语言学翻译

The Associative Meaning of English

Vocabulary

Abstract: In this essay, it explains that the associative meaning of English vocabulary is of important value to enhance the efficiency of English study from several aspects. In the field of cross-cultural communication, to possess the associative meaning of English vocabulary and the background knowledge of English-speaking countries is particularly important. The associative meaning of vocabulary is the difficulty in the language acquisition.We must take effective measures to make the associative meaning of English vocabulary and the cultural background knowledge in English learning get full attention and strengthening.

The Associative Meaning of English Vocabulary

I. Introduction

The information, which vocabulary has is a collection. it has the multilayer structure, and the core layer is the meaning of vocabulary , the middle layer is the associative meaning of vocabulary, and the outer layer is the form, sound and perception factors. The combination of the three layers forms a complete meaning of the vocabulary. Therefore, the language can transfer complete information. The associative meaning of English vocabulary is an indispensable part of the vocabulary meaning. It can complement concept, express the attitude and the emotion of people, and make the language colorful, which has an important communication value. However, the associative t meaning of English vocabulary differs from culture to culture, which needs our patient to observe.

II. The instability of the associative meaning of English vocabulary.

The associative meaning is not inherent in the word itself but on an additional meaning in the rational sense. It can vary with time, and it varies because of nationality, ethnicity, race, religion, aesthetic views, political views, class position, occupation, personal experiences, etc. F or example, home is the meaning of the term rational "family" for most people, which means "comfort, peace, and freedom", as the English proverb says "East or west, home is best." But for the children whose parents quarrel all day long or whose family breaks up, the "home" may contain the associative meaning of "icy" and "disturbing".Another example, New Y ork (New Y ork City), somebody regards it as a heaven because they love it, while others hate it, thinking that it was the hell. This is because there are the different terms in peoples' minds and there will be very different associations. For example, the American journalist, Caskie Stinnett wrote an article entitled Farewell, My Unlovely, when he made the decision to move out of the city he had lived in decade-long to express his feelings for New Y ork, the article has this to say:

“The sad aspect of my departure was that there was so little sadness connected with it (New York),and after ten years it seemed to me that I should have looked back with some slight mistiness in my eyes .A lot of literature has been written on this subject-the disenchanted New Yorker-and I have read much of it, but none of the cases seems to fit precisely my feelings about the city. I do not hate New York ; there is really nothing there to hate and certainly very little to love. It is city of indifference, and that is the problem. I found I could only give indifference in return.”(College English,Volume III ).

The association of his reflection about New Y ork is entirely affected by his own personal experiences and feelings. Thus, the associative meaning can change with time due to people, so the meaning of a word can be attached to increase and reduced, thus demonstrating the instability of associative meaning.

III. The associative meaning and culture are closely related.

Culture is the entire way of life of the whole society. It is the achievement of human beings' social life and spiritual life. People consciously or unconsciously, reflect a degree of cultural connotations in the social https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d55293968.html,nguage is not vacuum, it is deeply rooted in people's culture, and it reflects all the communities of faith and emotion. The American anthropologist-linguist Sapir pointed out that "Language can not exist being separated from culture. " Psychologist Osgood said that "All the proverbs people are saying is a result from the meaning of the cultural environment and its growth in the experience. As a result, it can be regarded as a cultural carrier emerged and developed from a certain cultural background. Therefore, any language imbued with a certain degree of cultural content, reflects a cultural characteristic. The associative meaning, known as added meaning, has a close relationship with culture. The contents of its language or vacabulary reflect a distinct national-cultural identity, and historical and cultural background. In general, there is no rational meaning of nationality, but from the associative meaning of national culture, their national cultural identity is very obvious. For example, "Red " symbolizes the "warm", and "happy" in Chinese, however, "red" is a symbol of "war", "bleeding", "terrorist", and "debauchery" in terms of English. Another example is the phrase "a kiss of death", for people who lack of religious knowledge, it is likely to be understood as its literal meaning "kiss of death", but the phrase actually refers to the behavior showing friendliness of the surface but secretly doing harm. This message is from the story when Judas betrayed Christ using a kiss as a sign. Its content and historical background are closely related.

