当前位置：搜档网 › cfrpart11-中英对照self整理

cfrpart11-中英对照self整理

[联邦法规]

[第21章第1卷]

[2006年04月01日修改] [代号：21CFR 11]

第21章－食品与药品

第1节－食品和药品管理局健康与人类服务部

亚节－一般规定[Code of Federal Regulations]

[Title 21, Volume 1]

[Revised as of April 1, 2006]

[CITE: 21CFR 11]

TITLE 21--Food And Drugs

CHAPTER I--Food And Drug Administration Department of Health And Human Services Subchapter A--General

第11款电子记录；电子签名PART 11 Electronic Records; Electronic

Signatures

分章A 一般规定适用范围Subpart A--General Provisions Sec. Scope.

(a)本条款的规则提供了标准，在此标准之下FDA将认为电子记录、电子签名、和在电子记录上的手签名是可信赖的、可靠的并且通常等同于纸制记录和在纸上的手写签名。

(b)本条款适用于在FDA规则中阐明的在任何记录的要求下，以电子表格形式建立、修改、维护、归档、检索或传送的记录。

本条款同样适用于在《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法案》和《公众健康服务法案》要求下的呈送给FDA的电子记录，即使该记录没有在FDA规则下明确识(a) The regulations in this part set forth the criteria under which the agency considers electronic records, electronic signatures, and handwritten signatures executed to electronic records to be trustworthy, reliable, and generally equivalent to paper records and handwritten signatures executed on paper.

(b) This part applies to records in electronic form that are created, modified, maintained, archived, retrieved, or transmitted, under any records requirements set forth in agency regulations.

This part also applies to electronic records

别。

然而，本条款不适用于现在和已经以电子的手段传送的纸制记录。

(c)一旦电子签名和与它相关的电子记录符合本条款的要求，FDA将会认为电子签名等同于完全手签名、缩写签名、和其他的FDA规则所求的一般签名。除非被从1997年8月20日起（包括该日）生效后的规则明确地排除在外。submitted to the agency under requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Public Health Service Act, even if such records are not specifically identified in agency regulations.

However, this part does not apply to paper records that are, or have been, transmitted by electronic means.

(c) Where electronic signatures and their associated electronic records meet the requirements of this part, the agency will consider the electronic signatures to be equivalent to full handwritten signatures, initials, and other general signings as required by agency regulations, unless specifically excepted by regulation(s) effective on or after August 20, 1997.

(d)依照本条款，除非纸制记录有特殊的要求，符合本条款要求的电子记录可以代替纸制记录使用。

(e)在本条款下维护计算机系统（包括硬件和软件）、控制权、和随附的文件应便于被FDA用到，和服从于FDA的监管。

(f) 这部分内容不适用于根据本章至建立或维护的记录。需要满足第一章（part 1），和本章中子章节J 要求的记录，如(d) Electronic records that meet the requirements of this part may be used in lieu of paper records, in accordance with , unless paper records are specifically required. (e) Computer systems (including hardware and software), controls, and attendant documentation maintained under this part shall be readily available for, and subject to, FDA inspection.

(f) This part does not apply to records

果同时在其他应用法规或条款中也有要求，则根据这部分内容执行。

[62 FR 13464， 1997年3月20日，在2004年12月9日的69 FR 71655中做了修订]required to be established or maintained by through of this chapter. Records that satisfy the requirements of part 1, subpart J of this chapter, but that also are required under other applicable statutory provisions or regulations, remain subject to this part.

[62 FR 13464, Mar. 20, 1997, as amended at 69 FR 71655, Dec. 9, 2004]

履行Sec. Implementation.

(a)需要维护，但不提交给FDA的记录，如果符合本条款的要求,人们可以使用全部或部分电子记录代替纸制记录或用电子签名代替传统签名。

(b)提交给FDA的电子记录，人们可以使用全部或部分电子记录代替纸制记录或电子签名代替传统签名（手签名）假如：(a) For records required to be maintained but not submitted to the agency, persons may use electronic records in lieu of paper records or electronic signatures in lieu of traditional signatures, in whole or in part, provided that the requirements of this part are met. (b) For records submitted to the agency, persons may use electronic records in lieu of paper records or electronic signatures in lieu of traditional signatures, in whole or in part, provided that:

(1) 符合条款的要求；和

(2) 提交的文件或部分文件，作为FDA 以电子形式接收的提交物的类型已经被编号为92S-0251公共摘要识别出来。

这个摘要将明确地识别出，何种类型文件或部分文件在没有纸制记录和(1) The requirements of this part are met; and

(2) The document or parts of a document to be submitted have been identified in public docket No. 92S-0251 as being the type of submission the agency accepts in electronic form.

FDA接收单位（举例来说，特定的中心，办公室，部门、分支机构）时的电子形式提交物是可接受的。

如果没有在公共摘要上明确出来，他们以电子形式提交给FDA接收单位的文件将不被认为是正式的；这种文件的书面形式将被认为是正式的但必须伴有电子记录。

人们期望与未来的FDA接收单位就详细的（举例来说，传送的方法、媒体、文件格式和技术协议）怎样和是否进行电子的提交物进行协商。This docket will identify specifically what types of documents or parts of documents are acceptable for submission in electronic form without paper records and the agency receiving unit(s) ., specific center, office, division, branch) to which such submissions may be made. Documents to agency receiving unit(s) not specified in the public docket will not be considered as official if they are submitted in electronic form; paper forms of such documents will be considered as official and must accompany any electronic records. Persons are expected to consult with the intended agency receiving unit for details on how ., method of transmission, media, file formats, and technical protocols) and whether to proceed with the electronic submission.

定义Sec. Definitions.

