———— (我比以前更容易累了).(2007.12) 累了).(2007.12) 答案:答案:I am more likely to get tired than before

(4)定语从句 (4)定语从句真题:真题:Medical researchers are painfully aware (他们至今还 that there are many problems 没有答案)(2008.12) 没有答案)(2008.12) 答案:答案:(that/which)they haven’t found solution to 或to which they haven’t found solution 真题: (与我成长的地方相比), this town is 与我成长的地方相比), 真题: more prosperous and exciting.(2008.6) 答案:答案:Compared with the place where I grew up 真题: is—真题:The prevention and treatment of AIDS is—— (我们可以合作的

领域).(2007.6) 我们可以合作的领域).(2007.6) 答案:答案:the field where(in which)we can cooperate

(5)状语从句 (5)状语从句真题:Leaving one’真题:Leaving one’s job, (不管是什么工作), 不管是什么工作), is a difficult change, even for those who look forward to retiring.(2008.6) 答案:whatever is(让步状语从句) 答案:whatever it is(让步状语从句) 真题:I 真题:I am going to pursue this course, (无论我要作出什么样的牺牲).(2007.12) 论我要作出什么样的牺牲).(2007.12) 答案:no 答案:no matter what kind of sacrifice I have to make(让步状语从句) make(让步状语从句) 真题:Some 真题:Some psychologists claim that people (出门在外时可能会感到孤独)(2006.12) 出门在外时可能会感到孤独)(2006.12) 答案:may 答案:may feel lonely when they are away from home(时间状语从句) home(时间状语从句)

2.虚拟语气 2.虚拟语气

历年真题中涉及到虚拟语气的考点可以归纳如下: (1)(should)+动词原形的情形;

(1)(should)+动词原形的情形; (2)if或 (2)if或but for等引导的条件句; for等引导的条件句; (3)wish, ifonly, would rather, It is(high)time that… that…的用法。

【真题】You would not have failed if …真题】的指令去做).(2009.12) 的指令去做).(2009.12)

(按照我

【解析】本题较为容易,按照汉语意思直译。考点解析】有两个:首先最重要的考点是if从句的虚拟语气考有两个:首先最重要的考点是if从句的虚拟语气考查;根据语法规定,如果主句中出现would +have的查;根据语法规定,如果主句中出现would +have 的形式,从句中应该采用had+过去分词的结构;第二形式,从句中应该采用had+过去分词的结构;第二是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表达为follow 是固定搭配“按照…的指令”表达为follow my instructions 或者是follow my orders 注意多样化的表或者是follow 达,两者选其一就可以;注意很多学生出现遗漏主语you,造成不必要的失分。 you,造成不必要的失分。【答案】you had followed my instructions 或者you had 答案】或者you followed my orders

【真题】The victim 真题】 (本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time.(2006.12) 【解析】本句考查对错综时间条件句的虚拟语解析】气的掌握。在与过去事实相反的条件下,if引气的掌握。在与过去事实相反的条件下,if引导的条件句时态是过去完成时态,主句谓语一般使用would 般使用would have done。 done。【答案】would have had a chance to 答案】 survive/would have had a chance of survival

3.倒装结构 3.倒装结构倒装分完全倒装与部分倒装两种类型,重点是部分倒装,即只有系动词、助动词和情态动词参与的倒装。常见的倒装结构可以分为四大类: (1)否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结 (1)否定倒装。指否定副词或否定的副词性结构hardly, seldom, scarcely, never, little, nowhere, not once, under no circumstances, in no way, no sooner…than, sooner…than,not only…but also用于句首时 only… also用于句首时所导致的倒装。 Seldom did I go to theater, but now it is different. 以前我很少去剧院,但是现在不同了。

(2)虚拟倒装。指在if引导的虚拟条件句中,将if (2)虚拟倒装。指在if引导的虚拟条件句中,将if 省略,把should, 省略,把should, had, were提至主语前,形成倒 were 提至主语前,形成倒装。 Were I you, I’ll never promise to do that. I’如果我是你,绝对不会答应那么做的。 (3)强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至 (3)强调倒装。为突出强调某一成分而将它提至句首时,实行倒装,如: A. so 倒装句 So diligently does

he work that he often forgets to eat and sleep. 他工作如此勤奋以至于经常废寝忘食。

B.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语:only, B.以某些表示肯定的副词开头作状语:only, often, then Then did I throw myself into the chair, exhausted. 然后我一屁股坐在椅子上,累死了。 Only by working hard can we achieve what we want. 我们只有通过努力工作才能获得想要的东西。 (4)在“so+形容词…that分句”结构中,如将 (4)在 so+形容词…that分句”结构中,如将“so+形容词”置于句首以示强调时,其后的系 so+形容词”动词be则要移到主语前面,形成主谓的完全倒装。动词be则要移到主语前面,形成主谓的完全倒装。 So moved was she that she could not say a word. 她感动得说不出话来。