IV. Non-correspondence between cultural differences and the associative meaning of vocabulary.

Each social group has its own characteristic of language. Religion, customs, habits, social system and the way of life, all these constitutes their cultural differences.

The cultural differences of language is not only in systems, but also in attitudes and value systems.The national language is not just a function of the expression of empirical facts, but also the function of the expression of personal emotion, will and aspirations. So even the unity of the different languages may also express the different associative meaning because of the different cultural differences. As Robert Lado, American expert on modern linguistics (Linguistics Across Cultures, 1957.P.71) points out "We take life experience into language, and add meaning to the language, is subject to the constraints of culture, influence, and various language is different each other because of cultural differences. Some exist in a language semantics, but in another language does not exist. "

Conclusion

Associative meaning is the difficulty in English Acquisition. If we are not familiar with the exotic culture of human customs and historical background, the meaning of the text can not be figured out clearly, especially in the most literal translation, this is not easy to handle. Thus, we must take effective measures to understand the associative meaning and cultural background knowledge in English, which help to fully grasp the meaning of English vocabulary and improve knowledge of English proficiency and lay a good foundation.

References

[1] Crow,J.T.,and puiqley.J.R.(1985) A Semantic Field approach to passive vocabulary acquisition for Reading Comprehension, TES01 Quarterly

[2] Hach, E.and Brown.C (1995) V ocabulary, semantics, and Language Education. Cambridge University press

[3] 邓世昌刘润清，《语言与文化》，外语教育与研究出版社（1989）

[4] 杰弗里利奇，《语义学》，李瑞华，王彤福等译，上海外语教育出版社（1987）

[5] 申小龙，《语言的文化阐述》，知识出版社（1987）

[6] 王福祥，《对比语言学论文集》，外语教学与出版社（1992）

[7] 伍谦光，《语义学导论》，湖南教育出版社（1988）

[8] 杨忠、张绍杰，《语言理论与应用研究》，东北师范大学出版社（1990）

英语翻译基础期末复习完整

《英语翻译基础》期末复习 13年12月 题型： 一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分） Section A; 选择译文中最符合原文意思的选项（考查翻译实践能力） Section B: 关于翻译理论知识的题目 二、改译句子。（每小题2分，共10分） 三、翻译句子。（每小题3分，共15分） 四、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分） 五、案例分析题（每小题15分，共15分） 注意：本门课程为：“闭卷（只允许考生带一本正规英汉词典参加考试，不得携带除此之外的任何查字工具。） I、Multiple Choice Questions (20 points, 2 points each) A : Directions : This part consists of five sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1. I prefer driving to being driven. B A. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢别人开车。 B. 我喜欢开车，不喜欢坐车。 C. 我开车比被开车更喜欢。 D. 我喜欢开车，也喜欢被开车。 2. She had deprived herself of the advice of all but yesmen. C A．她丧失了除了唯唯诺诺的人之外的所有人的劝告。 B．她剥夺了自己的所有人的劝告，唯唯诺诺的人除外。 C．她喜欢唯唯诺诺的人，根本听不进所有其他人的劝告。 D．她剥夺了所有人的劝告，除了唯唯诺诺的人。 3．我第一次听她在晚上唱歌，她的歌声就深深地打动了我。B A．Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her song moved me deeply. B. When I first heard her sing at a party, I was deeply moved. C. I first heard her singing a party, I was deeply moved. D. Because it was the first time I heard her sing at a party, her voice moved me deeply. 4.When it came to reading, they were as good as blind. B