(a)包含于法案201部分中术语的定义和翻译同样适用于那些在本条款中使用到的术语。

(b)下列术语的定义同样适用于本条款：

(1) 法案是指联邦食品、药品、化妆品法案（21 321-393）

(2) 机构是指美国食品和药品管理局(a) The definitions and interpretations of terms contained in section 201 of the act apply to those terms when used in this part. (b) The following definitions of terms also apply to this part:

(1) Act means the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (secs. 201-903 (21 321-393)).

(2) Agency means the Food and Drug

(3) 生物测定学是指一种基于个人的身体特征及重复行为（这些特征和行为对个人来说是唯一的和可以测量的）的测量来校验个人身份的方法。

(4) 封闭的系统是指一种环境，在此环境中系统的登录是被那些对系统上电子记录的内容负责的人们所控制。Administration.

(3) Biometrics means a method of verifying an individual's identity based on measurement of the individual's physical feature(s) or repeatable action(s) where those features and/or actions are both unique to that individual and measurable.

(4) Closed system means an environment in which system access is controlled by persons who are responsible for the content of electronic records that are on the system.

(5) 数字签名是指一种基于发信方鉴别加密的方法，使用一套规则和一系列参数计算以使签名者的身份和数据的完整性能被校验。

(6) 电子记录是指任何文本、图表、数据、声音、图示的或其他的以电子形式表现的信息的混合，它的建立、修改、维护、归档、检索或分发是由计算机系统来完成的。

(7) 电子签名是指一种由一个人执行、采用或批准成为与其个人的手写签名具有相同的法律效力的计算机数据的任意符号或一系列符号的编译。

(8) 手签名是指个人的手迹签名或合法的标志，以永久的形式书写真实意图(5) Digital signature means an electronic signature based upon cryptographic methods of originator authentication, computed by using a set of rules and a set of parameters such that the identity of the signer and the integrity of the data can be verified.

(6) Electronic record means any combination of text, graphics, data, audio, pictorial, or other information representation in digital form that is created, modified, maintained, archived, retrieved, or distributed by a computer system.

(7) Electronic signature means a computer data compilation of any symbol or series of symbols executed, adopted, or authorized by an individual to be the legally binding

所采纳的个人签名或合法标志。

用书写及标志工具（例如一支钢笔或尖笔）的签字行为是被保存的。手写签名或合法的标志当约定俗成地适用于书面上，也可以适用于其它的获取名字及标志的设备。

(9) 开放系统是指一种环境，在此环境中系统的登录不是被那些对系统上电子记录的内容负责的人所控制。equivalent of the individual's handwritten signature.

(8) Handwritten signature means the scripted name or legal mark of an individual handwritten by that individual and executed or adopted with the present intention to authenticate a writing in a permanent form. The act of signing with a writing or marking instrument such as a pen or stylus is preserved. The scripted name or legal mark, while conventionally applied to paper, may also be applied to other devices that capture the name or mark.

(9) Open system means an environment in which system access is not controlled by persons who are responsible for the content of electronic records that are on the system.

子分章B—电子记录封闭系统的管理Subpart B--Electronic Records Sec. Controls for closed systems.

维保、或传送电子记录应该使用设计的能够保证记录真实性、完整性和适当的机密性的程序和控制，以保证签名者不能轻易地否认已经签署的记录是不真实的。这样的程序和控制应包括如下：

(a) 系统的验证以保证准确、可靠、稳modify, maintain, or transmit electronic records shall employ procedures and controls designed to ensure the authenticity, integrity, and, when appropriate, the confidentiality of electronic records, and to ensure that the signer cannot readily repudiate the signed record as not genuine.

改变的记录。 (b) 确保产生人们易读的和适合FDA 检查、回顾、和拷贝的电子形式的准确的、完整的记录的副本。当人们怀疑FDA 执行这样的电子记录回顾和拷贝的能力时，应该联络FDA 。 following: (a) Validation of systems to ensure accuracy, reliability,

consistent intended performance, and the ability to discern invalid or altered records.

(b) The ability to generate accurate and

complete copies of records in both human

readable and electronic form suitable for

inspection, review, and copying by the agency.

Persons should contact the agency if there are

any questions regarding the ability of the agency to perform such review and copying of

the electronic records.

的保存期内是准确的和易于检索的。

(d) 通过授权个人用户以限制系统的

(e) 使用安全的、计算机产生的、时间

印记的审核跟踪以便独立地记录操作者

登录和建立、修改、或删除电子记录的

行为的日期和时间。记录的改变不能使

先前的记录信息被覆盖。

这样的审核跟踪文档将至少被保留

这样一段时间，这取决于从属于的电子记录在FDA 复查和拷贝时保证是可得到accurate and ready retrieval throughout the records retention period. (d) Limiting system access to authorized individuals. (e) Use of secure, computer-generated, time-stamped audit trails to independently record the date and time of operator entries and actions that create, modify, or delete electronic records. Record changes shall not obscure previously recorded information. Such audit trail documentation shall be

retained for a period at least as long as that

(f) 必要时，使用操作系统检查以加强进程和事件的排序。

(g) 使用验证检查以保证只有被授权用户才可以使用系统，以电子方式签署记录，使用操作或计算机系统的输入输出设备，改变记录或手工执行操作。and shall be available for agency review and copying.

(f) Use of operational system checks to enforce permitted sequencing of steps and events, as appropriate.

(g) Use of authority checks to ensure that only authorized individuals can use the system, electronically sign a record, access the operation or computer system input or output device, alter a record, or perform the operation at hand.

检查以确定数据输入来源或操作指导的有效性。

(i) 确定开发、维护或使用电子记录/电子签名系统的人员应具备与执行他们被指派的任务相应的教育、培训和经验。(j) 为了阻止记录和签名的伪造，确立与坚持源自个人电子签名行为的责任与职责的书面策略。

(k) 在系统文件方面运用适当的控制包括：

1)在分发的，有权使用，系统运转和

维护方面使用的文件有足够的控determine, as appropriate, the validity of the source of data input or operational instruction.

