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四六级翻译解题技巧(考前必看)

四六级翻译解题技巧(考前必看)
四六级翻译解题技巧(考前必看)

四六级翻译解题技巧(考前必看)

01

考级测试内容题目数量分值比例考试时间四六级

翻译

汉译英1

15%

(106.5分)

30分钟

翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材,

四级的翻译长度为140~160个汉字,

六级的翻译长度为180~200个汉字。

02

翻译试题所呈现的是一个或几个汉语段落,不含生僻的专业词汇或习语。六级的试题内容难度略高于四级。要求考生在规定的时间内将汉语段落译成英语。

四级和六级的翻译均采用总体印象评分方式。翻译满分为15分,分为五个档次:14分档(13-15分)、11分档(10-12分)、8分档(7-9分)、5分档(4-6分)和2分档(1-3分)。四级和六级均采用相同的档次描述。每次阅卷时,参照档次描述分别确定当次考试四级和六级各档次的评分样卷。阅卷员经过培训后参照评分样卷对考生的翻译答卷进行评分。

03

1.了解汉英差异,知己知彼,译出地道译文

汉语重意合,以词组、散句和分句为手段,习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表述,其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”,甚至断句不严,外形松散,因此汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构,主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语则以“主—谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分,句界分明,外形严谨。因此,在汉译英时,译文在逻辑和形式上都应体现出英语的特点。

2.熟知五大单句句型,理清句子主干和修饰成分

了解汉英差异后,考生应熟知英语中最基本的5大单句句型,它们分别是:

① S+V(主语+动词)S:主语

② S+V+C(主语+动词+补语)V:动词

③ S+V+O(主语+动词+宾语)O:宾语

④ S+V+O+O(主语+动词+宾语+宾语)C:补语

⑤ S+V+O+C(主语+动词+宾语+补语)

例子:

①John’s grandfather died yesterday. (约翰的祖父昨天去世了。)

②John’s grandfather is very handsome. (约翰的祖父很帅气。)

③This killer killed John’s grandfather yesterday. (杀手昨天杀死了约翰的祖父。)

④John’s grandfather gave him a dog. (约翰的祖父给他只狗。)

⑤John’s grandfather called him a dog. (约翰的祖父骂他是只狗)

在汉译英时,不管汉语句子如何复杂,首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换,可以组合,但不能突破。组织英语句子时,始终不能脱离“主—谓”主干这一总框架,然后在进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等),增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。

3.以意群为单位断句,巧妙处理长短句

考生在做汉译英时,当汉语句子由多个分句构成,且句意联系紧密时,应首先确立句子的主干及句型,其他分句以定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语成分、介词词组、独立结构等成分表示;当汉语句子较长时,可以意群为单位进行断句,译成小短句,避免出错的同时确保译文言简意赅、层次分明。

4.善用技巧,攻克词语翻译

1) 词义选择

所谓词义选择,是指词有多个意思,但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节,如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好,如果不能兼顾,则取意义,舍形式。越是普通的词,越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配,翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时,要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。

例如:

剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。Paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.

“增加”在此处实际是“加强”的意思,而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义,因此不宜译成increase,翻译为enhance更恰当。

2) 词类转换

词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点,在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有静态性和抽象性的特点,在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中,适当转换词性,可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。

?①动词→名词

汉语中动词使用比较频繁,而且汉语动词既没有时态变化的约束,也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分,动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而,英语动词的使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词,大量原本应该由动词表达的概念,常常需要借助于名词来表达,因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚,使用起来相对灵活、方便。

例如:

吃头两个主菜时,也是赞不绝口。 You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.

英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如advice, agreement, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。汉译英时,借助抽象名词表达特定的行为动作,译文也会显得更为地道。

?②动词→介词

介词与名词密切相关,英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的,具有动词的特征。因此,汉译英时,有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。

例如:

人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。 People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.

?③动词→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达,这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic等),这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道、更标准。

例如:

在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。 It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

?④形容词或副词→名词

由于语法结构和修辞的需要,汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。例如:

……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。…leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.