英汉词语比较与翻译

第三章英汉词语比较与翻译对等 第一节翻译对等 Equivalence is the relationship between a source text (ST) and a target text (TT) that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST in the first Place. 对等是翻译理论中的中心概念。 卡特福德认为翻译的中心任务就是确定翻译对等的性质和条件。 奈达提出了“动态对等”与“形式对等”这两个概念。形式对等：原语文本的形式在目的语中被机械地再现，目的是允许原语文本以自己的表达方式说话，而非经过调整来适应目的语文化，实践中，既不分句也不合句并保留标点和分段等形式标示。由于两种语言之间的差异，这类翻译扭曲了目的语的语法和文体风格，从而导致信息歪曲。运用形式对等主要是追求翻译的精确性并尽可能保留原语的形式。形式对等有其局限性，但有时却是最为合适的翻译策略。动态对等就是将原语译成目的语后，目的语读者的反应与原语读者读原语时的反应一致。它通过分析、转移和重建三个过程来实现，进行动态对等翻译包括：运用适合目的语文化的表达法去替代原语中的相应表达法；使原语文本中语言上隐含的信息明显化；为了增进理解增加一定量的冗余表达。例如，奈达将《圣经》中的“Lamb of God”译为“Seal of God”。有时功能对等也被用来代替奈达提出的动态对等。 第二节英汉词语比较与翻译对等 词的意义是它在特定的语言系统中的具体价值或通过在特定语言系统中的运用而具有的个性。 词的意义可分为四种：命题意义(propositional meaning)、表情意义(expressive meaning) 、搭配意义(collocational meaning)和唤起意义(evoked meaning)。 命题意义描述一个词与现实世界或想象世界中所指称或描述的事物之间的关系，是判断话语是真还是假的基础。语言以符号的方式描绘经验世界。 人总是能够说出他们经验当中的任何事物，因为语言符号覆盖了这个经验世界。但是，语言对经验世界的分割表现出若干层次性。词对于世界的分割应表现为不同的层次。 English: skill craft craft guild 汉语：技巧技巧行会行会

英语翻译期末试卷

黄山学院初等教育学院2008－2009学年度第二学期06级英语班《英语翻译》期末考试卷 班级序号姓名成绩 一、选择题。（请将答案写在序号前面）20% 1. Success in many fields depends on getting the latest information. A. 许多领域的成功都取决于能否得到最新消息。 B. 田里的收成在很多方面依靠获得最新的消息。 C. 从很多方面讲，成功主要依靠在最后的时刻还能得到信息。 D. 在众多领域里，成功是获得最晚信息的保障。 2. At least three persons died in the fire and 23 others were injured. A. 至少3人因这次火灾和另外23次火灾造成死亡。 B. 起码有3个人在大火中丧命，23个以外的人受伤。 C. 火灾造成至少3人死亡，23人受伤。 D. 至少有3人死于火海，23人被火海包围。 3. Not only has he a first-class brain, but he is also a tremendously hard worker. A. 在一班，他不仅是头领，而且，也是一个非常严肃的工作者。 B. 他有一流的头脑，是个非常难对付的家伙。 C. 他不仅头脑好用，而且，还喜欢做极端困难的工作。 D. 他不仅头脑非常聪明，而且，工作上也非常勤奋。 4. It is reported that some areas of Australia have had no rain for more than four years. A. 有报道说，澳大利亚地区已经4年多没下雨了。 B. 据报道，澳大利亚的部分地区有4年多没下雨了。 C. 澳大利亚的个别地方被报道说没下雨的时间已经超过了4年。 D. 报纸报道，某些澳大利亚地区已经有4年多没下雨的时间。 5. The village was named after the high mountain standing in front of it. A. 这个村庄是以矗立在它面前的那座高山命名的。 B. 这个村庄的名字是来自于它面前的那座高山。 C. 这个村庄的名字是在前面的那座高山之后起的。 D. 这个村庄的名字是以站立在它面前的那座高山起的。 6. It was officially announced that the birth rate dropped greatly in the past three years. A. 据官方宣布，出生率在过去的三年中有了大幅下降。 B. 正式宣布，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 C. 正式宣布，出生率大幅下降在过去三年。 D. 据正式声明，过去三年的出生率大幅下降。 7. The introduction of the new technique reduced the cost of the product three times. A. 对新技术的介绍，使产品的成本减少到三分之一。 B. 新技术的引进使产品的成本减少了三倍。 C. 对新技术的介绍使产品的成本减少到原来的三分之二。 D. 新技术的引进使产品成本减少了三分之二。 8. If you are buying a car, you may pay for it out of savings. A. 假使你正在买一辆汽车，你也许会透支购买。 B. 如果你要买一辆汽车，你可以用自己的储蓄存款支付。 C. 假定你打算买一辆汽车，你得花掉你得全部存款。 D. 加入你买一辆汽车，你需要用你的积蓄交此款。 9. Full-service banks can offer services unavailable at smaller financial institutions. A. 全面服务的银行能提供在小财政机构所不能获得的服务。 B. 提供全方位服务的银行能提供较小的金融机构所不能提供的服务。 C. 充满了服务的银行可能提供给较小的财政机构某些无法获得的服务 D. 全面服务的银行可能提供服务，这种服务是较小的金融机构所不能提供的。 10. The following qualifications are required from the candidates for the above position. A. 我们要求应聘高职位的求职者需具备以下资历。 B. 应聘以上职位，需具备下列资格。 C. 候选人为了高职位要求自己具备以下资历。 D. 以下资历是对应聘此职位的候选人的要求。 二、用正反表达法翻译下列句子。20% 1. The teacher found some of the pupils absent. 2. I wonder if he is coming. 3. Your request is beyond my power. 4. You will fail unless you work harder. 5. That lazy boy went to class before he had prepared his lesson. 6. Be sure to lock the door when you leave. 7. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 8. The doubt still unsolved after his repeated explanation. 9. Such flight couldn’t long escape notice. 10. All the articles are untouchable in the museum. 三、用重复法翻译下列句子。20% 1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 2. It's our duty to rebuild and defend our home-land. 3. People forget your face first, then your name. 4. Each had his own business to handle. 5. Big families had their own difficulties.