(i) Determination that persons who develop, maintain, or use electronic record/electronic signature systems have the education, training, and experience to perform their assigned tasks.

(j) The establishment of, and adherence to, written policies that hold individuals accountable and responsible for actions initiated under their electronic signatures, in order to deter record and signature falsification.

2)修订和改变控制程序以保持一个以

时间顺序产生和修改的系统文件的

审核跟踪。documentation including:

(1) Adequate controls over the distribution of, access to, and use of documentation for system operation and maintenance.

(2) Revision and change control procedures to maintain an audit trail that documents time-sequenced development and modification of systems documentation.

开放系统的管理Sec. Controls for open systems.

人们使用开放系统来建立、修改、保持、或传送电子记录将使用设计程序和控制以保证电子记录从他们的创建处到他们的接收处的真实性、完整性和机密性。

这种程序和控制应包括那些在中被识别的，必要时，附加的测量例如文档的加密术和运用适当的数字签名标准以保证，在此环境下，记录必要的正确性、完整性、和机密性。Persons who use open systems to create, modify, maintain, or transmit electronic records shall employ procedures and controls designed to ensure the authenticity, integrity, and, as appropriate, the confidentiality of electronic records from the point of their creation to the point of their receipt.

Such procedures and controls shall include those identified in , as appropriate and additional measures such as document encryption and use of appropriate digital signature standards to ensure, as necessary under the circumstances, record authenticity, integrity, and confidentiality.

签名的显示Sec. Signature manifestations.

(a) 签署电子记录应包含能清晰显示如下所有与签名相关的信息：

1)用印刷体书写出签名者的名字

2)签名生效的日期和时间；和

3)和签名相关的含意（例如回顾、批

准、职责、或原创作者）

(b)该条款已识别出在这一部分(a)(1)、(a)(2)和(a)(3)节应服从于和电子记录同样的控制并且应该被包括人们易读的电子记录的形式（例如电子显示或打印输出）。(a) Signed electronic records shall contain information associated with the signing that clearly indicates all of the following:

(1) The printed name of the signer;

(2) The date and time when the signature was executed; and

(3) The meaning (such as review, approval, responsibility, or authorship) associated with the signature.

(b) The items identified in paragraphs (a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(3) of this section shall be subject to the same controls as for electronic records and shall be included as part of any human readable form of the electronic record (such as electronic display or printout).

签名/记录连接

在电子记录上签署的电子签名和手签名应该链接到它们各自的电子记录以保证电子签名不能够被删去、拷贝或者其他方面的转移以至于使用普通手段伪造一个电子记录。Sec. Signature/record linking.

Electronic signatures and handwritten signatures executed to electronic records shall be linked to their respective electronic records to ensure that the signatures cannot be excised, copied, or otherwise transferred to falsify an electronic record by ordinary means.

分章C 电子签名一般要求Subpart C--Electronic Signatures Sec. General requirements.

(a) 每一电子签名应是唯一对应单独(a) Each electronic signature shall be unique

一个人的并且不能被再使用、或再分配给其他任何人。

(b) 在一个组织建立，分配，证明，或批准一个人的电子签名或其他的任何这样的电子签名的要素前，组织将校验个人的身份。

(c)签名者使用电子签名前或使用时应向FDA证明，从1997年8月20日起及以后在他们系统上的电子签名，与传统的手写签名有同等的法律效力。

1)证明要以书面形式提交到“地方运

转办公室”（HFC-100, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857）并采

用传统的手写签名。

2)应FDA要求，人们在使用电子签名

时，应提供一份明确电子签名与签

字者手写签名具有同等的法律效力

的附加的证明书或证据。to one individual and shall not be reused by, or reassigned to, anyone else.

(b) Before an organization establishes, assigns, certifies, or otherwise sanctions an individual's electronic signature, or any element of such electronic signature, the organization shall verify the identity of the individual.

(c) Persons using electronic signatures shall, prior to or at the time of such use, certify to the agency that the electronic signatures in their system, used on or after August 20, 1997, are intended to be the legally binding equivalent of traditional handwritten signatures.

(1) The certification shall be submitted in paper form and signed with a traditional handwritten signature, to the Office of Regional Operations (HFC-100), 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.

(2) Persons using electronic signatures shall, upon agency request, provide additional certification or testimony that a specific electronic signature is the legally binding equivalent of the signer's handwritten signature.

电子签名的成分及管理Sec. Electronic signature components and

controls.

(a) 不依据生物测定学的电子签名应：

1)使用至少二种截然不同的证明成分，例如识别码和密码。

i)当一个人在一个独立的持续受控的系统登录期间内签署了一系列的签名，签署的第一个签名将使用所有的电子签名成分。后续签署的签名应使用至少一种的电子签名的成分。该成分只能由个人签署，并且设计只能由个人来使用。

ii)当一个人不在一个独立的持续受控的系统登录期间内签署一个或多个签名时，每一个被签署的签名应使用所有的电子签名成分。(a) Electronic signatures that are not based upon biometrics shall:

(1) Employ at least two distinct identification components such as an identification code and password.

(i) When an individual executes a series of signings during a single, continuous period of controlled system access, the first signing shall be executed using all electronic signature components; subsequent signings shall be executed using at least one electronic signature component that is only executable by, and designed to be used only by, the individual.

(ii) When an individual executes one or more signings not performed during a single, continuous period of controlled system access, each signing shall be executed using all of the electronic signature components.

2)仅被他们真正的所有者使用；和

3)管理和签署以确保任何除其真正所

有者外的其他人尝试使用该电子签

名时需要二个或更多的人的协作。

(b) 依据生物测定学的电子签名应被设计成能确保他们不能被真正所有者之(2) Be used only by their genuine owners; and

(3) Be administered and executed to ensure that attempted use of an individual's electronic signature by anyone other than its genuine owner requires collaboration of two or more individuals.

