法律英语期末考试(整理)
法律英语期末考试
一、缩略语
1.AGM=Annual General Meeting年度股东大会
2.AKA=also known as俗称
3.Am=ante meridiem上午
4.Pm=post meridiem下午
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/cb15495451.html,=carbon copy抄送，副本
6.CEO=chief executive officer首席执行官
7.cf=compared with
8.CIF=cost, insuranceand freight到岸价格
9.COD=cash on delivery货到付款
10.eg=exempli gratia举个例子
11.enc=enclosed附上
12.etc.=et cetera等等
13.FBI=Federal Bureau of Investigation美国联邦调查局
14.FDI=Foreign Direct Investment外商直接投资
15.FOB=free on board离岸价格
16.GA TT=General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade关贸总协定
17.GMT=Greenwich mean time格林威治标准时间
18.GDP=gross domestic product国内生产总值
19.GNP= gross national product国民生产总值
20.Ibid=ibidem 同上（出处）
21.ie=id est换句话说（that is to say）
22.IOU=I owe you借条
23.IPO=initial public offering公开发售要约
24.ASAP=as soon as possible
25.BTW=by the way
26.FYI=for your information供您参考
27.POV=point of view
28.FTA=Free Trade Agreement/Area自由贸易协定/区
29.NAFTA= North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定
30.pp=per procurationern代理人（签收信件）
31.ps=post script附言，页面描述语言
32.pto=please turn over请翻过来
33.QED=quod erat demonstrandum谨以此作答
34.V AT=value added tax增值税
35.AOB= any other business 其他事
二、翻译
1.1“Affiliate”, in relation to a Party, means an entity that directly or indirectly controls, or is controlled by, or is under common control with, that Party. For the purpose of this definition, “control” means the ownership, directly or indirectly, of 50% or more of the voting shares, registered capital or other interests in such entity, or the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to appoint a majority of the members of the management, management committee or board of directors or similar decision-making body of such entity, whether through the ownership of voting shares, by contract or otherwise.
1.1当涉及一方时，关联企业是指直接或间接控制一方，或被一方控制，或处于一方共同控制之下的实体。此定义中的“控制”是指在该实体中持有50%以上的表决权股份、注册资本或其他权益，或者是通过直接或间接持有表决权股份、合同或其他方式而有权任命该实体中管理层、管理委员会或董事会或类似的决策机构的多数成员。
5.6 Any change in the Registered Capital of the Joint Venture must be approved unanimously by the directors present in person or by proxy in a validly convened meeting of the Board and shall be submitted to the Authority for approval (if required by law). Upon receipt of the approval of the Authority, the Joint Venture shall register the change in registered capital with the Industry and Commerce Administration.
5.6合资企业注册资本的改变，必须经出席有效召开的董事会的董事或者其代理人一致同意，并报审批机构批准（如果法律要求）。在获得批准后，合资企业应当就注册资本的改变向工商管理部门办理变更登记手续。
5.7 Subject to the preceding clause, if the Board resolves to approve an increase in the Registered Capital, each Party shall have the right to subscribe for the additional Registered Capital in proportion to its equity interests in the Joint Venture or, with the consent of the other Party, in a proportion agreed to by the Parties. Each Party may waive its right to subscribe for such additional Registered Capital. If any Party waives in whole or in part its right to subscribe for such additional Registered Capital, the other Party shall have the right to subscribe with the same conditions for the additional Registered Capital under such waiver.
If the Registered Capital is increased as a result of a capital contribution to the Joint Venture by a third party other than an existing Shareholder, such third party shall subscribe for such additional Registered Capital at such price as agreed to by the existing Shareholders.
5.7根据前项条款，如果董事会作出增加注册资本的决议，每一方均有权按照其在合资企业中的股权比例认购新增的注册资本，或者经对方同意，按照协商一致的比例认购。每一方均可放弃认购新增注册资本的权利。如果一方全部或部分放弃认购新增注册资本的权利，另一方有权在同等条件下认购其放弃认购的新增注册资本。
如果合资企业注册资本增加是因为第三方而非现有股东的出资，该第三方应当以现有股东同意的价格认购该新增注册资本。
5.10 Subject to the terms of this Contract, the provisions of Chapter 5 on (T?)transfer shall not apply to any Transfer by a Party to its Affiliates. In such circumstances, the other Party shall agree and cause the directors appointed by it to the Board to approve such Transfer; but if required by the other Party in writing, the transferring Party shall, as a condition to the Transfer, issue a
binding written guarantee reasonably satisfactory to the other Party to guarantee the performance by the transferee of its obligations under this Contract. Any Transfer under this Contract shall be reported to the Authority for approval to the extent it is required under the laws and regulations of China. Upon receiving such approval, the Joint Venture shall register the change in ownership with the Industry and Commerce Administration.