英汉翻译期末考试题 样卷

样卷 广东外语外贸大学国际商务英语学院 《英汉笔译》2011-2012学年上学期期末考试试卷（A） 考核方式：开卷 考核对象：国际商务英语学院法律英语系2009级考试时间：120分钟姓名______________ 班级________ 学号____________________ 分数___________ PART I. LEGAL TERMS (20%, one point for each) 1.outstanding liabilities 2.without prejudice to PART II. Translation Improvement (30%) Directions: There may be one or more errors or inappropriate treatment in each of the following TRANSLATED VERSIONS. Please underline it (or them) and then correct it (or them) in the corresponding space provided on the ANSWER SHEET. If you believe the whole translation is wrong or inappropriate, you are advised to underline the whole translation. Marks will be given if you have identified and properly marked the error(s). (2 points for each save as specified otherwise) 21.His retort was delivered with a strong note of vinegar. 原译：他的反驳是带着强烈的醋意发出的。 改译： 22.The new father wore a proud smile. 原译：那位新父亲面带得意笑容。 改译： PART III. SENTENCES (30%) Directions: Translate the following sentences. Employ the translation skill suggested in the brackets where appropriate. (3 points for each save as specified otherwise) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d55293968.html,mission depends on the quantity of goods ordered. (Amplification) 32.We learn that you have been dealers of Chinese products for many years. (Conversion) PART IV. PASSAGE (20%) Translate the underlined part of the following passage. 1

关于对比语言学在英汉翻译中的运用的论文

关于对比语言学在英汉翻译中的运用的论文摘要：随着我国国际地位的逐渐提升，英语也成为我们日常交际中的主要语言之一。但是在交际过程中，由于语言不通阻碍交流，因此翻译的作用逐渐凸显出来。但是翻译作为一种交流的环节，由于它是一门跨语言的艺术，所以需要涉及到汉语和英语这两种语言的重组。同时翻译过程作为一种语言传播的过程，需要对源语言和目的语言各自的语言学要素进行深刻的认识与了解，这样才能够在沟通的过程中实现信息的交流。在实际的硬汉翻译过程中，语言学知识贯穿着翻译过程的各个部分。因此接下来本文将对语言学在英汉翻译中运用展开详细的分析。 关键词：语言学；英汉翻译；运用分析；探讨研究 中英翻译作为一种语言、一种文化之间的转换，包含着众多的语言学知识。在翻译的过程中，讲求信、达、雅，不仅仅要将源语言转换成目的语言，同时翻译过来的语言要能够和目的语言表达方式相一致。我们可以将翻译的过程看成是编码解码的过程，在这个过程中，翻译人员担任着中介者的作用，翻译信息的是否得当，直接影响着交流的整个工程。因此在翻译中需要对源语言和目的语言的语言学要能够精通了解。 一、外延意义与内涵意义在英汉翻译中的运用分析 （1）外延意义在英汉翻译中的运用语言的外延意义就是指语言的概念知识，是一个词语最为基本的含义，也是语言交际过程中的核心概念。我们在平时的语言学习过程中对于一个词语最先掌握的就是其外延意义，也是其最为基本的含义。我们在平时学习英语查字典的过程中，相对应的英语词汇的相关汉语解释就是其