【真题】Not only 真题】 (他向我收费过高),but 他向我收费过高) he didn’t do a good repair job either.(2006.6新) didn’ either.(2006.6新【解析】本题考查对倒装的掌握。解答此题需要解析】考虑两个层次,首先是动词“收费”考虑两个层次,首先是动词“收费”的对应词,应当译为“charge”。收费“过高”往往使用too 应当译为“charge”。收费“过高”往往使用too much,更加巧妙的用词overcharge就可以表示“ much,更加巧妙的用词overcharge就可以表示“收费过高”。其次,not only…but…费过高”。其次,not only…but…结构中出现了否定词前置到句首的现象,这是倒装的标志。结合后半句的一般过去时形式,我们要把助动词 did提出来,按照倒装形式译为did he overcharge did提出来,按照倒装形式译为did me/did he charge me too much。 much。【答案】did he overcharge me/did he charge me too 答案】 much

翻译技巧 1. 词汇层面技巧

(1) 词类的转移在汉译英的过程中,因为英语中存在一些习惯用在汉译英的过程中,固定搭配和短语等,法﹑固定搭配和短语等,这导致与汉语中的词语在词性与语义上并不总是一一对应。在词性与语义上并不总是一一对应。词性转换指的是中英文之间词性的转换,如在中词性转换指的是中英文之间词性的转换,文里是名词,到了英文句子中就变成了动词。文里是名词,到了英文句子中就变成了动词。这里主要包括四种情况。里主要包括四种情况。

名词转换成动词例如: ( 例如:I am going to pursue this course, 无论我做出什么牺牲). 2007.12)(“牺牲”无论我做出什么牺牲). (2007.12)(“牺牲”是名词)译为:译为:I am going to pursue this course, no matter what I will sacrifice.(“sacrifice”是动词) sacrifice. sacrifice”动词转化成名词例如: (为了挣钱供我上学),mother 为了挣钱供我上学) 例如: often takes on more work than is good for her.。 her.。(2006.6)(“上学”是动词) 2006.6)(“上学”译为: education, 译为:To finance my education, mother often takes on more work than is good for her.(“education”是 her.( education”名词)

名词转化成形容词例如: can’例如:I can’t boot my computer now. Something (出了毛病) its operating system. (2008.6)(“毛病”出了毛病) 2008.6)毛病”是名词) 是名词) I can’t boot my computer now. Something must be can’ wrong with its operating system. (“wrong”是形容词) (“wrong”是形容词) 形容词转化成名词例如:例如:Please come here at ten tomorrow morning (如果方便的话). (2007.6) (“方便”是形容词) 如果方便的话). 2007.6)方便”是形容词) 译为:译为:Please come here at ten tomorrow morning at your convenience.(“convenience”是名词) convenience.( convenience”

(2)增译法例如: (大多数父母所关心的)is 大多数父母所关心的)is 例如:providing the best education possible for their children. (2008. 12) 译为: is 译为:What most parents are concerned about is providing the best education possible

for their children. 分析:汉语中“所关心的”实际上是指“所关心分析:汉语中“所关心的”实际上是指“的事情”,用英语表达则使用what引导的从句。的事情”,用英语表达则使用what引导的从句。 what作 what作concerned about 的宾语,增译what。的宾语,增译what。

(3)减译法例如:例如:The prevention and treatment of AIDS is (我们可以合作的领域). 07.6) (我们可以合作的领域). (07.6)译为:译为:The prevention and treatment of AIDS is the field of our cooperation. cooperation. 分析:分析:此句中,所要翻译部分在句中作表语,其中“领域”为中心词,“可以合作的”是其定语,领域”为中心词,“可以合作的”由于此定语过长,所以使用所属格of结构,并且由于此定语过长,所以使用所属格of结构,并且“可以”省去不译。可以”

(4)翻译中的选词例如:例如:I would preper shopping online to shopping in a department store because (它更加方便和省时). 2007.12)和省时). (2007.12)译为:译为:I would prefer shopping online to shopping in a department store because the former is more convenient and time-saving. time分析:此句中,所要翻译部分中“分析:此句中,所要翻译部分中“它”简单译为 it则会指代不清,而译为the former则效果更好。 it则会指代不清,而译为the former则效果更好。

(5)词义的引申例如: (人山人海) in the park. 人山人海) 例如:At weekends, 译为:译为:At weekends, there are a large crowd of people in the park. 分析:如果根据句面意思直接把“人山人海”分析:如果根据句面意思直接把“人山人海”译为people mountain people sea,外国人则很难理解, sea,外国人则很难理解,这里译为there 这里译为there are a large crowd of people。根据不 people。根据不同的语境有不同的译法。如果看到电影院门前大排长龙,可译为如果看到电影院门前大排长龙,可译为 There is a long movie line。 line。

