托福详细分类
工作规则类
2010/1/16-It's better for children to choose jobs that are similar to their parents' jobs.
2010/1/17-It's better to complete a project and then start another one than to do several things at the same time.
2010.4.24-The way a person is dressed in is a good indication of his/her character or personality.
2010.5.22-Working at home using computers or telephones is better than working in the office.
2010/6/12-People should get the secure job right away or wait for a more satisfying job
2010.10.31-Do you prefer to take a low-paid but secure job or a job with a high salary but easy to lose?
2010.12.11- It is more enjoyable to have a job and work long hours for three days in a week than to work shorter hours for five days in a week.
2009.1.23-Y oung people should try several different jobs before they take a long term career.
2009.2.27-A job with more vacation time but a low salary is better than a job with a high salary but less vacation time. 2009/8/22-It’s more important to work quickly and risk making m istakes than to work slowly and make sure everything is correct.
2009.9.25-Do you prefer to take a low-paid but secure job or a job with a high salary but easy to lose?
2009/11/14-It’s better to have rules about the type of clothing that people wear at schools or in their workplace.
2008.3.7-People today spend too much time on enjoyment. We only do what we like to do rather than what we should do. 2008/3/8-At present, people spend too much time doing things for their enjoyment rather than doing the things they should do.
2008.3.29-It is more important to have rules about the types of clothing that people wear at work and at school.
2008/12/6-It is better to complete a project and then start another one than to work on two or several projects at the same time.
2007/3/3-Since people are busy with doing many things; they can do few things well.
2007/6/24-Which is better, to finish a project completely and then start another project or to finish two projects at one time?
2006/10/22-It is not realistic for people to expect to work at the same company or for the same employer all their lives. 2006/11/19-It is more important to choose a subject of your interest than to choose subjects, which prepare you for a job or a career.
2006/11/17-Being happy with a job is more important than having a high salary from it.
金钱道德类
2011.1.29-The world is changing quickly. People are less happy than before.
2011.1.30-The world is changing quickly. People are less happy than before.
2011.2.12-In a busy and crowded world, we should not expect people to be polite to others.
2011.3.12- People should buy things that are made in their own country, even if the price of these products is higher than that of the products made in other countries.
2010.1.15- In order to become financially responsible adults, children should manage their own money at the young age. 2010.1.30-The government should support scientific research that does not have any practical use.
2010/6/13-it is better to spend money to traveling or vacation than save money for future.
2010/6/26-Most business people are motivated only by the desire of money.
2010/7/10-Wether the professional athletes like football player or basketball player deserve the high salaries that they are paid?
2010/8/13-More and more people are spending money on their pets, even though there can be other good ways to spend money.
2010.11.5-spending money on traveling and vacation vs. saving for future
2010.11.13- The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.
2009.2.28-Teachers should be paid at least as much as doctors, lawyers or business leaders are paid.
2009 .3.14- It is better to spend money on traveling and vacations than to save money for the future.
2009.3.14-It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.
2009.4.3- The best way to improve education is to raise teachers’ salaries.
2009.5.9-To become financially responsible individuals, people should be taught how to manage money at a young age. 2009.5.15- Professional athletes who receive high salaries, such as football or basketball players, deserve what they get. 2009 .5.9- In order to become financially responsible adults, people should be taught how to manage money at an early age.
2009.9.19-It is more important for the government to spend money on art museums and concert halls than on recreational facilities such as swimming pools and playgrounds.
2009.8.8-Teachers should be paid according to their students’ academic performance.
2009.11.7-To achieve successful development of a country; a government should focus its budgets more on young children’s education rather than on universities.
2009.12.4-People should buy things that are made in their own country, even if the price of these products is higher than that of the products made in other countries.
2009.12.19-People would be happier with fewer possessions.
2008.5.10-Governments should spend more money on the support of arts than on the athletics, such as an Olympic team. 2008.8.16-Most businesspeople are motivated only by the desire for more money.
2008.9.6-People should not use cell phones when they use public transportation.
2008.11.30-People who do not work because they have enough money are rarely happy.
2008.12月13-Which is better，to spend money on something that lasts for a long time，such as valuable jewelry， or to spend money on short-term pleasure such as a vacation?
2008.12.20-People should be allowed to use cell phones on public transportation such as buses and trains.
2007.5.18-Which is better, to spend money on something that lasts for a long time, such as valuable jewelry, or to spend money on short-term pleasure such as a vacation?
2007.5.19-Teachers should be paid at least as much as lawyers, doctors, and business leaders.
2007.9.12-People should not be allowed to use mobile phones when using public transportation.
2007.10.21-It is better to spend money traveling or on vacation instead of saving it in the bank for the future.
2007.10.28-Teachers should be paid according to how their students perform.
2007.11.3-People who do not have to work because they have enough money are rarely happy.
环保能源类
2010.1.23-Most of the environmental issues are too complicated today. Individuals cannot do anything about them. 2010.7.10- many countries are paying attention to environmental problems. But the attention is not making the environmental situations better.
2009 .3.22- Governments should focus on the preservation of the environment than on the economic development.
2009 .6.5-Solving environmental problems is the best way for the government to improve public health.
2009.8.30-The most important way for the government to improve public health is to clean up the environment.
2009.9.26-The government should pay more attention to healthcare issues than to environmental issues.
2009.11.22-The only way for the government to promote energy conservation is to raise the price of gasoline and electricity.
2008.1.12-government should focus more on environmental problems and less on economic development.
2008.2.24-Renewable resources of energy such as sun, wind and water will soon replace fossil fuels such as gas, oil, and coal.
2008.3.15-It is more important to use land for farming, housing and industry than to save theland for endangered animals.
2008.3.14-The environmental issue is too complex to be solved by the individuals.
2008.4.26-The government should give priority to improving healthcare than to solving environmental problems. 2008.6.22-The most important thing that the government can do in improving health care is to clean the environment. 2008.9.28-The only effective way to encourage energy conservation is to increase the prices of gasoline and electricity．2008.11.22-Instead of spending money on the exploration of outer space, the government should spend money on the improvement of the environment.
2007.8.11-The only effective way to encourage energy conservation is through increasing prices of gasoline and electricity.
2007.10.27-Observing and studying animals’ behavior are useful for knowing more about humans.
2006.10.29- The renewable sources of energy, such as sun, wind and water will soon replace the fossil energy such as gas, oil and coal.