?⑤名词→动词

在有些情况下,汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达,此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。

例如:

大自然对人的恩赐,无论贫富,一律平等。People, poor or rich, are equally favored by nature.

3) 词的增补

?①语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。

例如:

农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多,因此欲望也小得多。People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either.

英语中用得最多的介词有九个:at,by,for,from,in,of,on,to和with。这些介词是英语句子的重要纽带,在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时,要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。

?②意思表达需要

例如:

这是黄河滩上的一幕。 This is a scene taking place>

在翻译时,增译taking place短语,使译文表达更为生动贴切。

?③文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法,把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。

例如:

三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。 The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind.

4) 词的减省

所谓词的减省,就是指翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通顺。

例如:

于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。 Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删减重复的谓语动词)

5) 词的替代

重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段,虽然英语中也有重复,但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长,英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时,可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象:名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

5.译后检查,调整语序

1) 定语的位置

汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分为两种:前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语之前;而短语和从句作定语则多放在所修饰的中心语之后。

2) 状语的位置

汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面,但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况:单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时,常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时,可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时,多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时,可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。

3) 汉英叙事重心不同

汉语先叙事,然后表态或评论,以此来突出话题,这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论,而后再叙事,以突出主语。

4) 强弱词语的顺序不同

表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时,汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面,基本原则是前轻后重,前简后繁。

04

中国国画的根源可以追溯到新石器时代的陶器(Neolithic pottery),比如鱼、青蛙、鹿、鸟、花、树叶的形状。最早的中国汉字是象形文字(pictograph)。由于相似的工具被使用于最早期的绘画和书写,绘画被认为是与书法(calligraphy)有着相同的起源。这样一来,中国国画就有着一种非凡的特征,也就是说,诗意和书法被印刻(inscribe)在画中,从而三者合为一体,给人们一种更加强烈的美的享受。

The roots of Chinese painting can be traced back to paintings on Neolithic pottery, such as figures of fish, frogs, deer, birds, flowers and tree leaves. The earliest Chinese characters were pictographs. Since similar tools were used for the earliest painting and writing, painting is said to have the same origin as calligraphy. Thus, Chinese painting has an outstanding characteristic, that is to say, poetry or calligraphy are inscribed on paintings so that the three are integrated, giving people a keener enjoyment of beauty.

1. 第一句中,“追溯到”还可以译为date back to 或go back to。

2. 第三句中,“被使用于”含被动含义,且此处表达过去的情况,故译为were used for;“被认为是”还可以译为is deemed to或is considered to。

3. 第四句中,“这样一来”还可以译为therefore;“也就是说”还可以译为in other words;“三者合为一体”应该使用被动语态结构,可译为the three are integrated;“给人们一种更加强烈的美的享受”为结果状语,故用现在分词结构作状语,可译为giving people a keener enjoyment of beauty。

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汉语是中国汉民族使用的语言,汉语历史悠久,在3000多年前就有了相当成熟的文字。汉语有超过12亿的使用者,是使用人数最多的语言之一,除了中国,新加坡、马来西亚等国家也有相当一部分人使用汉语,分布在世界各地的几千万华侨、华裔,也以汉语的各种方言为自己的母语。汉语是中国人使用的主要语言,也是联合国的工作语言。 Used by the Han people in China, the Chinese language has a long history, having established a fairly mature written language more than 3000 years ago. The Chinese language has more than 1.2 billion users and can be regarded as the one spoken by the

greatest number of persons. In addition to china, some people in Singapore and Malaysia also use Chinese, and millions of overseas Chinese and foreign citizens of Chinese origin distributed around the world use various Chinese dialect as native language. The Chinese language is the main language used by Chinese, also one of the working languages of United Nations.