(b) Electronic signatures based upon

外的其他人使用。biometrics shall be designed to ensure that

they cannot be used by anyone other than their

genuine owners.

识别代码和密码的管理Sec. Controls for identification

codes/passwords.

人们使用基于利用识别码和密码混合的电子签名应使用管理以保证他们的安全和完整，这种管理应包括：

(a) 保持每一的识别码和密码结合的唯一性，也就是不会有二个人有相同的识别码和密码。

(b) 保证识别码和密码发布能定期被检查、收回或是修订（举例来说，覆盖象密码老化这样的事件）

(c) 按照损失管理过程对丢失、被盗、找不到或有损伤可能的记号、卡片及其他装置（生成或创建识别码或口令信息的装置）进行电子失效，并应用适当、严格的控制发行临时或永久的代用品。Persons who use electronic signatures based upon use of identification codes in combination with passwords shall employ controls to ensure their security and integrity. Such controls shall include: (a) Maintaining the uniqueness of each combined identification code and password, such that no two individuals have the same combination of identification code and password.

(b) Ensuring that identification code and password issuances are periodically checked, recalled, or revised ., to cover such events as password aging).

(c) Following loss management procedures to electronically deauthorize lost, stolen, missing, or otherwise potentially compromised tokens, cards, and other devices that bear or generate identification code or password information, and to issue temporary or permanent replacements using suitable, rigorous controls.

(d) 处理安全装置的使用以防止未被授权的密码或识别码的使用，采取立即和紧急的措施检测并报告任何试图未授权使用系统的安全单位，和适当的，组织管理。

(e) 最初的和定期的设备测试，例如记号或卡片，包含或产生识别代码或密码信息，以保证他们行使适当的职责和用一种未被授权的行为被改变。(d) Use of transaction safeguards to prevent unauthorized use of passwords and/or identification codes, and to detect and report in an immediate and urgent manner any attempts at their unauthorized use to the system security unit, and, as appropriate, to organizational management.

(e) Initial and periodic testing of devices, such as tokens or cards, that bear or generate identification code or password information to ensure that they function properly and have not been altered in an unauthorized manner. Authority: 21 321-393; 42 262.

Source: 62 FR 13464, Mar. 20, 1997, unless otherwise noted.

备注：文中的“这部分内容”即指 CFR Title21 Part 11。

中英文自荐信范文

中英文自荐信范文第一篇：中英文-自荐信dear sir, professor kenneth h. chan, head of the department of metallurgy, has informed me that your agency is looking for an engineering graduate with the ability to write about technical subjects for non-technical readers. the four years at hong kong university have given me a thorough foundation in such fundamental sciences as physics, mathematics, and chemistry, in addition to specialized courses in metallurgy. i have also taken as many courses in english and psychology as possible with the expectation that i would enter the field of technical sales or editing following my graduation this summer. fortunately, as my resume shows, i now have a mature interest in finding a satisfying job. may i come in for an interview at your convenience? sincerely yours, 敬啟者: 冶金系主任陈教授告诉我,贵公司在物色有能力写专门性文章给一般读者阅读的工科毕业生。在香港大学四年我奠定了冶金及物理、数学、化学基本科学的良好基础。我曾经选修许多门英语和心理学方面的课程,期望今年夏天

飞行术语中英对照整理.doc

A air superiority 制空权 ambush 伏击 assistance 援助、协助 attitude 飞行姿态（高度） AW ACS(Airborne Warning and Control System) link 空中预警引导 aye-aye, sir 遵命，长官（同affirmative）AB 加力 ACM 空战机动 ACT 空战战术 AI 空中拦截 Angles 用千英尺表示高度的快捷方式，例如，“Angles 20”表示高度20,000英尺。Angle-off 敌机航向和你的航向之间的角度差，也称为航向交叉角或HCA Armour star hands 肥厚,笨拙的手，驾驶飞机时容易出错 Aspect angle 你的飞机相对于敌机尾部的角度 Attack geometry 进攻战机的追击路径 B bail out （爬出座舱）跳伞 bearing 航向航向的划分方法是：以飞行员自己的飞机为圆心的一个与地平面平行的虚拟圆，分为360度，正北方为零度，正东方为90度，正南方为180度，正西方为270度，依此类推。black out 由于指向头部方向的加速度过大而导致的大脑缺血，引起的暂时性失明和意识丧失。 bogie 原指妖怪或可怕的人，空战中指敌机。bandit 原指强盗，空战中指敌机（同bad guy） bombing run 炸弹攻击 brake 阻力板（降落时塔台呼叫call the ball 就是指放下阻力板） bug out 撤出战区 bull's eye 原指圆形箭靶的中心，空战中的意思是“正中！”，类似的短语还有：direct hit, great balls of fun, splash one, one down等。bingo 原指一种赌博游戏或烈酒，空战中指出乎意料地打中了敌机。只够返回基地的燃料，其它已耗尽的状态。Bar 雷达波的一次扫描 Basic Fighter Maneuvers（BFM）在一对一空战环境中的基本空战机动 Belly check 执行180度的翻滚，检查机身下方空间 Boresight mode 雷达束固定指向机首前方，第一个进入雷达束区域的目标将被自动锁定 Butterfly setup 一个战斗训练进入计划，两架战机开始以一字并列编队飞行，然后互相转离45度。在距离4英里之后，两架战机互相返回进入迎面相遇。 BVR 超视距 C chaff 原指谷壳和糠，空战中指金属箔条，用以干扰敌方防空雷达或雷达制导导弹。也指仅燃料够返回基地，其它已耗尽的状态。 chopper 直升机 cockpit 飞机座舱 collide 碰撞 Cold 雷达停止工作，“冷机鼻”commence 着手开始做 contact 原意为接触，空战中指发现敌人，一般分为radar contact（雷达发现）和visual contact（目视发现）两种。 control tower （机场）指挥塔 convoy 原指护送、护航，用于军事方面时多指运输车队或运输舰队。 copy 收到，确认 Corner velocity 飞机具有最快的转弯速率和最小转弯半径时的速度 Crawl back up in the cockpit 有时，飞行员会遇到一种称为“任务饱和”的现象，即瞬间发生了太多的事情，而飞行员的能力无法处理应付如此之多的事情，导致他发生智力上的退化。 CMD自动驾驶的command方式 Clean 战机未被雷达探测到