2006.12.10-Human needs for farmland, housing and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals.
娱乐运动健康类
2011.1.22-in order to celebrate major events, it`s better to organize big party with lots of people than have a small party that only close friends and relatives are invited.
2010.1.30-Physical exercises are much more important to the elderly people than to the young people.
2010.4.10- People should have hobbies and do physical activities that are very different from their own work.
2010.10.17- It is better to relax by a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercise?
2010.12.19- playing sports teaches people good lessons.
2009.10.18-It is more fun to watch a movie in a movie theater than to watch a movie at home.
2008.5.17-movies are serious and are designed to make the audience think. Other movies are designed primarily to amuse and entertain the audience. Which type of movie do you prefer?
2008.9.27-Printed books have greater effects on society than TV does.
2008.10.26-People can learn more from watching television than from reading books.
2008.10.31-It is more fun to see a movie in the cinema with other people than see a movie at home.
2008.12.5-Sports teaches us lessons about life.
2008.12.7-Spending time alone is the best way to relieve stress.
2008.12.12-Sports and exercises are more important to elderly people than to young people.
2007.3.23-It is better to watch serious movies that are designed to make us think than to watch movies that are designed to amuse and entertain us.
2007.9.29-The best way to relax and reduce stress is to spend time alone.
2007.10.5-It is better to watch serious TV shows that are designed to make us think than to watch those designed to amuse and entertain us.
成功话题类
2011. 2. 5- One of the characteristics of successful leaders is the sense of responsibility for accepting their mistakes. 2010.1.22- People who go outside are more successful and happier than people who stay in villages.
2010.2.7-In order to achieve success, we must be more like others than be different from others.
2010.2.13- People holding different views cannot achieve success as a team.
2010.3.6-We can solve the present and the future problems by understanding the past.
2010.3.6-Which is better, challenging plans about one's future or practical plans about one's future?
2010.6.26-people who have several skills are more successful than those who only know one skill.
2010.7.24-Students who can keep their own rooms organized are more likely to succeed.
2010.9.18-the effective leader tries to make others feel they have been part of a decision.
2010.10.9- success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail?
2009.3.21-To remain happy and optimistic when you fail is more important than achieving success.
2009.6.27-Relating well with other people is more important to future career success than studying hard at school. 2009.7.25-Being creative, rather than planning carefully, helps people come up with the best solutions to problems. 2009.10.10-It was easier to succeed in the past than it is today.
2009.11.8-Good looks and clothing are more important to success than good ideas.
2009.12.5-Life is more complex than before so it’s essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize things.
2008.1.27-Successful people try new things and take risks rather than just doing what they already know how to do. 2008.1.27-Successful people accept new things and take risks rather than hold on to the things that they have done well. 2008.2.1-Being creative is more important in finding the best solution to a problem than planning carefully.
2008.3.1-To solve the present and future problems, it is necessary to understand the past.
2008.6.21-Good looks and clothing are more important for success than good ideas.
2008.6.29-University Education is the most important factor for success in life.
2008.8.2-It was easier to achieve success in the past than it is today.
2008.10.12-In order to succeed, we should be more like others than be different from others.
2008.10.25-Students who can keep their own rooms organized are more likely to succeed.
2007.1.27-In today’s world, to speak well is more important than to write well.
2007.7.21-Modern society has become more complex, so it is essential for the young people to have the ability to plan and organize.
2007.10.6-Which is more i mportant, students’ efforts to achieve things or their achievements?
2006.10.15-If a person wants to be successful in life, the knowledge gained through study is more important than the ability to be creative.
2006.12.8-It is better to learn a broad range of subjects than to specialize in a special subject.
竞争压力类
2010.2.27-Children should only play sports for fun, not in competitions or contests.
2010.6.16-should an effective leader make others have been part of decision making
2009.6.20-Successful leaders should make others part of the decision-making process.
2009.8.2-People are happier when they do a job or schoolwork with challenges and difficulty than when they do a job easily.
2008.1.18-People are happier when they have pressure (or competition) in their jobs or schoolwork than when they have easy work.
2008.1.18- People are happier when they finish a challenging or difficult job than when they complete an easy task. 2008.11.14-Children should only play sports for fun rather than play sports in competitions or contests.
2007.3.4-People now are in greater need of the ability to cooperate with others than before.
2007.9.15-Having a job to work with other people is better than having a job to work alone.
友谊合作类
2010.3.27-In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.
2010.3.27-In order to make ourselves happy, we should learn how to make others happy first.
2010.4.10-If we can't say anything nice about someone, then we should not say anything about this person.
2010.12.18-even one is richer than the other, they still can be friends.
2009.3.7- It’s better to use one’s own knowledge and experience to solve problems than to ask other people for advice. 2009.3.7-It is better to use one’s own knowledge and ex perience to solve problems than to get advice from others. 2009.9.20-In the past, people were friendlier than we are now.
2009.10.31-It is not good to move to a new city or a new country because you will lose old friends.
2009.11.1-Getting advice from friends who are older than you is better than getting advice from friends who are of the same age as yours.
2008.2.2-Most people prefer to let others make decisions for them rather than to make decisions by themselves. What is your opinion?
2008.5.30-People today are not as friendly as people were in the past.
2008.5.31-It is better to solve a problem with your own knowledge and experience than to ask others for advice. 2008.11.22-Students are more influenced by teachers than by their friends.
2008.11.23-Who have more influence on students, their teachers or friends？
2008.12.10-People who have interest in different things cannot be friends.
2008.12.20-People with different interests and personalities cannot be friends.
2007.1.19-Most people prefer to let others make decisions for them rather than to make decisions by themselves. What is your opinion?
2007.6.30-Letting a friend make a mistake is better than saying or doing something that may destroy the friendship. 2007.8.17-Getting advice from older friends is more valuable than from the friends of the same age as yours.
2006.12.1-Classmates have more important influence than parents on a child’s success at school.
2006.12.16-A friend who is intelligent is much better than a friend with a good sense of humor.
科技影响类
2011.1.8- the food we ate in the past is healthier than the food today.
2011.1.21- The fast development of society today is a positive trend.
2011.3.4- The most important problems in today's world will be solved in our lifetime.
2011.3.11- Although science and technology will continue to improve, the most significant improvement for the quality of people's lives have already taken place
2010.4.24-Scientists should be responsible for the negative impact of their discoveries.
