微观经济学原理(第七版) 曼昆 名词解释(带英文)

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释

稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。

边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。

激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。

生产率(productivity)：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。

通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。

经济周期(business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。）

循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。

微观经济学(microeconomics)：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。

宏观经济学(macroeconomics)：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

实证表述(positive statements)：企图描述世界是什么的观点。

规范描述(normative statements)：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。

绝对优势(absolute advantage)：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。

比较优势(comparative advantage )：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。

进口品(imports)：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。

出口品(exports)：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。

市场(market)：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。

竞争市场(competitive market )：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。

需求量(quantity demanded)：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。

需求定理(law of demand)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。

需求表(demand schedule)：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。

需求曲线(demand curve)：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。

正常物品(normal good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。

低档物品(inferior good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。

替代品(substitutes)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。

互补品(complements)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。

供给量(quantity supplied)：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。

供给定理(law of supply)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。

供给表(supply schedule)：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。

供给曲线(supply curve)：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。

均衡(equilibrium)：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。

均衡价格(equilibrium price)：使供给与需求平衡的价格。

均衡数量(equilibrium quantity)：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量。

过剩(surplus)：供给量大于需求量时的状态。

短缺(shortage)：需求量大于供给量时的状态。

供求定理(law of supply and demand)：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点。

弹性(elasticity)：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量。

需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)：一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量，用需求量变动的百分比

除以价格变动的百分比来计算。

总收益(total revenue)：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量，用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算。

需求收入弹性(income Elasticity of demand)：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量，用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算。

需求的交叉价格弹性(cross-price elasticity of demand)：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度，用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算。

供给价格弹性(price elasticity of supply)：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量，用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。

价格上限(price ceiling)：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。

价格下限(price floor)：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。

税收归宿(tax incidence)：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究。

福利经济学(welfare economists)：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利。

支付意愿(willingness to pay)：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量。

消费者剩余(consumer surplus)：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量。

成本(cost)：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值。

生产者剩余(producer Surplus)：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本。

效率(efficiency)：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质。

平等(equality)：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性。

无谓损失(deadweight loss)：税收引起的总剩余减少。

世界价格(world price)：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。

关税(tariff)：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。

外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

外部性的内在化(internalizing the externality )：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应。

科斯定理(coase theorem)：一种观点，认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商，那么，他们就可以解决外部性问题。

交易成本(transaction cost)：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本。

庇古税(pigovian taxes)：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收。

排他性(excludability)：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性。

竞争性(rivalry)：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。

私人物品(private goods)：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品。

公共物品(public goods)：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品。

公有资源(common resources)：有竞争性但无排他性的物品。

搭便车者(free rider)：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。

成本—收益分析(coast-benefits analysis)：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究。

公地悲剧(tragedy of the commons)：一个寓言，说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平。预算盈余(budget surplus)：政府收入大于政府支出。

预算赤字(budget deficit)：政府支出大于政府收入。

平均税率(average tax rate)：总收入除以支付的总税收。

边际税率(marginal tax rate)：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收。

定额税(lump-sum tax)：每个人等量的税收。

受益原则(benefits principle)：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。

支付能力原则原则(ability-to-pay principle)：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。

纵向平等(vertical equity)：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想。

横向平等(horizontal equality)：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想。

比例税(proportional tax)：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收。

累退税(regressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收。

累进税(progressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收。

总收益(total revenue)：企业出售其产量所得到的量。

总成本(total cost)：企业购买生产投入所支付的量。

利润(profit)：总收益减总成本。

显性成本(explicit costs)：要求企业支出货币的投入成本。

隐性成本(implicit costs)：不要求企业支出货币的投入成本。

经济利润(economic profit)：总收益减总成本，包括与隐性成本。

会计利润(accounting profit)：总收入减显性成本。

生产函数(production function)：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。

边际产量(marginal product)：增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加。

边际产量递减(diminishing marginal product)：一种投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的特征。

固定成本(fixed costs)：不随着产量变动而变动的成本。

可变成本(variable costs)：随着产量变动而变动的成本。

平均总成本(average total cost)：总成本除以产量。

平均固定成本(average fixed costs)：固定成本除以产量。

平均可变成本(average variable costs)：可变成本除以产量。

边际成本(efficient scale)：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加。

有效规模(efficient scale)：使平均总成本最小的产量。

规模经济(economics of scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性。

规模不经济(diseconomies of scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性。

规模收益不变(constant returns to Scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而保持不变的特性。

竞争市场(competitive market)：有许多交易相同产品的买者与卖者，以至于每一个买者和卖者都是价格接受者的市场。

平均收益(average revenue)：总收益除以销售量。

边际收益(marginal revenue)：增加一单位销售量引起的总收益变动。

沉没成本(sunk cost)：已经发生而且无法收回的成本。

垄断企业(monopoly)：一种没有相近替代品的产品的惟一卖者的企业。

自然垄断(natural monopoly)：由于一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本向整个市场供给一种物品或劳务而产生的垄断。