应聘秘书的中英文求职信范文

应聘秘书的中英文求职信范文 Model Chinese and English application letter for Secreta ry

应聘秘书的中英文求职信范文前言：个人简历是求职者给招聘单位发的一份简要介绍，包括个人的基本信息、过往实习工作经验以及求职目标对应聘工作的简要理解，在编写简历时，要强调工作目标和重点，语言精简，避免可能会使你被淘汰的不相关信息。写出一份出色的个人简历不光是对找工作很有用处，更是让陌生人对本人第一步了解和拉进关系的线。本文档根据个人简历内容要求和特点展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。英文版 personal details name: miss. liang xiaoyan nationality: china （mainland） current place: guangzhou height/weight: 163 cm marital status: married age: 27 years career objective

application type: jobseeker preferred job title: admin staff/assistant: assistant 、 shipping: 、 secretary/paper staff: working life: 3 title: no title job type: full time expected start date: in a day expected salary: ￥2，000--￥3，500 preferred working place: guangzhou work experience company's name: guangzhou sanny import and export co.， ltdbegin and end date: XX-01-XX-08 enterprise nature: private enterprisesindustry: mechnical follow all the business for old customers. 2> place new order to factory， follow producing process. 3> prepare paper work for custom declaration and inspection.

英语词汇,编程常用术语中英对照

计算机编程英语词汇算法常用术语中英对照 Data Structures 基本数据结构 Dictionaries 字典 Priority Queues 堆 Graph Data Structures 图 Set Data Structures 集合 Kd-Trees 线段树 Numerical Problems 数值问题 Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组 Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩 Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法 Determinants and Permanents 行列式 Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题Linear Programming 线性规划 Random Number Generation 随机数生成 Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算Knapsack Problem 背包问题 Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier变换Combinatorial Problems 组合问题 Sorting 排序 Searching 查找 Median and Selection 中位数 Generating Permutations 排列生成 Generating Subsets 子集生成 Generating Partitions 划分生成 Generating Graphs 图的生成 Calendrical Calculations 日期 Job Scheduling 工程安排 Satisfiability 可满足性 Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法Connected Components 连通分支 Topological Sorting 拓扑排序 Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树 Shortest Path 最短路径 Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包Matching 匹配 Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler回路/中国邮路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点 Network Flow 网络流 Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘 Drawing Trees 树的描绘 Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP问题 1 / 20

中英文求职信

中英文求职信提要：随信附上我的简历，如有机会与您面谈，我将十分感谢。即使贵公司认为我还不符合你们的条件，我也将一如既往地关注贵公司的发展，并在此致以最诚挚的祝愿。更多内容通告 DearSir, Twoyearsasaseniorclerkin*salesdepartmentof*theGreatwallcompanyhave,Ibelievegivenmetheexpe riencetoqualifyforthejobyouadvertisedin51jobwebsite. Since2000Ihavebeenresponsiblefor*allofficedetailsintheadministrationofsales,,Ihavebecomefamili arwiththevarioussalesterritories,andhavealsoinmysparetimeexperienceofhandlingbusinessproblems otherthanmypropersphere. TheyearsbeforeIwasemployedattheGreatwall,Iwasasecretaryfor*LongDragon, Iwasgraduatedat*wuhanUniversity,*twenty-sevenyearsofageandsingle. Iamleavingmypresentpositio mayIseeyouatyourofficetotellyoumoreaboutmyselfandshowyoujusthowwellIcandotheworkyourequ ire. yoursfaithfully, 参考译文: 敬启者: 在51job人才网站上,获悉贵公司招聘人才。本人曾担任长城公司*销售部高级职员两年,自信有充分工作经验,可担任贵公司所招聘的职务。本人自二零零零年开始,一直担任*售货业务以及函件的撰写工作。在工作期间,除正式业务范围外,与各地区客户颇有来往,并利用公余时间,学会了很多有关商业问题的处理。在长城公司任职前,我曾在*长龙会计公司担任过秘书工作。在任职期间,学会很多有关会计名词及会计作业程序。本人*现年二十七岁,未婚,一九九七年毕业于*武汉大学,我希望有机会充分利用自己工作能力,从事更大范围工作之需要,这是我急于离开现职的主要原国。本人现任职的公司老板,对我的工作雄心颇为赞许,因此,愿协助找另谋他职。如果方便的话,我愿亲赴贵公司办公室晋见阁下,以便详细说明。

飞机专业术语(英汉对照)

1、the airframe 机身,结构 2、The front (fore) part 前部 3、The rear (aft) part 后部 4、port 左旋(舵) 5、starboard 右旋(舵) 6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机 7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机 8、the nose 机头 9、the belly 腹部 10、the skin 蒙皮 11、the windscreen or windshield 风挡 12、the wing 机翼 13、the trailing edge 机翼后缘 14、the leading edge 机翼前缘 15、the wing tip 翼尖 16、the control surface 操纵面 17、ailerons 副翼 18、flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼（内侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼） 19、spoilers (inboard\outboard spoiler)(spoiler down\up) 阻力板，扰流板（内、外侧扰流板）（扰流板放下、打开） 20、slats 缝翼 21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片） 22、rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵（方向舵操纵片）