If Party A transfers the Joint Venture Equity held by it to the employees of the former Party C or its subsidiaries or to its designated entities, the provisions of this clause on the Transfer of equity interests by Party A to its Affiliates shall be applicable.
5.10根据合同条款，第5章中关于转让的规定不适用于合同一方向其关联企业的转让。在这种情况下，另一方必须同意并促使其任命的董事一致同意此项转让。但是，如果另一方提出书面要求，转让方必须签发有约束力的书面保证来保证受让方履行合同义务，并以此项有理由让另一方满意的保证作为转让的条件。根据中国的法律法规，此合同下的任何转让都应报审批机构批准。在获得批准后，合资企业应当就所有权的改变向工商管理部门办理变更登记手续。
如果A方将其持有的合资企业的股份转让给原C方的员工或它的子公司或它指定的实体，A方向其关联企业转让股份应当适用此条款的规定。
5.15 Upon the fulfilment of the terms and conditions set out in this Chapter 5, the Parties shall cause the directors appointed by each of them to the Board to approve any Transfer or sale of the equity interests in the Registered Capital under this Contract, and shall take, or cause the taking of, such actions, matters and things as required to ensure the equity interests in the Registered Capital to be vested in the relevant party. To the extent required by the laws and regulations of China, any such Transfer shall be reported to the Authority for examination and approval. Upon receipt of the approval of the Authority, the Joint Venture shall register the change in ownership with the Industry and Commerce Administration.
5.15为了履行第5章中规定的条款和条件，合同各方应当促使其任命的董事一致同意在此合同下注册资本中的股份转让或出售，并且应当采取被要求的相关行动或措施，以确保注册资本中的股份被授予相关方。根据中国的法律法规，任何这样的转让都应报审批机构审查批准。在获得批准后，合资企业应当就所有权的改变向工商管理部门办理变更登记手续。
9.2 Each director shall have a term of office of four years. Each Party shall have the right, at any time, for any reason, by written notice to the other Party, to remove one or more directors appointed by it and appoint one or more directors to replace the removed directors to serve out their terms of office. For the avoidance of doubt, this right shall include the right of the appointing Party to replace the person nominated by it to be the Chairman or Vice Chairman (as the case may be). If a seat on the Board is vacated by the retirement, resignation, illness, disability or death of a director, the Party that originally appointed such director shall appoint a successor to serve out such director's term.
9.2每一名董事任期四年，某一董事的委派方只要书面通知对方就可以随时自行更换一名或多名董事，继任的董事任期为被更换董事余下的任期时间，为了避免疑问，此项权力包括由其任命并指派为主席或副主席以下的人。如果董事会主席因为退休、辞职、生病、残疾或死亡而出现空缺的，可以由委派方重新委派，继任者来完成其剩余任期。
9.4 The Chairman shall be the legal representative of the Joint Venture. The Chairman shall exercise his authority within the limits set forth in the Board of Directors, this Contract and the Articles of Association of the Joint Venture, and may not contractually bind the Joint Venture or otherwise take any action on behalf of the Joint Venture other than in a manner consistent with the authority conferred on him by the Board. Whenever the Chairman is unable to perform his responsibilities for any reason, the Chairman shall authorize the Vice Chairman or another director to perform his responsibilities on his behalf.
9.4主席为合资企业的法定代表人。主席应在董事会规定的本合同及合资企业章程的范围内行使权力。主席不可以用合同的方式来约束合资企业，除非董事会向他授权，否则，主席不可以代表公司来签订协议。当主席因任何原因无法履行其职责时，应当授权副主席或其他董事代其履行职责。
9.8 The first Board meeting shall be held within one (1) month of the issuance of the Business Licence of the Joint Venture. During the first Boarding meeting, the Joint Venture shall appoint an accounting firm to be the external auditor of the Joint Venture in accordance with Clause 13.6; appoint the General Manager, Deputy General Managers and other persons who are nominated by the Parties to hold management positions in the Joint Venture; and authorise the Joint Venture to pay the expenses incurred in the establishment of the Joint Venture in accordance with Clause 2.5 and such other matters as agreed by the Parties.
9.8首次董事会会议应在合资企业营业执照颁发之日起1个月内召开。在首次会议中，合资企业应：根据13.6条制定一家会计师事务所作为合资企业的外部审计方；指定总经理，副总经理和其他由双方指定的在合资企业内担任管理工作的人员；并根据第2.5条以及双方的其他约定的规定授权合资企业支付建立合资企业所发生的费用。
9.11 The Board shall give a written notice to all directors at least ten (10) working days (Is this a defined term?) before the holding of a Board meeting; but if the meeting is held outside China, the prior written notice period shall be not less than least thirty (30) Working Days. The aforesaid notice period of a Board meeting may be waived by all directors in writing. Such written notice shall be delivered to each of the Parties and each director, including the Chairman and the Vice Chairman, or other authorized directors. Such notice shall contain a written agenda of the Board meeting which shall set out in reasonable detail the matters to be submitted and discussed in the Board meeting and which shall be attached with the detailed written information about the matters to be discussed.