价格歧视(price discrimination)：以不同价格向不同顾客出售同一种物品的经营做法。

寡头(oligopoly)：只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同产品的的市场结构。

垄断竞争(monopolistic competition)：许多出售相似而不相同的产品的企业的市场结构。

勾结(collusion)：一个市场上的企业之间就生产的产量或收取的价格达成的协议。

卡特尔(Cartel)：一致行动的企业集团。

纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)：相互作用的经济主体在假定所有其他主体所选战略为既定的情况下选择自己最优战略的状态。

博弈论(game theory)：研究人们在各种策略情况下如何行事。

囚徒困境(prisoners' dilemma)：两个被捕获的囚徒之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。

占优（优势）策略(dominant strategy)：无论其他参与者选择什么策略，对一个参与者都为最优的策略。125生产要素：用于生产物品和劳务的投入。

生产函数(production function)：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。

劳动的边际产量(marginal product of labor)：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。

边际产量递减(diminishing marginal product)：一单位投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的性质。

边际产量值(value of the marginal product)：一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。

资本(capital)：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。

补偿性工资差别(compensating differential)：为抵消不同工作的非货币特性而产生的工资差别。

人力资本(human capital)：对人的投资的积累，如教育和在职培训。

工会(union)：与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会。

罢工(strike)：工会有组织地从企业撤出劳动。

效率工资(efficiency wages)：企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡工资的工资。

歧视(discrimination)：对仅仅由于种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供不同的机会。

贫困率(poverty rate)：家庭收入低于一个称为贫困线的绝对水平的人口百分比。

贫困线(poverty line)：由联邦政府根据每个家庭规模确定的一种收入绝对水平，低于这一水平的家庭被认为处于贫困状态。

实物转移支付(in-kind transfers)：以物品和劳务而不是以现金形式给予穷人的转移支付。

生命周期(life cycle)：在人的一生中有规律的收入变动形式。

持久收入(permanent income)：一个人的正常收入。

功利主义(utilitarianism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该选择使社会上所有人总效用最大化的政策。

效用(utility)：衡量幸福或满足程度的指标。

自由主义(liberalism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该选择必要的公正的政策。这种公正要由yield

在“无知面纱”的背后的无偏见观察者来评价。

最大最小准则(maximin criterion)：一种主张，认为政府的目标应该是使社会上状况最差的人的福利最大化。

社会保险(social insurance)：旨在保护人们规避负面事件风险的政府政策。

自由至上主义(libertarianism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该惩罚犯罪并进行自愿的协议，但不应该进行收入再分配。

福利(welfare)：补贴需要者收入的政府计划。

负所得税(negative income tax)：向高收入家庭征税并给低收入家庭补贴的税制。

预算约束线(budget constraint)：对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。

无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。

边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：消费者愿意以一种物品交换另一种物品的比率。

完全替代品(perfect substitutes)：无差异曲线为直线的两种物品。

完全互补品(perfect complements)：无差异曲线为直角形的两种物品。

收入效应(income Effect)：当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动。

替代效应(substitution effect)：当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线变动到有新边际替代率的一点时所引起的消费变动。

吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

系解名词解释

名词解释 1．标准解剖学姿势（anatomical position）:人体直立，两眼平视，上肢下垂，手掌向前，两足并拢，足尖向前。 2．胸骨角（sternal angle）:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突的部分成为胸骨角，两侧平对第二肋，胸骨角向后平对第四胸椎体下缘，是计数肋的重要标志。 3．翼点（pterion）:颞窝前下部较薄，在额、顶、颞、蝶骨的会合处最为薄弱，此处常形成H形的缝，成为翼点，其内面有血管沟，有脑膜中动脉的前支通过，骨折时易伤及此动脉，是是临床上X线检查的部位。 4．椎间盘（intervertebral disc）:是连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。 5．喙肩韧带:为三角形的扁韧带，连于肩胛骨的喙突与肩峰之间，它与喙突、肩峰共同构成喙肩弓，防止肩关节向上脱位。6．斜角肌间隙（scalene fissure）:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙为斜角肌间隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 7．咽峡（isthmus of fauces）:腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成咽峡。 8．肝门（porta hepatis）:脏面中部有略呈“H”形的三条沟，其中横行的沟位于脏面正中，有肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支，和肝的神经、淋巴管等由此出入，故