23、flap angle 襟翼角 24、flap setting 襟翼调整 25、the full flap position 全襟翼位置 26、a flapless landing 无襟翼着陆 27、the landing gear 起落架 28、stabilizer 安定面 29、the nose wheel 前轮 30、gear locked 起落架锁定 31、the wheel well 起落架舱 32、the wheel door 起落架舱门 33、a tyre 轮胎 34、to burst 爆破 35、a deflated tyre 放了气的轮胎 36、a flat tyre 走了气的轮胎 37、a puncture 轮胎被扎破 38、to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼（收上襟翼） 39、gear extention (gear retraction) 起落架放下（起落架收上） 40、The gear is jammed. 起落架被卡死。 41、The flaps are jammed. 襟翼被卡死。 42、the emergency extention system 应急放下系统 43、to crank the gear down 摆动放下起落架 44、the brakes 刹车

高分子材料常用专业术语中英对照表分析

加工processing 反应性加工reactive processing 等离子体加工plasma processing 加工性processability 熔体流动指数melt [flow] index 门尼粘度Mooney index 塑化plasticizing 增塑作用plasticization 内增塑作用internal plasticization 外增塑作用external plasticization 增塑溶胶plastisol 增强reinforcing 增容作用compatibilization 相容性compatibility 相溶性intermiscibility 生物相容性biocompatibility 血液相容性blood compatibility 组织相容性tissue compatibility 混炼milling, mixing 素炼mastication 塑炼plastication 过炼dead milled 橡胶配合rubber compounding 共混blend 捏和kneading 冷轧cold rolling 压延性calenderability 压延calendaring 埋置embedding 压片performing 模塑molding 模压成型compression molding 压缩成型compression forming 冲压模塑impact moulding, shock moulding 叠模压塑stack moulding 复合成型composite molding 注射成型injection molding 注塑压缩成型injection compression molding 射流注塑jet molding 无流道冷料注塑runnerless injection molding 共注塑coinjection molding 气辅注塑gas aided injection molding 注塑焊接injection welding 传递成型transfer molding

羽毛球术语中英文对照

羽毛球术语中英文对照 BADMINTON 羽毛球abnormal flight （球）飞行不正常accuracy of placement 落点的准确性ace ①得分球②打得漂亮的球③直接得分的发球alley ①单打边线和双打边线之间的细长地带②单打端线和双打端线之间的细长地带alternate courts 交换发球区alternate in serving ①换发球②双打中一方轮流发球anchor fingers 紧握球拍的三指（中指、无名指、小指）around-the-head stroke 绕头顶挥拍击球ascent （球）上升attacking clear 比较平直的高远球back alley 单打端线和双打端线之间的细长地带back boundary line 端线（单打后发球线）backcourt 后场backcourt boundary 端线backcourt player 后场球员backhand 反拍backhand court 左场区backhand grip 反手握法back room 端线外的空地backswing 往后撤拍（准备击球）badminton 羽毛球运动balk 发球时一方扰乱对方band 网顶白布条base 中心位置base line 端线basic strokes 基本技术bat①球拍②击（球）battledore 羽毛球拍（旧称）battledore and shuttlecock 羽毛球运动（旧称）broken shuttle 坏球carrying 持球centre line 中线change courts 交换场地change ends 交换场地change service courts 互换左右发球区，互换方位choice of court ends or service 选择场地或发球权choice of “ setting” 选择“再赛”权clear 高远球combination court 单打、双打合用的球场cork base （球）底托 corners of backcourt 后场两角court 球场court-covering 守住全场cross-court ①斜线②斜线球crown of feathers 羽毛圈cut 切球deception 假动作decoying tactics 引诱战术deep high service 发高远球deep shot 深球（打到对方端线附近的球）delivery of service 发球动作descent （球）下降deuce 局末平分（如男子单打的13 平）diagonal system （双打）斜对角配合打法diagonal teamwork （双打）斜对角配合打法double hit 连击doubles court 双打球场doubles service court 双打发球区doubles service line 双打发球线draw （用故意留出空当等办法）引诱对方进攻drive 平抽球driven clear 平抽高球driven service 发平球（比高远球要低些）driver 善于抽球的队员drop shot 吊网前球end 半场even number of points 双数分数face of racket 拍面facet 八角形拍把上的一个平面fault ①失误②犯规faulty serving 发球违例feather 羽毛feather tip 羽毛顶尖fingering the grip 击球时握指的变动finishing shot 决定得分的一击first inning 第一轮，第一次发球权first server （双打）第一次发球员flat service 发平球flexible wrist 灵活的手腕flick 甩腕击球flight （球）飞行foot fault 脚部犯规forecourt 前场forecourt player 前场球员 forehand 正拍forehand court 右场区forehand grip 正手握拍法foul hit 击球犯规frame of racket 拍框front and back 双打中一前一后的站法front service line 前发球线full strike 全力击球full swing 全力挥拍game 局game ball 一局中的决胜分game bird 一局中的决胜分game point 一局中的决胜分get 抢救险球getter 抢救险球的队员good return 合法还击good service 合法发球grip ①握拍法②握拍的地方gut 羊肠线hairpin shot “夹发针”球（在网前贴近地面的轻挑短球）half-court shot 半场球（对付一前一后防守的打法）hand-in 有发球权handle of racket 拍柄hand-out 无发球权，失发球权headroom 室内球场上无障碍物的空间high backhand stroke 高反拍击球high clear 高远球