2010.11.28- in twenty years, there will be less and less citizens cooking and preparing for food.
2009.3.29-Twenty years from now on, students will not use printed books anymore.
2009.5.31- People will spend less time cooking in the future.
2009.6.7- In twenty years, people will lead more leisurely lives.
2009.6.21-Technology makes our lives simpler rather than more complicated.
08.2.23-Technology makes people's lives simpler rather than makes people's lives more complicated.
2008.5.3-Technology has made children less creative than children were in the past.
2008.5.4-Technology has made children less creative than they were in the past.
2008.6.6-Playing computer games is a waste of time for children.
2008.6.7-Do you think children should play computer games?
2008.8.3-People will have more leisure time 20 years from now.
2008.11.8-Scientists should be responsible for the negative impact that is brought by their discoveries or inventions. 2007.2.10-Life is easier and more comfortable today than in the days when our grandparents were children.
2007.6.9-In twenty years, people will lead more leisurely lives.
2007.8.4-Twenty years from now, students will not use printed books for their studies.
2007.11.24-People will spend less time cooking or preparing food in twenty years than they do today.
2007.12.10-We live more comfortable and easier lives than our grandparents did when they were children.
2006.10.8-In twenty years, there will be fewer cars in use than there are today?
2006.12.15-The Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information.
父母家庭类
2011.2.11- Parents should allow children to make mistakes and let them learn from their own mistakes.
2010.3.20- People can solve important problems by themselves or with the help from their family members so there's no need for the government to help them.
2010.5.8- The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have them care for animals.
2010.5.8-The best way for parents to teach children responsibility is to have them care for animals.
2010.8.14- college students should be encouraged to take part-time jobs.
2010.9.11- parents today are more involved in their children's education than were they in the past？
2010.10.22- the advices from our grandparents have no use for their grandchildren because the world changed a lot during the past 50 years.
2010.11.14-Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children’s future for them.
2009.1.18- It is important for families to eat meals together regularly.
2009.8.7-Parents should allow children to make their own choices rather than determine their children’s future for them. 2009.9.12-Some people think children should study and play while others think they should help their parents with the household chores.
2009.10.24-Parents should help their children prepare for future life through encouraging them to take part-time jobs. 2009.11.20-Parents should give money to their children for their high marks at school.
2009.12.11-Parents do not understand their children as well as the parents did 50 years ago.
2009.12.12-Parents today do not understand their children as well as the parents did fifty years ago.
2008.2.15-It is important for families to have meals together regularly.
2008.7.11-Today, parents do not understand their children as well as the parents did 50 years ago.
2008.9.21-Children should play and study rather than learn how to do household chores.
2007.9.22-The extended family (grandparents, cousins, aunts and uncles) has become less important in modern society
than in the past.
2007.10.20-It is more important to spend time working than to spend time with families.
学校教育类
2011.1.15-Some people think university professors should spend more time doing research while others think they should spend more time educating students.
2011.2.26.- Young people do not have any influence on decisions that may affect the future of the world.
2011.2.26.- Young people do not have any influence on decisions that may affect the future of the world.
2010.2.27- All high-school students should take basic economic courses.
2010.5.14-Improving education is the most important thing in the development of a country.
2010.11.21-Y ounger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.
2010.12.4- High-school graduates should have at least a year to travel or to work rather than to go to university directly. 2009.1.10-Improving schools is the most important factor in the successful development of a country.
2009年3月28-Teachers should make their political or social views known in the classroom.
2009.5.30-Y ounger school children (aged five to ten) should be required to study art and music in addition to math, language, science and history.
2009.6.12-University students should take part-time jobs.
2009.10.24-one of the best methods to get teenagers accustomed to adult life is to get them part-time job.
2009.12.22-Today the ability to read and write is more important than before.
2008.1.13-Students should choose the more difficult and challenging classes in college or university even if they cannot get good grades.
2008.1.19-days when students do group work, each group member gets the same grade (mark). Is it a good method for evaluating students?
2008.2.16-Grades (marks) encourage students to learn.
2008.4.27-Teachers should assign homework to their students every day.
2008.8.8-All university students should take basic science courses, regardless of their field of concentration.
2008.8.8-Students should take basic science courses even if they are not their field of concentration.
2008.8.23-A serious and strict teacher is more effective than a teacher who is humorous and easygoing.
2008.8.24-Strict and serious teachers are more efficient than humorous and easygoing teachers.
2008.11.1-High-school graduates should have at least a year to travel or to work rather than to go to university directly. 2007.1.13-Many teachers assign homework to students every day. Do you think that daily homework is necessary for students?
2007.2.24-It is more important for students to understand ideas and concept than to learn facts.
2007.3.1.-It is more important for a teacher to help students gain self-confidence than to teach them specific knowledge. 2007年7月7-University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of their study.
2007.8.25-High schools, colleges and universities should spend less time teaching subjects and spend more time preparing the students for specific jobs and careers.
2007.9.8-A teacher’s ability to relate to the students is more important than to have sufficient knowledge about teaching. 2007.12.15-It is more important for students to understand ideas and concept than to learn facts.
2006.11.5-University students should complete projects with teamwork and all the members should share the same mark. 2006.12.3-Grades/marks encourage students to learn.
媒体广告类
2010.3.12- if parents want their children to do well at school, they should limit the time their children spend on watching TV.
2010.5.14-We need to have different sources of news and information to know which one is the real one or who is telling the truth.
2010.8.21-Telephone has greater influence on people's lives than TV.
2010.8.28- movies and tv programs made in your own country are more interesting comparing to the movies and programs made in other countries.
2010.11.27-the best way to learn a foreign country is to read newspaper and magazines from that country.
2009 .1.17- Advertising is the most important cause of unhealthy eating habits.
2009.2.22- The purpose of television should be educational rather than entertaining.
2009.2.14-In order to become well-informed, one has to get information from different news resources.
2009.2.21-Newspapers and magazines are the best ways to learn about a foreign country.
2009.7.25-Movies and TV programs made in one’s own country is always more interesting than those made in other countries.
2009.10.17- Movies and televisions should always show audience that good people are rewarded and bad people are punished.
2008.2.8- Advertisements targeting children aged between 2 and 5 should be banned.
2008.5.16-Telephone has greater influence on people's lives than TV.
2008.8.17-It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if they are unlikely to affect our daily lives.
2008.9.5-Newspapers can truly help people understand world events while TV news does not provide enough information.