称肝门。出入肝门的这些结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。9．Calot三角（或胆囊三角）：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域成为胆囊三角，三角内常有胆囊动脉通过，因此该 三角是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 10．弹性圆锥：又称环声膜，是圆锥形的弹性纤维膜。其余甲状软骨前角后面，呈扇形向后、向下止于杓状软骨声带突和环状软 骨上缘。其上缘游离增厚，紧张于甲状软骨与声带突之间，称 声韧带，较前庭韧带厚而短。声韧带连同声带肌及覆盖于其表 面的喉粘膜一起，成为声带。弹性圆锥中部弹性纤维增厚称环 甲正中韧带（急性喉阻塞时，为抢救病人生命可在环甲正中韧 带处进行穿刺，以建立暂时性通气道。当紧急切开动脉圆锥进 行抢救时，注意切勿损伤环甲动脉吻合弓）。 11．声带（vocal cord）:由声韧带、声带肌和喉粘膜构成。声门裂是位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨底和声带突之间的裂隙比前庭裂长 而窄，是喉腔最狭窄之处。声带和声门裂合称为声门（glottis）。12．气管隆嵴：在气管杈的内面，有一矢状位向上的半月状嵴称气管隆嵴，略偏向左侧，是支气管镜检查时判断气管分叉的重要 标志。（异物坠落偏向左侧） 13．肺门（hilum 0f lung）:纵膈面即内侧面，与纵膈相邻，其中央为椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，肺门为支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、

大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案

名词解释 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca17777780.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/ca17777780.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

英文写作名词解释

What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?

系解英文名词解释

1.Piphyseal cartilage(epiphysial line)骺软骨（骺线） 长骨的两端膨大称为骺。幼年时，骨干与骺之间的有透明软骨，成年后软骨骨化，骨干与骺融为一体，其间遗留的痕迹，叫骺线。 2.Pterion翼点 翼点是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨会合处，骨质薄弱，内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。Paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦 又名副鼻窦，是上颌骨，额骨，筛骨，蝶骨内骨腔，位于鼻腔周围，并开口于鼻腔。共四对，均位于同名骨内。由于鼻旁窦粘膜与鼻腔粘膜相续，故鼻腔炎症可蔓延至鼻旁窦引起鼻窦炎。 3.Diploe 板障 颅盖骨表层为密质，分别称内板和外板。两板之间的松质称为板障，有板障静脉通过。 4.Vertebral foramen(vertebral canal) 椎孔（椎管） 椎体与椎弓围成椎孔，各椎骨的椎孔连成椎管，椎管内容纳脊髓及其被膜。5.Intervertebral foramina 椎间孔 相邻椎骨椎弓根的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 6.Sternal angle 胸骨角 胸骨柄和体连接处微向前凸，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。 7.Intervertebral disc 椎间盘 椎间盘是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘。 8.Costal arch 肋弓 为第8～10肋软骨各与上位肋软骨相连形成；为重要的体表标志。 9.Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 为前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成的三角形的空隙；内有臂丛神经及锁骨下动脉通过。 10.Isthmus of fauces(oropharyngeal isthmus) 咽峡 腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓，和舌根共同围成咽峡。是口腔和咽的分界处。 11.Calot triangle(cystohepatic triangle) 卡洛氏三角（胆囊三角） 胆囊管、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形区域称为胆囊三角，内有胆囊动脉通过，是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 12.Dentate line 齿状线 连接各肛柱下端与各肛瓣边缘的锯齿状环行线称齿状线。 13.Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝 肋胸膜和膈胸膜互相转折处形成较大的间隙。 14.Renal region 肾区 是指竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域，为肾门的体表投影处（相当于第1腰椎水平）。 15.Renal hilum 肾门 renal sinus肾窦 肾内侧缘中间凹陷称为肾门，是肾盂，肾动静脉，淋巴管，神经的出入处。出入肾门的结构合成肾蒂（从前向后静动盂，从上到下动静盂）。由肾门深入肾实质的凹陷称为肾窦。