9.11董事会应在董事会会议召开前至少10个工作日书面通知所有董事；但如果会议在中国境外召开，前述的书面通知期限应当不少于30个工作日。前述的会议通知期限可由全体董事以书面形式免除。书面通知应送达各方及各个董事，包括主席、副主席，或其他授权董事。通知应包括书面形式的董事会会议议程。议程应合理列出在会议期间待提交及待讨论的细节，议程还应包含待讨论事宜的书面形式的详细信息。
9.13 As an alternative to a Board meeting, a written resolution signed in person or by fax by the directors or representatives authorized by them in writing shall have the same effect as a resolution adopted in a duly constituted and convened Board meeting. Subject to Article 9 and other provisions, the written resolution shall be effective upon the signing of the last director or the representative authorized by him whose signing is enough to have the issues in discussion
approved.
9.13一份一致同意的书面协议可以替代董事会会议，签署可以是亲自签署，也可以是授权签署，或者是以传真方式签署，都应具有相同的效力。根据第九条和其他条款的规定，董事会书面决议的生效从最后一名董事或其授权代表签字后开始生效。
9.16 The Board shall designate one (1) qualified employee of the Joint Venture to be the secretary of the Board who shall take notes and prepare minutes for Board meetings and who shall also perform other duties as Board secretary. The Board secretary may be assisted by another employee of the Joint Venture in performing his duties. The Board secretary shall be accountable to the Board and shall ensure that the Chinese and English versions of all notices, agendas, documents, resolutions and minutes of meetings have the same meaning provided that if there is any conflict or inconsistency between the Chinese version and the English version, the Chinese version shall prevail.
9.16董事会应指定一名具有合资企业员工资格的人作为董事会会议记录和筹备的秘书，并履行董事会秘书应履行的其他职责。董事会秘书可以在另一个合资企业员工的协助下履行他的义务。董事会秘书应当对董事会负责，并应确保中文版和英文版的所有通知、日程、文件、决议会议具有一致性，如果中文版和英文版之间有任何冲突或不一致，则以中文版为准。
9.17 All proceedings in a Board meeting shall be conducted in Chinese and English. Minutes of the Board meeting shall be taken in Chinese and English and kept in the book of Board minutes. All directors who attend the meeting (including the proxies of those who do not attend) shall sign the minutes and resolutions of the meeting. The minutes of Board meetings shall be kept in the headquarters of the Joint Venture and made available for inspection by any director and/or representative of the Parties during working hours.
9.17所有董事会会议应以中文和英文进行。董事会会议记录应采取中文和英文。所有出席会议的董事（包括那些代理出席的）应当在会议记录和会议决议上签名。董事会会议记录应保存在该合资企业的总部，供任何董事和/或代表在工作时间检查。
法律英语试题2013-2014
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大二期中英语口语考试短文.
1. No Pains, No Gains The height which great men reach and keep is not attained by a sudden flight. Most of us feel envious of the famous and successful people. We do not understand why they are so popular and honored while we are mere simple common folks. In our misconception, we think that people are prosperous because they are especially gifted or that they are “just lucky”. All these have taken root in our stubborn minds, and we refuse to believe that most great men have a mind which is the same as, or perhaps even simpler and duller than ours. Yet, their triumphs are great. Why? Because they are apt to fight difficulties with perseverance and without fatigue, undergo sufferings without minding the wounds; they realize that hardships form the road which they must pass through before reaching their destination. Their endurance is more powerful than that of ours for the simple reason that they submit without complaint to each storm in life. 2. Don’t Give Up If we would ever accomplish anything in life, let us not forget that we must persevere. If we would learn our lessons in school, we must be diligent and not give up whenever we come across anything difficult. We will find many of our lessons very hard, but let us consider that the harder they are the better they will be for us if we will persevere and learn them thoroughly. But there are some among us who are ready to give up when they come to a hard example in mathematics, and say, “I can’t do this.” They never will if they feel so. “I can’t” never does anything worthwhile; but “I’ll try” accomplishes wonders. Let us remember that we will meet with difficulties all through life. They are in the pathway of everyone. If we will only try and keep trying, we will be sure to conquer and overcome every difficulty we meet. If we have a hard lesson today, let us strive to learn it well and
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