2008.9.21-People buy products that they do not need because others have these things.
2008.11.9-Movies and televisions have more negative effects than positive effects on young people’s behavior.
2008.11.15-Parents cannot control their children because their children are easily influenced by TV, the radio and people outside their homes.
2008.12.21-TV advertising directed toward young children should be banned.
2007.2.3-People can learn more from watching television than from reading books.
2007.4.21-Movies and television have more negative effects than positive effects on young people.
2007.4.29-it is important to know events happening around the world, even though sometimes they will not affect our daily lives.
2007.6.16-Now children are not controlled by their parents as much as they are influenced by the media and others that are outside their homes.
2007.7.14-Newspapers can truly help people understand world events while TV news does not provide enough information.
2007.11.11-Most of the advertisements make products appear better than they really are.
2007.12.8-Advertising is a waste of time and money because customers already know what they want.
2006.9.15-Now we have so many sources of news and information that we cannot tell which one is the real one or who is telling the truth.
旅游文化类
2009.5.16- Schools should offer at least one course on the culture of a country other than their own.
2009 .6.13-All university students should be required to take history courses no matter which field they specialize in. 2009.10.25-Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country.
2008.3.2-The best way to travel is to travel in a group led by a tour guide.
2008.10.17-People benefit more from traveling in their own country than traveling in a foreign country.
2008.10.12-Visiting museums is the best way to know a country.
2008.10.18-It is better to travel in one’s own country than to travel to a foreign country.
2007.7.28-All university students should take history courses regardless of their field of study.
2007.10.17-University students should study courses about the culture of a country other than their own.
2006.11.18-The best way to travel is to travel in a group led by a guide.
交通出行类
2010.5.22-The government should spend money helping more people access the Internet instead of improving public transportation.
2010.9.12- The public should pay for their use of public transportation
2009.1.10- The public should pay for their use of public transportation.
2008.5.9-The government should spend more money on improving access to the Internet than on the public transportation.
2008.7.12-Drivers should pay a certain fee so that they can be allowed to drive when the traffic is busy.
2007.1.14-Drivers should pay a fee for driving on busy city streets when there is a great amount of traffic.
2007.12.1-People should pay for the use of public transportation.
托福阅读学科词汇汇总
托福词汇汇总 分学科词汇----part1.天文类 1 ASTRONOMY 天文 astronomy 天文学astronomical 天文的astronomical observatory 天文台astronomer 天文学家astrophysics 天文物理学astrology 占星学pseudoscience 伪科学 cosmos(universe) 宇宙cosmology 宇宙学 infinite 无限的 cosmic 宇宙的 cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射cosmic rays 宇宙射线 celestial 天的 celestial body (heavenly body) 天体celestial map (sky atlas) 天体图celestial sphere 天球 dwarf (dwarf star) 矮星 quasar 类星体，类星射电源constellation 星座 galaxy (Milky Way) 新河系cluster 星团 solar system 太阳系 solar corona 日冕 solar eclipse 日食 solar radiation 太阳辐射 planet 行星 planetoid (asteroid) 小行星revolve 旋转，绕转 twinkle 闪烁 naked eye 肉眼 Mercury 水星 Venus 金星 Earth 地球 Mars 火星 Jupiter 木星 Saturn 土星 Uranus 天王星 Neptune 海王星 Pluto 冥王星orbit 轨道 spin 旋转 satellite 卫星 lunar 月球的 meteor 流星 meteor shower流星雨 meteoroid 流星体 meteorite 陨石 comet 彗星 space (outer space) 太空，外层空间spacecraft (spaceship) 宇宙飞船spaceman ( astronaut) 宇航员，航天员space suit 宇航服，航天服 space shuttle 航天飞机 space telescope空间望远镜astronaut 宇航员 star 恒星 stellar 恒星的 intergalactic 星系间的 interstellar 恒星间的 interplanetary 行星间的 asteroid 小行星 nebula 星云 space debris 太空垃圾 ammonia 氨 corona 日冕 chromosphere 色球 photosphere 色球层 convection zone 对流层 vacuum 真空 infrared ray 红外线 chondrite 球粒 absolute magnitude 绝对量级radiation 辐射 emission 发射，散发 high-resolution 高清晰度interferometer 干扰仪 分学科词汇----part2.地理类GEOGRAPHY 地理 geography 地理 geographer 地理学家 hemisphere 半球
托福作文话题分类及范文
1.建设类：建设类题目共六道题，大都是问你所在社区一建设项目的利与弊。 为了合并题目，最好将自己所在社区定下来，在城市就在城市，在郊区就在郊区，那么简要介绍社区情况的时候就节省了准备时间。按此原则，以下提纲中的红色文字都是重复出现的论点或论据，可重复在不同题目的作文中使用。 5. The advantages and disadvantages of a new factory near your community. 第一段：陈述自己所在社区处于郊区，并简要介绍情况，说明建立一个新工厂这一提议对自己来说是一个两难的选择（Dillemma）：一方面它有好处，比如可以刺激经济，另一方面又对郊区的环境有潜在的威胁； 第二段：陈述好处。如新工厂可以为社区居民提供工作机会（可假设你所在的社区就业率不高），并带动周边附属产业，刺激社区的经济发展； 第三段：陈述坏处（注意转折用词）。如新工厂对郊区的土地、河流都有一定的污染，破坏了郊区的环境；同时也破坏了郊区宁静的生活（因为噪音、交通等）； 第四段：虽然有诸多坏处，然而我们去要权衡是利大于弊还是弊大于利；并相信只要通过严格管制，控制环境问题等潜在危害，新工厂可以为社区带来更多的好处（当然也可以有其它看法）。 