初三升高一英语讲义

初三升高一英语讲义（1）——句子分析

一．句子成分

主语（S）、谓语(PV)、宾语(O)、定语(ATT)、状语。

二．句子结构

●主+谓

●主+系+表

●主+谓+宾（介宾/动宾）

三．句子类型

（1）按功能：肯定句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句

●肯定句：注意单词是否能在肯定句中用；

●疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句、选择疑问句。一般疑问

句可用yes/no回答，特殊疑问句（一般是由5W开头的问句）则不可。反义疑问句注意“前肯后否，前否后肯”。

●祈使句是省略主语（you）的句子，其中动词永远用原形。常常与反义疑问

句结合考查。

●感叹句主要由what/how/such/so等词引导。What本身是形容词，所以后面

接名词，一般结构总结如下：what+(a/an)+adj+n(+主+谓)！ How+adj/adv(+主+谓）！

（2）按句子结构：简单句、并列句、复合句

●简单句一般由一个主谓结构的单句形成。

●并列句由两个以上分句组成，主要考察连词（and/but/while/for)

?and: 并列连词，and前后动词形式一致。and在连接两个宾语从句时，and

后面的that不可省略；and在连接两个定语从句时，and后面的关系词不可省略。and在连接多个谓语动词时，放在最后两个谓语动词之间。

?but不可以与although/though 连用。but用于“excuse me”“sorry”等表

示歉意的词后面，表示委婉的歉意。

●复合句由主句和从句组成，从句主要是定语从句、名词性从句（主、宾、表、

同）和状语从句。

PS：一个句子只能有一套完整的主谓宾。

提示：上了高中之后，要想英语能够学到一定水平，不能再像初中一样死记硬背，要学会分析句子成分，这样才能事半功倍！逐步掌握了英语语法会对英语学习有很大帮助。

初三升高一英语讲义（2）——定语从句

1.基本概念：

●先行词：被修饰的词或短语，在非限制性定语从句中可以是一个句子。

●关系词：连接的词。分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在从句中可做主语、

宾语等成分，主要有which/that/who/whom/whose.其中，which和that代指物，who，whom代指人，whose是唯一可以在定语从句的从句部分作定语的词。关系副词有where/why/when.

2.定语从句做法：

?找出先行词，确定从句部分。

?分析从句部分是否缺成分，主要看从句部分谓语动词。缺成分则用关系代词，

不缺用关系副词。

?选好后回看句子，注意：what不用于定语从句；that不用于非限制性定语

从句；关系副词=介词+关系代词。

3.补充：

●当that和which在限制性定语从句的从句部分作宾语的时候，可省略。但

是，当前面有and时，不可省略。

●当做到考查“介词+关系代词”时的题目时，介词的选择要看先行词还有从

句部分的谓语动词。

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6. Never too busy for social manners So you forgot to answer that party invitation you received. Now, the day has come and gone, and you’re feeling guilty because you never told the host you couldn’t attend. “Don’t allow this oversight(疏忽) to ruin your relationship,” says R. Thomas Boone, a US social psychologist. “I would show up with a bottle of wine and say, ‘I owe(感激，亏欠) you one. I’m really sorry’,” Boone says. . @Send an e-mail, make a phone call or reach out to the host another way. Whatever the method, do it as soon as possible. If guests don’t answer the invitations on time, the host cannot possibly plan for the correct amount of food and drink. . @This may lead to hundreds or even thousands of dollars of waste. “Everybody has a busy schedule now,” B oone says. If you know you are forgetful when it comes to making phone calls, try emailing your RSVPs as soon as the invitation arrives. RSVP is the short form of the French phrase “répondez s’il vous pla?t”, meaning “Reply, if you please”. The following are some commonly used terms in invitation letters and their meanings. . @Be sure to know these and answer invitations properly. RSVP, REGRETS ONLY Only guests who can’t attend need reply. You need to give a proper reason why you can’t attend. RSVP BY… Gue sts should respond with yes or no by the date indicated on the invitation. Setting a date gives guests a deadline. It is also a deadline for the host to connect guests who haven’t reply. RSVP BY E-MAIL . @Guests can respond by e-mail. Unlike phone calls, e-mails can be sent without regard to time of day or location. 7. Holidays and festivals in the United Kingdom . @There are many national holidays in the United Kingdom. Among them, Easter, and Christmas are two of the most famous. EASTER The date of Easter varies each year. It usually falls in March or April. During the Easter holiday, people give each other chocolate Easter eggs. The eggs are opened and eaten on Easter Sunday. On Good Friday (the day before Easter, when Christians observe the day on which Christ died), hot cross buns(复活节前一个星期五吃的十字面包) are sold. They are toasted and eaten with butter. Easter Monday (the day after Easter) is a Bank Holiday. On that day, banks and other major businesses are closed; people may enjoy a trip to the seaside or watch an exciting sports game, such as football, or horse-racing. CHRISTMAS For most British families, Christmas is certainly the most important holiday of the year. Families decorate their houses in bright colours. Usually a Christmas tree is placed in the front room,shining with coloured lights and interesting decorations. On the morning of Christmas Day (December 25), many people go to church to celebrate the birth of Christ(耶稣基督). . @In the afternoon, they stay at home and open the gifts that were gathered around the tree. Later, they may watch the Queen appear on television to deliver her traditional Christmas message to the whole country.. @In the evening, the families sit down to a big goose (sometimes turkey) dinner. They round off the meal with pudding, a Christmas specialty. Many traditions are connected with Christmas. For children, the most important one is that of receiving gifts. On Christmas Eve (December 24), they usually leave a long stocking hanging by the bed or by the fireplace. They hope that Father Christmas will

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