2. 语法层面技巧

(1)词序调整法例如: (与我成长的地方相比), this town 与我成长的地方相比), 例如: is more prosperous and exciting. (2008. 6) 译为:译为:Compared with the place where I grew up, this town is more prosperous and exciting. 分析:我成长的地方”的中心词是“地方”分析:“我成长的地方”的中心词是“地方”,“我成长的”是其定语,此定语可译为英语中我成长的”的定语从句where 的定语从句where I grew up置于“地方(the place)” up置于“地方(the place)”之后。“……与……相比” compare…with…之后。“将……与……相比”用compare…with…。

(2)语态变换法例如:Many Americans live on credit, and their 例如: quality of life (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的), 衡量的), not how much they can earn. (2007.

12) 译为:译为:Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life is measured by how much they can borrow. 分析:衡量”分析:“衡量”在汉语句子中是主动形式,而翻译为英语则使用其被动形式is 而翻译为英语则使用其被动形式is measured by。 by。

(3)正说反译, 反说正译法正说反译, 例如: didn’例如:He didn’t sign the contract, (对这个问题你一定要高度重视). 对这个问题你一定要高度重视). 译为: didn’译为:He didn’t sign the contract, you cannot attach too much importance to the matter. 分析:翻译出的英语句子带有can’分析:翻译出的英语句子带有can’t,形式上是否定的,但是内容含义上却是肯定的。 cannot/couldn’ too意为 cannot/couldn’t+too意为“越……越好,非……越好,非常,无论怎样……也不过分”常,无论怎样……也不过分”

(4)合并法例如:例如:The man who stole my watch was (不是别人,正是约翰). 不是别人,正是约翰). 译为:译为:The man who stole my watch was no other than John.

分析:所翻译部分是由两个短句构成,可分析:以合并翻译为英语中no 以合并翻译为英语中no other than表示“不 than表示“是…,而是…”。,而是…”。

(5)比较结构的翻译例如:In my sixties, one change I notice is that 例如: (我比以前更容易累了). (2007. 12) 我比以前更容易累了). 译为:译为:In my sixties, one change I notice is that I am apt to/ inclined to be more easily tired than before. 分析:更容易累”中心词是“分析:“更容易累”中心词是“累”,“更容易”是其修饰语,所以容易使用其副词形式“easily”,比较级为“more easily”。“比以前” easily”,比较级为“ easily”比以前”译为than before。译为than before。

练习

87 Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble (找到去历史博物 (找到去历史博物馆的路). 馆的路). 88 (为了挣钱供我上学), (为了挣钱供我上学), Mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 89 The professor required that (我们交研究报告) (我们交研究报告)。 90 The more you explain, ( 我愈糊涂). 我愈糊涂).

91 Though a skilled worker, ( 他被公司解雇了). 他被公司解雇了).

2006

参考答案:

87 finding the way to the history museum 88 In order to support my university studies (to finance my education) 89 we hand in/submit our research report(s) 90 the more confused I am 91 he was fired by the company

1.The number of the students in this city has (增加了6倍) in comparison with 2001. (增加了 6

2. (有些大一新生打定主意) to pursue a (有些大一新生打定主意) master's degree after undergraduate studies.

3. (不管任务多么艰巨), we must fulfill it (不管任务多么艰巨), in time.

4.He had understood nothing, (也没尝试 (也没尝试着去) 着去) understand.

5. (随着时间的流逝), they forgot their (随着时间的流逝), bitter sufferings.

1. increased by 6 times

2. Some freshmen make up their minds

3. No matter how hard the task is However hard the task is No matter how hard the task may be However hard the task may be

4.nor did he try to

5.With the passage of time

1. ( 据说 ) the painter used his aunt as the model in that painting.

2.Most of the people who die in earthquakes ( 是正在倒塌的建筑物砸死的 ).

3. Most people tend to believe that " the newer, the better, " ( 尽管并不总是这样 ).

4. ( 没有人不称赞他们 ) for their great accomplishment.

5. ( 毫无疑问 ) he is qualified for the job.

1. It is said that

2. are killed by falling buildings

3. though that is not always the case

4. There is no one who does not praise them

5. There is no doubt that

1. This leaflet tells you (怎样在旅行期间防 (怎样在旅行期间防止生病). 止生病).

2. The book is (我够不着); would you (我够不着); please pass it to me?

3. I'm not accustomed to such luxury, (它简 (它简直是浪费钱). 直是浪费钱).

4. He came to the meeting (不顾重病). (不顾重病).

5. Then I found myself (被许多男孩子包 (被许多男孩子包围着). 围着).

1. how to avoid getting ill while traveling

2. beyond my reach

3. which is just

a waste of money 4. despite his serious illness in spite of his serious illness 5. surrounded by many boys

1

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