I I live in a primarily agricultural community,and most of the population lives hand to mouth.Parents keep children home from school to work in the fields.If there is a flood or drought,people starve.A new factory would mean regular monthly salaries as well as protection against natural disasters or a sudden drop in the price of our main agricultural product,say,corn. Regular salaries would allow families the confidence to make investments in their future.The local would be able to plan their finances accurately and free themselves from debt.This in turn would encourage entrepreneurship and further develop the local economy.People coudd begin to open shops,restaurants dormitories,and entertainment facilities to serve the factory workers with their savings.Profits from these small enterprises would further enrich the local community and turn our relatively poor farmland into a truly profitable development zone.Perhaps more parents could then afford to send all of their shildren to high school and maybe even college. There would certainly be negetive effects as well.If the area becomes prosperous,immigrants from poorer regions will come here looking for work.Because of their relative poverty they will work harder fo less money than the locals and drive wages down.There might be more immigrants than
解读新托福阅读中推理题
解读新托福阅读中推理题 解读新托福阅读中推理题。今天，天道小编要和同学们介绍的是新托福阅读中推理题解决策略。下面，和天道小编一起来看看吧： 断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer, imply , most likely (least likely) 或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇文章中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。 一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。 这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词(也叫线索)。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。 二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路： 1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较抽象，我们来看一个例子：例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.来源：考试大 What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War? (A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers. (B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. (C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war. (D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
新托福阅读的10种题型 详解+经验+方法论 (1)
[※]新托福阅读的10种题型: 详解+经验+方法论 iBT毕竟是一个考试 考试就有他的思路和方法，以及题型的设计 在这里，我们首先熟悉一下新托福阅读出题的基本思路，和10种基本题型，以及应对10种题型的技巧 要点： an academic environment---越来越偏向于学术的讨论，越来越像IELTS的Academic类考试 reading---a variety of different subjects passages---3 different categories based on author purpose: 1. Exposition 2. Argumentation 3. Historical 你需要了解general organization of the passage * classification * comparison/contrast * cause/effect * problem/solution 每篇阅读的平均字数是700，当然根据考试的实际情况，可多可少 iBT的阅读有10种题型，下面我们一种一种的来回顾： 经验：第1，第5种题型，占的分量最多，难度也不大，要保证一个也不错 第9种和第10种题目，难度最大，想取得高分，必须要多做综合练习 剩下的题型也很重要，想取得高分，一个都不能少 1. Factual Information Questions 这样的题目，一般来说mentioned only in part of the passage. 答题的信息就在段落的1，2句
话中 技巧：你不可能在第一遍阅读的时候，就找到正确答案，需要看题目以后，回头再找 排出那些本身就很矛盾的选项 千万不要因为你看这某个单词或者句子在段落中出现过，就选择那个选项，一定要回答问题 2. Negative Factual Information Questions 做这样的题目，你首先需要对定位：locate the relevant info. in the passage 注意，这种问题你要选择的正确答案，是那个不正确的，问题里面会明确的指出：which one is NOT true 技巧：选项里面的答案，可能叙述了一段的意思，也可能叙述了好几段 正确的那个答案，要么是直接和文章的意思矛盾，要么是文章里面没有提到的 3. Inference Questions 注意的字眼，是infer, imply, inferred 技巧: 正确的答案,必须是从文章已给内容推出的,特别注意 4. Rhetorical Purpose Questions Rhetorical is the art of speaking or writing effectively. 他不关心作者说了什么,关心的是作者为什么要这样说 技巧: 注意字眼definintion, example, to illustrate, to explain, to contrast, to refute, to note, to criticize, function of 这样的题目尤其会侧重句子还有段落之间的逻辑联系 5. Vocabulary Questions 大家不要太在意这个单词在字典里面什么意思，最重要的是，这个单词在文章里面的意思：in the reading passage, only one of the meanings of a work is relevant 技巧：问题是问你单词在文章里面的意思，再次强调 6. Reference Questions 这样的问题，主要是问你代词指代的内容是什么[根据我观察的经验，代词指代的东西，一般来说就在你这个代词的前面，或者隔了1个短语，不会太远：...AAAAA, BBB, CCC, XXX...一般来说， XXX不是指代C就是指代B，不会跑太远] 技巧：代词，pronoun, 在选择以后，检查答案的时候，一定要注意一致性：the same number: singular or plural; case: first person, second person, third person 当你选择了答案以后，你的选择会不会违反语法原则，并且会不会有意义
托福听力改革和题型介绍
刚刚在上周末结束的托福考试中，听力成功霸占了热搜。 很多考生都反映听力太难了，本身想靠听力carry总分，结果先栽倒在听力上了。 对于打算考托福和备战托福的考生来说，听力轻松拿高分的日子已经一去不返。 托福听力改革 即将在8月份实施的托福新政里，听力的题目得到了精简。取消了一个lecture的部分，由原先的4段讲座（加试6段）变为3段（加试4段），每个部分的题目数量不变。 但是时间由原来的60分钟，遇到加试90分钟，下调至41分钟，遇到加试57分钟。原本1段讲座平均有10分钟的答题时间，时间却减少了整整将近20分钟。答题时间变得紧凑，每道题目分值增加，这就无形中增加了听力难度。 在最新版的TPO样题中，我们可以一瞥改革后的听力题型。正如改革的政策提到的，删减了一道讲座题，总题目数将至28道，平均托福听力每道做题时间由1.76分钟变为1.4分钟。 托福听力话题类型
托福听力部分包2个对话(conversation)和4段演讲(包括教室对话在内的lecture)。 每个对话涉及2个或2个以上的说话者，每个对话是2至3分钟，每个对话对应5道试题。对话都是大学校园中的非学术类场景，首个场景出现在学校办公室里。对话也许会牵涉学术内容又或是和课程要求有关。第二个场景介绍人有关学生服务的对话。 每段演讲对应6道试题。每个演讲是4至6分钟。讲座通常都是来源在老师的课堂授课。讲座也许是从教授的讲课内容，或者是学生的提问，还或者是师向学生提问并且请一位学生回答里摘录的。 托福听力题目类型 新托福听力里的大多数题目，不论是对话还是讲座，全部是用传统的四选一的选择题为主。根据《The Official Guide To The New TOEFL》即托福考试官方指南(OG)的介绍，新托福考试听力部分有八种题型，可分为以下三类： 1.内容主旨题 理解讲座或对话的主旨大意，或者对话目的。常见的提问方式有以下几种： What is the main idea of this lecture? What are the two speakers talking about? Why does the student go to see his professor? 2.判断题 是非判断题也是托福考试改革后出现的较为新颖的题型，一般是列出很多与录音材料中所提及的内容较为相似的句子，让考生辨別究竟哪些是录音材料中提到的。 以下例题是其常见的出题方式： The professor discusses how an animal becomes a fossil after its death. Indicate whether each sentence below is a step in the process. 3.细节题 听懂并记住讲座或对话中明晰的细节或事实，比如时间、数字、举例内容等。常见提问形式有: 1. What is X? 2. Which of the area does the picture illustrate?