五金模具常用专业术语中英文对照表

五金模具常用专业术语中英文对照表上模座upper die set成型公form punch 脱料板stripper 垫板subplate/backup plate 下模座die plate滑块CAM slider 垫脚parallel 误检misfeeder 托板mounting plate顶料销kick off 初始管位first start pin带肩螺丝shoulder screw 两用销lifter pin氮气汽缸gas spring 弹簧护套spring cage 拔牙螺丝jack screw 侧冲组件cam section 导正装置guide equipment 漏废料孔slug hole刀口trim line 加强装置enhance equipment 入子insert 护套bushing 整形公restrike forming punch 止挡板stop plate 挂台head 扣位pocket of head 导柱guide post 导套guide bushing 油嘴oil nipple 接刀口mismatch/cookie bites 限位块stop block 挡块stopper 浮块lifter 压块keeper 靠块heel 对正块alignment block 简易模prototype tooling 检具gage/checking fixture 料带图strip layout 闭合高度shut hight 俯视图top view 料带strip 公差tolerance 正视图front view 走位travel 避位/空pocket 退磁demagnetization 间隙clearance 真空热外理vacuum heat treatment 镗孔mill hole 表面外理surface coasting 镀钛TD coasting 沉头counter sink 精锣finish mill 线割wire cutting 穿丝孔first wire hole 斜度taper 镭射laser-cut 上夹板/固定座holder/retainer 下模座lower die set 成刑母公forming die

求职信中英文对照范文

求职信中英文对照范文求职信是我们求职过程中的一个重要环节，你知道你的中文求职信怎么翻译成英文吗?下面由为你提供的求职信中英文对照范文，希望能帮到你。求职信中英文对照范文(一)尊敬的先生/小姐：您好!我从报纸上看到贵公司的招聘信息，我对网页兼职编辑一职很感兴趣。我现在是出版社的在职编辑，从1998年获得硕士学位后至今，一直在出版社担任编辑工作。两年以来，对出版社编辑的工作已经有了相当的了解和熟悉。经过出版者工作协会的正规培训和两年的工作经验，我相信我有能力担当贵公司所要求的网页编辑任务。我对计算机有着非常浓厚的兴趣。我能熟练使用FrontPage和DreamWeaver、PhoteShop等网页制作工具。本人自己做了一个个人主页，日访问量已经达到了100人左右。通过互联网，我不仅学到了很多在日常生活中学不到的东西，而且坐在电脑前轻点鼠标就能尽晓天下事的快乐更是别的任何活动所不及的。由于编辑业务的性质，决定了我拥有灵活的工作时间安排和方便的办公条件，这一切也在客观上为我的兼职编辑的工作提供了必要的帮助。基于对互联网和编辑事务的精通和喜好，以及我自身的客观

条件和贵公司的要求，我相信贵公司能给我提供施展才能的另一片天空，而且我也相信我的努力能让贵公司的事业更上一层楼。随信附上我的简历，如有机会与您面谈，我将十分感谢。即使贵公司认为我还不符合你们的条件，我也将一如既往地关注贵公司的发展，并在此致以最诚挚的祝愿。此致求职信人：xxx 20xx年xx月xx日 April 13,2000 P.O. Box 36 BIIT University Beijing,China 100000 Dear Sir/Madam: Are you searching for a telecommunications manager with expertise in project management and team leadership? I specialize in creating and implementing high-performance strategies that directly impact growth and profitability of large telecommunications companies. In addition to my knowledge of business processes, I also offer proficiency in telecom software development and cutting-edge technologies. I am relocating to Shenzhen and would be interested in

大学生兼职求职信(中英文)

大学生兼职求职信（中英文）献给兼职求职的大学生们：尊敬的领导：你好!! 本人是在校学生，对快速成长的贵公司非常感兴趣。从XX日报得知，贵公司提供暑期实习生的职位，在认真阅读了岗位说明之后，我认为本人完全符合贵公司的要求，特此递上这份求职信。本人在学校学生会各部门中工作和学习，现已升为学生会主席。今年1月份在佛山做过电子产品销售，熟悉各部门业务，包括与客户关系、沟通、及微笑曲线原则。对市场营销、客服服务深有体会和丰厚的实践经验。本人与XX 年曾经到Xx公司参与实习，业绩斐然，获得公司领导的嘉奖，是个难得营销人才。本人将在暑假放假到XX市兼职学习，如能蒙赐机会，使本人显示如何有助于贵公司达到目标则感激不尽。我这次暑期实习工作的主要目的是发挥自己的优势为贵公司创造价值，同时继续提升自我能力，并且获得经济上的收益，为明年的上学、生活得到一定保障，望贵公司能给以成全。我很希望能加盟贵公司，发挥我的潜力。随信附上我的简历。如有机会与您面谈，我将十分感谢。

[大学生兼职求职信] Dear Hiring Manager, I am interested in the part-time position at Sarasota Saddlery advertised in The Sarasotian. I have equine experience, as I have been around horses for over nine years. Not only have I showed and rode horses, but I have also had extensive experience assisting in a barn. Through working with horses, I have acquired a thorough knowle ge of horses, tack, and equine apparel for both horse and rider. While I have equine experience, I also have excellent communication skills and an aptitude for customer service. My past experience as a volunteer at Sarasota Hospital made it necessary for me to focus on providing quality customer service, and also enabled me to work with all types of people. I believe that my communication skills, partnered with my equine knowledge, would make me an asset to your company. Thank you for your consideration. I can be reached at 111-111-1111 or 222-222-2222.. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Your Signature Your Typed Name [大学生兼职求职信] directions: the summer vacation is drawing near. you, liming by name, want to find a part-time job. write an application letter of about 120-150 words within 30 minutes.