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

诊断学大体题目和名解英文

名解： 1.症状symptom 2.体征sign 3.发热fever 4.稽留热continued fever 5.弛张热remittent fever 6.间歇热intermittent fever 7.波状热undulant fever 8.回归热recurrent fever 9.不规则热irregular fever 10.水肿edema 11.咳嗽cough 12.咳痰expectoration 13.咯血hemoptysis 14.呕血hematemesis 15.放射痛或牵涉痛radiating pain P41 16.呼吸困难dyspnea 17.心源性呼吸困难或心源性哮喘cardiac asthma 18.Kussmaul 呼吸 19.Saegesser 征 20.腹泻diarrhea 21.黄疸jaundice 22.Gilbert综合征 23.Crigler-Najiar综合征 24.Rotor综合征 25.Dubin-Johnson综合征 26.夏科Charcot三联征 27.血尿haematuria 28.尿频frequent micturition 29.尿急urgent micturition 30.尿痛odynuria 31.尿路刺激征 32.神经源性膀胱 33.意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 34.嗜睡somnolence 35.意识模糊confusion 36.嗜睡stupor 37.昏迷coma 38.谵妄delirium 39.问诊inquiry 40.主诉chief complaint 41.现病史history of present illness 42.既往史past history 43.系统回顾review of systems 44.月经史menstrual history 45.体格检查physical examination 46.检体诊断physical diagnosis 47.视诊inspection 48.触诊palpation 49.叩诊percussion 50.叩诊音percussion sound 51.清音resonance 52.浊音dullness 53.实音flatness 54.鼓音tympany 55.过清音hyperresonance 56.听诊auscultation 57.嗅诊olfactory examination 58. 生命征vital sign 59.无力型asthenic 60.超力型sthenic type 61.正力型ortho-sthenic type 62.营养不良innutrition 63.营养过剩excess nutrient 64.精神障碍mental disorders 65.自知力insight 66.二尖瓣面容mitral facies 67.甲亢面容thyrotoxic facies 68.体位position 69.被动体位passive position 70.强迫体位compulsive position 71.端坐呼吸orthopnea 72.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication 73.发绀cyanosis 74.色素沉着pigmentation 75.斑疹maculae 76.玫瑰疹roseola 77.丘疹papules 78.斑丘疹maculopapule 79.荨麻疹urticaria 80.瘀点petechia 81.紫癜purpura 82.瘀斑ecchymosis 83.血肿hematoma 84.蜘蛛痣spider angioma 85.肝掌liver palms 86.溃疡ulcer

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

系解名词解释

系解名词解释 1.骺软骨：位于长骨的干骺端，幼年时保留，成年后骨化遗留骺线 作用是使骨长长。 2.胸骨角：位于胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处，两侧平对第二肋，是计数肋的标志。向后平对第四胸椎体下缘。 3.椎间盘：为连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘，中央部为髓核，周围部为纤维环，纤维环破裂时，髓核容易向后外侧突出，突入椎管或椎间孔，压迫脊髓或神经，临床称为椎间盘突出症。 4.肋弓：第8-10肋软骨的前端不直接与胸骨相连，而依次与上位肋软骨构成软骨连接，在两侧各形成一个肋弓。 5.界线：由骶骨岬向两侧经骶骨盆面上缘、弓状线、耻骨梳、耻骨结节、耻骨嵴和耻骨联合面的上缘构成的环状线。把骨盆分为大小骨盆，同时也是小骨盆的上口。 6.翼点：位于颞下窝的前下部，由额、顶、颞、蝶骨会合形成的H形缝，此处骨壁最为薄弱，其内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。 7.斜角肌间隙：位于前、中斜角肌和第1肋之间的空隙，内有臂丛和锁骨下动脉通过。 8.膈：起止：胸骨部起自剑突后面；肋部起自下6对肋骨和肋软骨；腰部胰左右两个膈脚起自上2-3个腰椎。各部均止于中央的中心腱。 裂孔：主动脉裂孔 T12内有主动脉和胸导管通过 食管裂孔 T10内有食管和迷走神经通过 腔静脉孔 T8内有下腔静脉通过

作用：是主要的呼吸肌，收缩时，胸腔容积增大，以助吸气9.腹股沟韧带：腹外斜肌腱膜的下缘卷曲增厚连于髂前上棘和耻骨结节之间叫做腹股沟韧带。 10.腹股沟镰（联合腱）：腹内斜肌的下部肌束行向内下方，跨过精索后延为腱膜，再向内侧与腹横肌的腱膜会合形成。 11.腹股沟管：在腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，内口为腹股沟管深环（腹环）位于腹股沟韧带中点上方1.5厘米，外口为腹股沟管浅环（皮下环），位于耻骨结节的外上方，男性内穿精索，女性内穿子宫圆韧带。补：股三角：由腹股沟韧带，长收肌内侧缘和和缝匠肌内侧缘围成。三角内有股神经，股血管和淋巴结等。 12.咽峡：腭垂、腭帆游离缘，两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成，它是口腔和咽的分界。 13.十二指肠大乳头：位于十二指肠降部十二指肠纵襞的下端的突起，胆总管和胰管开口于此，其距中切牙约75厘米。 14.十二指肠悬韧带（Treitz韧带）：十二指肠空肠曲被十二指肠悬肌固定于腹后壁的右膈脚上，十二指肠悬肌和包绕其下段的腹膜皱襞共同构成十二指肠悬韧带，是手术中确定空肠起始的重要标志。15.齿状线：肛瓣与肛柱的下端共同形成锯齿状的环形线，此线以上为黏膜，以下为皮肤。 16.白线：肛梳下缘有一不明显的环形线，称白线。活体肛门指诊检查时可触及此处有一条环形浅沟，是肛门内外括约肌的分界处。17.肝门：位于肝脏面的一条横沟，是肝固有动脉，肝门静脉，肝左