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES
阅读具体题型简介TOEFL READING QUESTION TYPES Basic Information and Inference questions (12 to 14 questions per set ) 1. Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题 2. Negative Factual Information questions (0 to 2 questions per set )排除题 3. Inference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )推断题 4. Rhetorical Purpose questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )修辞目的题 5. Vocabulary questions ( 3 to 5 questions per set ) 词汇题 6. Reference questions ( 0 to 2 questions per set )指代题 7. Sentence Simplification questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )简化句子题 8. Insert Text questions ( 0 to 1 questions per set )插入句子题 Reading to Learn questions (1 question per set ) 9. Prose Summary 文章内容小结题 10. Fill in a Table 完成图表题 其中，前八种为微观题，解题不需要联系文章主旨。后两种为宏观题，解题需要联系文章主旨，解题难度高于微观题。 新托福考试的十种题型有六种是沿用旧托福考试中已经出现的题型(细节题、排除题、推断题、修辞目的题、词汇题、指代题)，因此这六种题型我们最好使用旧托福的复习资料。因为新托福考试备考过程中的一个问题就是真题资料的匮乏，我们需要尽可能利用来自ETS 的真题资料。而四种新题型，句子简化题、插入句子题、文章内容小结题和图表题，代表了托福考试的新动向，是需要引起广大考生的重视的。下面我们就来对这十种题型一一进行介绍和评价。 1、Factual Information questions (3 to 6 questions per set )细节题
托福阅读历年真题文章题材_人物类
托福阅读历年真题文章题材:人物类 托福阅读理解的题型可划分为十大类别，其题材也是丰富多彩的，天文地理、人物历史等等。把同一类型的文章放在一起练习，比较容易找到做题的感觉， 加强熟练度。新东方托福老师庄子为大家细分了历年考题，考生们既可分类练习，也可找出自己的薄弱之出重点突破。托福阅读理解的题材篇（一）人物，（二）美国历史，（三）自然科学： （一）人物： 文学家，艺术家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性（ETS重女轻男，阴盛阳衰） 编号考题年月职业性别姓名 1. 81/11 小说家女 EDITH WHARTON 2. 82/1 护士女 GLARA LOUIS 3. 82/8 天文艺术男 LUCIEN RUDAUX 4. 82/11 新闻摄影女 M.B.WHITE 5. 85/5 政治家男马丁路德·金 6. 85/11 文学家女 C.F.WOOLSON 7. 86/3 女权主义女 F.D.ROOSEVELT夫人 8. 87/8 雕塑家女 M.ESCOBAR 9. 87/12 印第安人女 ELLA GARSSO 10. 89/1 P1 小说家男 ROBERT HERRICK 11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家女 ELLA FITZGERALD 12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞女 AGNES DE MILLE 13. 90/1 P25 闹剧作家女 MERRY OTIS WARREN 14. 90/5 P29 文学家女 GERTRUDE STEIN 15. 90/10P40 农化学家男 G.W.CARVER 16. 91/1 P43 诗人女艾米丽狄金森
17. 91/5 P46 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES 18. 91/10P59 画家女 C.L.GRAZA 19. 92/1 P64 舞蹈家女 LUCINA CHILDS 20. 92/5 P68 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM 21. 92/8 P72 舞蹈家女 MARTHA GRAHAM 22. P81 文学家女 PEARL.S.BUCK 23. P88 发明家男 MCCOY 润滑油 24. P93 舞蹈家女 ISADORA DUNCAN 25. P100 小丑演员男 JOHN DURANG 26. P104 艺术支持女 G.V.WHITNEY 27. P112 数学女 MARJORIE RICE 28. P115 画家女 G.O.KEEFFE 29. P117 发明家男 THOMAS.A.EDISON 30. P123 画家男 WINSLOW HOMER 31. P131 画家女 GRANDMA MOSES 32. P143 诗人女 HILDA DOOLITTLE 33. P146 雕塑家女 LOUIS NEVELSON 34. 普样1 诗人女 MARIANNE MOORE 35. 96/1 文学家女 JOICE CAROL OATES
托福听力词汇分类
新托福IBT听力场景 入学： enrollment/register 登记,注册opening ceremony n开业典礼,仪式comme nceme nt ceremony 毕业典礼con vocation n正式会议（可指简单的毕业典礼）orie ntatio n meet ing 开学说明会staff n.全体职员 freshman （大学）一年级学生 sophomore （大学）二年级学生junior （大学）三年级学生senior （大学）四年级学生 tuition fee 费用 placeme nt test 开学测试 excellent出色的 average平均的，一般的below average低于平均水平的，差的结构及称谓： uni versity- preside nt 大学，校长 cha ncellor名誉校长 college 学院 scie nee/ arts school 理科/ 文科学院 un dergraduate 本科 postgraduate /graduate研究生 建筑物buildings: can tee n餐厅/cafeteria .自助餐厅 dining hall 食堂 adm ini strati on build ing 行政大楼wing/annex 配楼teach ing buildi ng 教学楼dormitory n.宿舍auditorium n.会堂,礼堂=lecture hall assembly n 集合 computer lab计算实验室，机房 选课 学科 major主修mi nor畐寸修 scie nee 理科,arts 文科,engin eeri ng 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology 生物学（micro-微marin-海洋）geography地理学electr onics 电子学 computer science 计算机科学astronomy 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany 植物学psychology 心理学zoology 动物学architecture 建筑学oceanography 海洋学ecology 生态学medical science 医学archaeology 考古学history 历史学linguistic 语言
托福写作热点考题：对比类型
托福写作热点考题：对比类型
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智课网TOEFL备考资料