外延意义。外延意义通常来讲具有稳定性，只和这个词语有关。外延意义并不会因为说话者本身所处的国家、说话者身份或者是所处的环境而有所改变。例如，翻译人员在对dragon、dog、book这些词语进行翻译的过程中，他们的基本含义就是龙、狗以及书本，不会出现在澳大利亚是这个意思，而在中国就变成了另外一种概念。外延意义具有明确性，不会随着国家、地域的不同就变成意外一种含义。 （2）内涵意义在英汉翻译中的运用语言的内涵意义就是指语言深层次的含义，是在一定的国家，一定的文化背景的覆盖下，给予词语的外延意义以一定的感情色彩。也就是说一个词语的外延意义只是一种表面化的意义，需要根据不同的文化环境赋予其社交色彩。用一种更加简单的方式来理解就是说外延意义是一个词语基本的、表面的含义，而内涵意义就是指一个词语的深刻的、潜藏的意义。前文讲过，外延意义具有稳定性以及明确的指向性，而内涵意义则具有不稳定性。一个词语的内涵意义需要读者自己根据其对于不同文化的理解加以体会。一个词语的内涵意义会因为不同的人、不同的身份、不同的国家、不同的文化背景而有所不同。它也会随着社会不断向前发展，一个词语的内涵意义也会有所变革，同时在不同的语言环境中，一个词语的内涵意义也不一样。同样，我们可以举例进行说明：Youarealuckydog.在这句话中，dog的外延含义是不会改变的，也就是狗的意思，无论是在英语语境或者是在汉语语境中。但是由于所处的社会背景不一致，其内涵意义呈现出差别，在英语中，dog通常代表着忠诚，具有褒义，而在中国，dog则代表着不好的东西，例如狗仗人势。因此在翻译过程中需要从源语言的内涵意义出发，将其翻译为“你真是个幸运儿”，而不是“你真是条幸运的狗”。

英语期末考试翻译句子

Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.

语言学 术语翻译及术语解释讲解学习

语言学术语翻译及术 语解释

术语翻译及术语解释汇总 术语翻译 1.Design features of language（语言的甄别特征） Arbitrariness（任意性），Duality（二层性/二重性）， Creativity（创造性/原创性），Displacement（移位性），Cultural transmission（文化传播），Interchangeability（可互换性） 2. Functions of language referential 指称功能 poetic 诗学功能 emotive情感功能 conative 劝慰功能 phatic寒暄功能 metalingual function 元语言功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇/文本功能 Informative（信息/告知功能），Performative Function（施为功能）， Emotive Function（情感功能），Phatic communion（寒暄交谈）， Recreational Function（娱乐功能），3. Phonetics(语音学)， Phonology（音系/音位学）; Morphology（形态学）， Syntax（句法学）; Semantics（语义学）， Pragmatics（语用学） Articulatory phonetics发音语音学Acoustic phonetics声学语音学Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Anthropological linguistics人类语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学 Applied linguistics应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学 4. Descriptive vs. prescriptive描写式和规定式 Synchronic vs. diachronic共时和历时 Langue vs. parole语言和言语Competence vs. performance语言能力和语言行为 5. Vocal tract 声道(resonating cavities共鸣腔)， pharynx咽腔, oral cavity口腔 and nasal cavity鼻腔. 其它的一些发音器官：lungs肺, windpipe（trachea）气管, vocal folds声带, larynx喉, epiglottis会厌，次声门, pharynx咽, uvula小舌, hard palate硬腭, soft palate软腭, alveolar ridge齿龈 6.Consonants and vowels（辅音和元音） A. Manners of articulation发音方式 B. Places of articulation发音位置 7. Stop (or plosive)爆破音 Fricative摩擦音 Approximant近似音 Lateral (approximant)边音 Affricates塞擦音, trill颤音 and tap 闪音 Bilabial双唇音 Labiodental唇齿音 Dental齿音 Alveolar齿龈音 Postal veolar后齿龈音 Retroflex卷舌音 Palatal硬腭音 Velar软腭音 Uvular小舌音, pharyngeal咽音 glottal声门音monophthong vowel: 单元音 diphthongs双元音 triphthongs三元音 Lax vowels短元音 Tensed vowels长元音 8.Coarticulation and phonetic transcription协同发音和标音 anticipatory coarticulation先期协同发音 perseverative coarticulation后滞协同发音. broad transcription宽式标音 narrow transcription严式标音 9. minimal pairs最小对立体 Phoneme音位 phonemic transcriptions音位转写 phonetic transcriptions语音转写 phones音子 allophones音位变体 complementary distribution互补分布