航空专业技术词汇英汉对照

一、飞机设计 Absolute ceiling 绝对升限 Absolute similarity 完全相似 Active laminar flow control 主动层流控制 Adiabatic exponent 绝热指数 Adiabatic flow 绝热流 Adjustable tab 调整片 Advance ratio(ration) 前进比 Advancing blade 前行桨叶 Adverse pressure gradient 逆压梯度 Aerial survey airplane 航测飞机 Aerobatics 特技飞行术 Aerodynamic brake, airbrake flap 减速板 Aerodynamic center 气动中心 Aerodynamic coefficient 空气动力系数 Aerodynamic compensation 气动补偿 Aerodynamic derivative 气动导数 Aerodynamic heating 气动加热 Aerodynamic retardation 气动阻滞 Aerodynamic twist 气动扭转 Aerodynamical interference 空气动力干扰 Aerodynamics 空气动力学，空气动力特性 Aeroelastic effect test 气动弹性试验 Aeroelasticity 气动弹性力学 Aerogator （口语）领航员 Aerohydroplane 水上飞机 Aeroplane 飞机 Aerospace vehicle 宇航飞行器 Aft center of gravity limit 重心后限 Agricultural aircraft 农业机 Aileron 副翼 Air filter 空气滤 Air flap 鱼鳞片（或风门片） Air intake test 进气道试验 Air refueling aircraft 空中加油机 Air superiority fighter 空中优势战斗机 Air superiority mission 占领制空权任务 Air-carrier aircraft 民航飞机，运输机 Air-cushion landing gear 气垫式起落架 Air-interception aircraft 截击机 Air-trajectory reference frame 气流坐标系 Airborne early warning and control aircraft 空中预警引导机（发出预警并引导战斗机）Aircraft air conditioning system 飞机空气调节系统 Aircraft wheel 机轮

常用建筑术语中英文对照l

常用词语汇总 ground floor （建筑的）地面首层 fa?ade幕墙 plan 平面 elevation 立面 section 剖面、截面 Master plan 总平面 Site plan 地形平面 Landscape plan 景观平面 Fin 肋 Louver 百叶 Aluminum panel 铝板 Paving 铺地；铺路材料 Column柱子 Circular/round Column 圆形柱子Square column 方形柱子 Court 庭院 Podium 矮墙，墩座墙 Parapet 护栏，矮护墙 Railing 扶手 Balustrade 栏杆 Retaining wall 挡土墙 Balcony阳台 Bay 单元

Sunshade 遮阳装置 Spandrel 拱肩，层间带；上下层窗空间；楼梯下三角空间Spandrel panel 拱肩面板 Spandrel glass 拱肩玻璃 View angle 相机角度 View 视角 Camera 相机，视角 Dusk/sunset view/ shot 黄昏景 Day view 日景 Night view 夜景 Slab 楼板 Ceiling 天花 Soffit 拱腹（一般指天花的吊顶） Recess 凹入 Downlight 筒灯，嵌灯 Footbridge 人行桥 Pier 桥墩，码头 Rendering 效果图 Animation [,?ni'mei??n] 动画 Model 模型 Massing 体块 TYP=typical 标准 day view 日景 window frames 窗框 move forward 向前移动

常用铸造术语中英对照

常用铸造术语中英对照2008-6-26整理(BY BARRY) Ⅰ.基本术语 1.压力铸造 die casting 2.铸造 casting,foundry,founding 3.铸件 casting 4.毛坯铸件 rough casting 5.试制铸件 pilot casting 6.试模 trial shot 7.模具mold ,mould 8.压铸机 die casting machine 9.铸造设备 foundry equipment,foundry facilities 10. 铸工 caster,founder,foundry worker 11. 压铸工die carter 12. 铸造厂 foundry 13. 铸造车间 foundry shop 14. 铸造工作者 foundry man 15. 批（batch 一批: a batch; 每批:each batch, per batch); lot 16. 一炉 a cast, a heat, a melt 17. 焊接 welding 18. 铸造三废 foundry effluent 19.铸锭ingot Ⅱ.铸造合金、熔炼和浇注 1.铸造合金 cast alloy 2. 铝合金 aluminium alloy 3. 铸造复合材料 cast composite 4. 合金元素 alloy element 5. 杂质元素 tramp element 6. 碳化物 carbide 7. 过热 superheating 8. 过冷 supercooling 9. 熔点 melting point 10. 总碳量 total carbon 11. 碳当量 carbon equivalent 12. 碳当量仪 eutectometer 13. 铝硅合金 aluminium-silicon alloy 14. 压铸合金 die cast alloy 15. 压铸铝合金 aluminium diecast alloy 16. 压铸镁合金 magnesium diecast alloy 17. 熔炼 smelting 18. 熔化率 melting rate 19. 元素增加 gain of element 20. 熔剂 flux 21. 熔池 bath 22. 除气熔剂 degassing flux 23. 覆盖剂 covering flux 24. 炉料 charging 25. 金属炉料 metallic charging 26. 回炉料 foundry returns 27. 废金属料 scrap 28. 熔渣 slag 29. 沉渣 sludge 30. 浮渣 dross, scum, cinder 31. 造渣 slag forming 32. 出渣 deslagging 33. 出渣口 slag hole 34. 炉衬 furnace liner 35. 出炉口 tap hole 36. 出炉温度 tapping temperature 37. 重熔 remelting 38. 坩埚炉 crucible furnace 39. 保温炉 holding furnace 40. 精炼 refining 41. 真空精炼 vacuum refining 42. 除气 degassing 43. 残料 heel 44. 浇注 pouring 45. 自动浇注装置 automatic pouring device 46. 浇包，料斗(勺) ladle 47. 转运包 transfer ladle 48. 金属残液 heel 49. 冷金属 cold matel Ⅲ铸造工艺与工艺设备 die casting process and process device 1. 铸造性能 castability 2. 流动性 fluidity 3. 充型能力 mold-filling capacity 4. 充型速度(浇注速度) pouring rate;delivery rate 5. 充型时间 filling time 6. 浇注温度 pouring temperature 7. 比浇注速度 specific pouring rate 8. 浇注时间 pouring time 9. 凝固 solidification 10. 凝固时间 solidification 11. 收缩 contraction;shrinkage 12. 收缩率 shrinkage 13. 液态收缩 liquid contraction 14. 凝固收缩 solidification contraction 15. 固态收缩 solid contraction 16. 液-固收缩 liquid-solid contraction 17. 自由收缩 free contraction 18. 收缩余量 shrinkage allowance 19. 收缩应力 contraction stress 20. 热应力 thermal stress