托福写作热点考题：对比类型 摘要: 托福写作热点考题：对比类型每年的托福独立写作考题中，对比类型考题总要占据半壁江山，拥有着非常高的出镜率。本文就为大家讲解托福考试中写作热点考题之一：对比类型考题。一、对 每年的托福独立写作考题中，对比类型考题总要占据半壁江山，拥有着非常高的出镜率。本文就为大家讲解托福考试中写作热点考题之一：对比类型考题。 一、对比考题何其多 对比类型考题在历年托福独立写作考题中，会占到相当大的比重，此类例题比比皆是。例如，从2015年1月份第一场托福考试起到最近的4月12日的9场考试10道考题（3月7日的考试有两道考题）中就有5道考题就是对比型考题（2015.1.25，2015.2.1，2015.3.7(1)，2015.3.7 (2)，2015.3.28）大家先来简单回顾几个托福真题： 2015.1.10 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? University students should be required to take basic science classes even if they are not part of the field of the study. 2015.1.11 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important characteristic of a successful politician or leader is good communication skills. 2015.1.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Classmates and partner can
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊(精美图文版)
托福阅读题型十大技巧锦囊 “得阅读者，得天下。”托福阅读向来是考生提分必争之地，也是中国考生的传统强项。基本考生考前会采取题海战术，将自己武装成十万个我都知道。 于是，你背完了英文化学周期表；你了解了九大行星排列；你知道了最前沿的科技发展和美国经济新政；你是颗移动的the big bang 云硬盘。你只祈祷考前记住所有的这些信息量，考后再统统delete 。 如果考到一个你事先复习过的知识点，你欣喜若狂。 如果考到一个你似曾相识却扫视而过，你追悔莫及。 如果考到一个全新的知识点，恭喜你，你顿时挂机。 事实上，托福阅读的单词量是浩瀚星尘，无论你猜或不猜它都在哪里，不离不弃。所以，TPO 小站为冒星星眼的考生们编织了以下十个托福阅读答题锦囊，当你埋首题海两眼泪茫茫时，不妨看过来。 Reading Skills Top 10 1 Factual Information 2 Vocabulary 3 Negative Factual Information 4 Inference 5 Organization 6 Paraphrasing 7 Purpose 8 Insertion 9 Main Idea 10 Categorizing
十大技巧锦囊? 之一 小单词，大线索 Factual information【事实信息题】 “真相，永远只有一个！”20分钟一篇托福阅读，平均到800字篇幅的文章中去，再排除那些判断全文的主旨题，这是火眼晶晶的节奏啊。 所以事实信息题不是考你细工出慢活的时候，而是靠你抓Key words paraphrasing and location（关键词替换定位）。 如何最有效的锁定答案，这里小站针对事实信息题给出的第一条锦囊——小单词，大线索。 多年来，被应试题海战术训练的极其有素的考生们，早就学会了巧妙抓关键词了，但往往是我认识这个单词，但我还是选错了。就像你参加一个世界咖啡评选比赛，你觉得认为是白咖啡或巴西咖啡吧，但你未必知道土耳其咖啡才是咖啡之王。分析事实信息题的特点是：范围小，正确率极高。 题型表现最多形式是：因果关系和表比较级关系的长难句。 表因果关系的词： Cause：frontality/since/in that/on account of Effect：so that/therefore/as a result/consequently 表比较级的词： unlike…from /prior to/ more than 所以，在获取key words之后，我们要做的才是重点。你有看过柯南在发现一丝线索后就停止推理吗？不，所谓的大线索，就是将关键词放回原句，让案件重现，理顺关键句的因果关系，让正确选项浮出水面。 纸上谈兵终不靠谱，绝知此事要做真题！ 小伙伴们快来小站托福板块，阅读区实践吧。
TOEFL阅读历年考题分类：题型篇(一)(1)
TOEFL阅读历年考题分类：题型篇（一）(1) 主题型： 题目为每篇阅读理解文章第一道，是所有其它题目的依据，解题技巧： 1．阅读每一段首句相加，概括型主题 2．第一段为主题背景性文章，but，however，转折词后为主题句 3．主题词的反复重现 4．段落句首连词的逻辑走向判断主题 5．Development，why，mechanism，常为主题标识 6．段落首句小词的重要性 普样1 Q1 D The way of life。。。 Q23 A mechanics L1 What Q31 C development 普样2 Q11 B Why L5：factor L10，18：probably Q21 C development Q41 D salinity 在每一段中的复现 普样3 Q11 B human vision 主题词为首句主词 Q22 C making L1：made ；L6：makes；L9：material；L14：tools；普样 4 Q34 B explain L3 two reasons。。。account for L5：the first 95/8 Q31 A The origins of L1：many theories；L10：those who believe； L21：another theory，L25；related theory 95/10 Q14 D The effects 95/10 Q42 A The historical development L6：the ancestry 95/12 Q2 A L1：another 95/12 Q32 C 第一段尾局首句复杂 96/1 Q10 B development 96/1 Q31 C 第一段首句，第二段首句* NA 96/1 Q42 C mechanism * NA 96/1 Q1 D outline 96/1 Q19 C characteristics 96/1 Q41 B ways 96/5 Q13 C the impact of…on… 96/5 Q33 A 主题词重现 96/8 Q22 C the characteristics 96/8 Q33 B development （D the history） 96/8 Q42 B how…changed (why…developed) 96/12 Q1 B difference L3：distinction 首段尾句 97/1 Q29 B L1：a number of adaptations，L2：one，L13：another L16：an equally important adaptation，L24：further ability 【
托福听力备考4个基本要素
托福听力备考4个基本要素 托福听力中考生常会因为听不懂长难句而无法顺利解答题目，而长难句本身的高难度也会让许多同学头疼不已。下面就和大家分享托福听力备考4个基本要素，来欣赏一下吧。 托福听力备考4个基本要素 托福听力备考以“词”为首 “词”为四要素之首为，托福考试涉及艺术、生命科学、自然科学、社会科学四大学科，44个话题，考察学术环境下的听力能力，要求考生掌握8000左右词汇量，其中包括学科专有词汇。良好的词汇基础就是听力高分的必要因素。 那么不同年级的同学如何准备词汇呢?小学和初中阶段备考同学可以按照初中词汇、高中词汇、四级词汇、托福词汇的顺序进行准备，高中阶段的同学可以按照高中词汇、四级词汇、托福词汇的顺序备考，大学阶段的同学可以考虑从四级词汇或托福词汇开始备考。确定词汇记忆的范围后，我们还需要注意托福听力的词汇记忆不同于阅读的词汇记忆，虽然两者的范围相当，但记忆方法却截然不同。阅读讲究用“看”的方式来识词，而听力则要用听的方式。因此记单词的时候可以采取“看-听”同步的形式熟练生词发音，即时反应，尽量达到2秒内精准输出生词意思。
托福听力备考先“听”再“记” “听”，托福听力学习过程中，“听”先于“记”，同学们需要确保听懂听力的基础上，加强笔记。如何提升听的能力呢?我们可以采用泛听与精听结合的方式。泛听即广泛的听，用于培养英语语感，目的在于在听力练习中以掌握*的整体意思。因此，泛听并不要要求百分之百听懂听力材料中的所有细节,只求听懂大意。备考的同学可以选择自己喜欢的方式练习泛听，如看美剧、听英文歌、模仿英语演讲、听英文广播等。精听材料尽量选择官方真题Official或与考试学科、难度相近的资料。学习过程中需要进行精读、精听、模仿跟读、影子跟读、口述输出。 托福听力备考要合“理” “理”，这里指的是听力的逻辑规律。托福听力需要掌握一些基础的逻辑论证框架和出题规律，如问题-解决方案、举例论证、对比论证、因果论证、分类论证、反对-赞同等。 如官方真题Official27-L1体现论证体现事物的因果关系 Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and, well, trap sediments and pollutants in water that flow through them before they enter the ocean.This of course has beneficial results for the nearby coral reefs.