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表_(1)

胡壮麟语言学术语英汉对照翻译表 1. 语言的普遍特征： 任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构 多产性productivity 移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission 2。语言的功能： 传达信息功能informative 人济功能：interpersonal 行事功能：Performative 表情功能：Emotive 寒暄功能：Phatic 娱乐功能recreatinal 元语言功能metalingual 3. 语言学linguistics：包括六个分支 语音学Phonetics 音位学phonology 形态学Morphology 句法学syntax 语义学semantics

语用学pragmatics 4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinand de saussure 提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语language and parole ，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语 5. 语法创始人：Noam Chomsky 提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance 1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one of the unique properties of language: a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain language b. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing. c. we can u se language to refer to something not present d. we can produce sentences that have never been heard befor e. 2.What is the most important function of language? a. interpersonal b. phatic c. informative d.metallingual 3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __ a informative b. phatic c. directive d. performative

汉英翻译基础教程期末考试总结

第三章名词的抽象和具体译法第一节名词的抽象译法(p68) 粗枝大叶to be crude and careless (with big branches and large leaves) 海阔天空to talk with random( with a vast sea and boundless sky) 灯红酒绿dissipated and luxurious (with red lights and green wine) 纸醉金迷of life of luxury and dissipation (with drunken paper and bewitched gold) 单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth (with a solitary spear and a single horse) 赤胆忠心ardent loyalty (with red gut and heart) 无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness (to get into every hole) 扬眉吐气to feel proud and elated (to raise the eyebrows and let out a breath) 开门见山to come straight to the point (to open the door and see the mountain) 大张旗鼓on a large and spectacular scale (to make a great array of flags and drums) 风雨飘摇(of a situation) being unstable (the wind and rain are rocking) 二．翻译下列句子 （1）这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？ That’s a business of their own, between husband and wife. Why should you get involved in? （2）别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全，真是个顺风耳啊！ You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other families. You are really well informed. （3）这消息让我出了一身冷汗。 I’m extremely terrified by the news. （4）她毛遂自荐来这所小学做老师。 She volunteered for the teaching post in this primary school. （5）我不敢班门弄斧，诚望您发表高见。 I dare not show off in the presence of（在……面前）an expert. I hope you would be kind enough to enlighten（启发，启蒙）us on this matter. （6）敌军闹得全村鸡犬不宁。 The enemy troops threw the whole village into great disorder. （7）敌军军官听说后路已被切断，吓得目瞪口呆。 The enemy officer was stunned by the news that the route of retreat had been cut off. （8）这些问题盘根错节，三言两语说不清楚。 These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few words.