英语四六级翻译训练每日一题四月2

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中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家,中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究,这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学,从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作,使创新成果商业化。与此同时,无论在产品还是商业模式上,中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋,以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。 译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二(文都版) Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-

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四六级翻译题 中国文化

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2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案 In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquetinclude cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example,meat, chicken, duck and vegetables. In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally,although the Chinese do not eat any of theuncooked dishes,salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at leasta bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast. 城市化 2020年是中国城市化进程中的历史性时刻,其城市人口首次超过农村人口。在未来20年里,预计约有3.5亿农村人口将移居到城市。如此规模的城市发张对城市交通来说既是挑战,也是机遇。中国政府一直提倡“以人为本”的发张理念。强调人们以公交而不是私家车出行。它还号召建设“资源节约和环境友好型”社会。有了这个明确的目标,中国城市就能够更好地规划其发展,并把大量投资转向安全、清洁和经济型交通系统的发展上。 2020 was a historic moment in the process of urbanization in China as its population exceeded the rural population for the first time. In the next 20 years, about 350 million rural

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四六级翻译真题及答案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

中国的创新正以前所未有的速度蓬勃发展。为了在科学技术上尽快赶超世界发达国家,中国近年来大幅度增加了研究开发资金。中国的大学和研究所正在积极开展创新研究,这些研究覆盖了从大数据到生物化学,从新能源到机器人等各类高科技领域。它们还与各地的科技园合作,使创新成果商业化。与此同时,无论在产品还是商业模式上,中国企业家也在努力争做创新的先锋,以适应国内外消费市场不断变化和增长的需求。 译文一 China's innovation is flourishing faster than ever before. In order to surpass developed countries on progressing and technology as soon as possible, China has sharply increased research and development fund. Chinese universities and institutes are actively doing innovative researches, covering various fields of high technology, from big data to biochemistry, and from new energy to robots. They are also cooperating with science and technology parks in different places, progressing commercialize their fruits of innovation.In the meantime , to adapt to the changing foreign and domestic market, and to satisfy the growing demand, Chinese entrepreneurs are also making pioneering efforts to innovate their products and business models(模式). 译文二(文都版) Innovation is progressing in an unprecedented speed in China. In order to catch up with those developed countries in the world as fast as it can in the science and technology field, China has increased funds for development research substantially in recent years. Universities and research institutions in China are actively carrying out innovation researches, which cover high-technology fields such as big data, biochemistry, new energy and robots, etc. They also cooperate with science park in various regions, commercializing the research results of innovation. Meanwhile, no matter in production and business model, entrepreneurs in China are

四六级汉译英翻译新题型预测特训

1、风水(Feng shui)是中国建筑中的一个特殊传统,是古人对空间的布置和安排方法,其目的是为了实现建筑与环境的和谐共存。风水的字面意思就是“风和水”。在古代,风水通常将从选址、设计、建筑直到部和外部装修的整个过程联系在一起。它将天、地、人三者融合为一体,并且在所选的地址、方位、自然法则以及人类命运之间寻求和谐。它反对人对自然的破坏,而是强调人与环境的共处,这种状态被认为是完美、神秘的。 ?风水(Feng shui)是中国建筑中的一个特殊传统,是古人对空间的布置和安排方法,其目的是为了实现建筑与环境的和谐共存。 ?Feng shui, a special Chinese tradition in architecture, is the ancient Chinese practice of placement and arrangement of space to achieve coexistence in harmony with the environment. ?风水的字面意思就是“风和水”。 ?Feng shui literally translates as “wind-water”. ?在古代,风水通常将从选址、设计、建筑直到部和外部装修的整个过程联系在一起。 ?Feng shui usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and interior and exterior decorations in ancient times. ?它将天、地、人三者融合为一体,并且在所选的地址、方位、自然法则以及人类命运之间寻求和谐。 ?It combines the trinity of the Heaven, the Earth and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orientation, natural doctrine and human fate. ?它反对人对自然的破坏,而是强调人与环境的共处,这种状态被认为是完美、神秘的。 ?It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as perfect and occult. 2、剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化家居环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色,象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎,经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。 ?剪纸(paper cutting)是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。 ?Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts. ?中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。 ?Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years. It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. ?人们常用剪纸美化家居环境。 ?People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. ?特别是在春节和婚庆期间,剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间,以增加喜庆的气氛。 ?During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. ?剪纸最常用的颜色是红色,象征健康和兴旺。

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