(完整版)托福听力场景学科分类词汇大全
新托福IBT听力场景词汇 对话场景 选课 学科 major主修mi nor畐寸修scie nee 理科,arts 文科,engin eeri ng 工科Mathematics 数学physics 物理chemistry 化学biology生物学geography地理学electr onics 电子学computer scie nee计算机科学astr onomy天文学electr onics engin eeri ng 电子工程学bota ny植物学psychology 心理学zoology动物学architecture 建筑学ocea no graphy 海洋学ecology生态学medical scie nee 医学archaeology 考古学history历史学linguistics 语言学pedagogies教育学，教学法an thropology 人类学econo mics经济学statistics 统计学acco un ti ng 会计学philosophy 哲学类型required、compulsory course 必修课selective/opti onal course选修课elective course 选修课lecture 讲座semi nar高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial个人辅导课程 workshop专题课程 级别 Introductory 入门级eleme ntary, fun dame ntal 初级 In termediate, sec on dary 中级Adva need 高级 Prerequisite先修课程 上课： Atte nd class 上课 Miss class 缺课 Skip class 逃课 Syllabus教学大纲 Required textbook 要求的课本 Atte ndance 出勤 Gradi ng system 打分体系Class participati on 课堂参与杂 semester/term 学期quarter小学期course guideli ne 课程纲要major主修mi nor畐寸修exempti on 免修syllabus 教学大纲 Professor ' siatgre教授的签字（用于 注册课程） Course cap课程容量（可以招收的学生数）， openings （可供注册的名额） Take选（课）,drop 退（课） Late registrati on 晚注册 Deregistrati on 注￥肖 教师称号 professor 教授 lecturer = in structor 讲师teach ing assista nt = TA 助教research assista nt = RA 助研coun selor, adviser 咨询者，顾问preside nt大学校长 teacher/faculty 教师stude nt's advisor 学生顾问physicist物理学家mathematicia n 数学家chemist化学家historia n历史学家statisticia n统计学 家 作业、论文 assig nment 作业homework = coursework = schoolwork =studies 作业lab report实验报告book report读书报告project 作业prese ntati on 发言term paper 学期论文（research pap》thesis/essay/dissertatio n 论文journal 学术期干刊social inv estigati on 社会调查survey调查questionnaire n调查表,问卷observati on n 观察in terview vt. n.采访collect data收集数据broad （论文等）内容宽泛n arrow dow n
托福写作词汇分类
二. 知识与教育 (一)知识与智能 knowledge，n．知识，学问；认识；知道 knowledge acquisition 知识获取 knowledge hierarchy 知识体系 structure of knowledge 知识结构 comprehensive knowledge 全面的知识 scope of knowledge 知识面 value of knowledge 知识价值 knowledge industry 知识产业 knowledge management 知识管理 the aging of knowledge 知识老化 spread scientific knowledge 传播科学知识 thirst for knowledge 求知欲 Knowledge is infinite．／There is no limit to knowledge．学无止境(学海无涯)。 knowledgeable n．知识渊博的；有见识的 become knowledgable and professional 知识化、专业化 erudition n．博学，博识；学问；知识 erudite a．博学的，有学问的；n．博学之上，有学问的人 learned a．有学问的，博学的；精通某门学科的 a learned man 学者 learning n．知识；学问 book learning 书本知识 a man of great learning 博学之上，学问高深的人 have little learning 学识浅薄 an emergent branch of learning 一门新兴的学问 episteme n．(哲)知识 epistemic n．(哲)(关于)认识的；(关于)知识的 letters n．[用作单或复]文学；学问；文化修养 a man of letters文人 lore n．学问，知识；(有关某一学科的)全部知识 scholarship n．学术成就；学问，学识；奖学金 scholarly a．学者气质的；学者风度的
托福阅读题型完整攻略(4)
托福阅读题型完整攻略（4） IBT阅读推理题的解决策略 推断题就是所需要的信息都包含在文章中，但是没有直接加以说明，需要 考生从已知中推出。推理题的题干中常出现infer， imply ， most likely （least likely）或probably 等词语。根据OG，在IBT 阅读的3篇文章 中，每篇会有0-2道这类问题，一次考试总共有3-4道推断题。 一、推理题的两大分类：有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题。 这里所谓的有共性推理题就是说题干中有和原文内容相同的关键词（也叫 线索）。根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。一般来说，大多数的推理题 都属于这类题目。对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。返回原 文找信息点，采用排除法是解决这两类题型解决的共同策略。 二、推理题的三个具体的解题思路： 1、一般对比推理：根据两个事情的对比特征，问其中一个事物的特征，只要将与之形成对比的另外一个事情的特征否定掉就可以。 2、时间对比推理：在这种推理中，一般有两个形成对比的时间段，它们所具有的特征一般相反。当题干问一个时间段的特征时，只要将与之相反的时间 段的特征否定掉就可以了。 3、集合概念推理：一个大的集合的两个方面形成对比，两者之间存在着 互补性关系，也就是一个的增加意味着另一个的减少。反之，相同。这个比较 抽象，我们来看一个例子： 例如：Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war， with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation，manufacturing， and trade and distribution. What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War？ （A） New technological developments had little effect on farmers. （B） The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined. （C） Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war. （D） Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation. 文中指出：非农业人口的数量和比例都增加了。由此可知农业人口的数量 和比例下降，所以（B）为正确答案。 三、解答这类题目需要注意的信息点： 1.日期和数字。 2.关键词：表示多少的副词： many ， some， much of， several ， a few ，most …；情态动词：may， can ，could…；表示过去的：used to be ， was， were ， at one time， previously ；表示不是唯一的： not only ，not exclusively等。