功能语言学与翻译

功能语言学与翻译 一般说来，语言是一种有规则的系统结构，是一种代码。它由不同的成分组合而成，可用来表达语义。同时，语言又是一个用于交际的系统，可以运用不同的代码形式来指称具体的和抽象的东西，并可创造具有交际价值的信号。在翻译的过程中，有时译者不得不做出选择：一是放弃与语境息息相关的交际价值而保持形式上的等值；一是放弃与语境无关的纯语义等值而保持交际功能等值。这种选择事实上是在“逐词译”与“意译”之间做出的选择。从功能语言学的角度看，选择就是意义。对于译者来说，在做出选择之前，必须弄清楚翻译的目的，同时要明白哪些语言形式可以使预期的目的得以实现。在这一点上，Halliday 提出的功能语言学给我们提出了思考的切入点。 Halliday认为，从语言的使用角度看，情景语境中有三个因素最为重要，它们影响着我们的语言使用。这三个因素是：语场、语旨、语式。这三个因素是情景语境的组成部分，称为语域变体。语场指的是正在发生什么事，所进行的社会活动的性质、特点、语言所谈及或描述的是什么，透过动词类型、主动被动结构、过程参与者等得以体现。语旨指的是谁是交际者，他们的基本情况、特点、地位、角色、关系等，透过语气动词和副词，譬如“但愿”、“应该”、“可能”和评价词汇，譬如“可爱”、“恐怖”等予以体现。语式指的是语言在交际中所起的作用，包括交际渠道和修饰方式，透过语句结构和词汇的连贯方式予以体现。语场、语旨和语式跟语言三个纯理功能相互联系：语场体现了语言的概念功能，语旨体现了语言的人际功能，而语式则是语篇功能的具体体现。语篇功能是三大功能中的核心，它使语言与语境发生联系，使说话人只能生成与情景一致和相称的语篇。研究语篇必须联系其语境，因为在实际生活中，通常都是先有语境，才会有语篇。语境与语篇是互相依存的；特定的语境要求特定的语篇，特定的语篇创造了特定的语境。在交际过程中，语言的意义通常是根据语境来确定的。同一个语言单位在不同的语境中有不同的意义。 例如，要表示“要求某人关门”这一意义，在英语中可以说" Close the door." "Close the door, please.""Please close the door." "Can you close the door?" "Will you close the door?" "Would you please close the door?"等等。这些可能被选择的形式除了表示“要求某人关门”这一基本的概念意义外，

汉英翻译中冗余信息的处理方法探讨

汉英翻译中冗余信息的处理方法探讨 来源：《齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007年第04期作者：罗小华 摘要：翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面，也就是意义不变的情况下，改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。冗余成分是语言交际能够顺利进行的重要因素之一，它使言外之意显性化、明确化，保证信息接受者的信息量，使译者顺利实现翻译的目的，完成翻译的任务。但是，在汉英翻译实践中，如果把汉语的冗余成分照搬到英语往往就使英语读者的信息接受与所要传递的信息容量不符,从而影响交际的成功进行。全文通过实例探讨了如何在汉英翻译中求得“冗余平衡”，实现翻译中冗余信息的动态等值等问题。 关键词：汉英翻译；动态等值；信息冗余 Abstract: Translation is a process of changing the words from the source language to the target language without altering their mean. The redundant information is one of the important factors contributing to the success of information transmission. It makes the connotative meaning into the surface level to guarantee the smooth transformation of meanings which helps translators achieve the translation aims. In translation practice, if we put the redundant information in Chinese into English without any shift, we will have extra information or information loss which will make a bad communication. In the article, we put some ways into discussion to achieve dynamic equivalence in Chinese-English translation through some examples. Keywords: Chinese-English translation, dynamic equivalence, redundant information 翻译学是一个开放的动态系统，它充分注意了在信息传递过程中有影响作用的其它诸多因素，如传播方式、传播渠道、传播目的、传播的不同对象等，它可以更广泛地借鉴其它学科的研究成果或对其它学科的研究起到影响和指导的作用。翻译同时也是一种言语活动，而人们进行翻译主要是为了在使用不同语言的民族中搭起沟通的桥梁，进行思想交流和信息传播。在汉英翻译实践中，翻译就是用英语（source language）再现汉语(target language)的信息(reproduced message)，使不懂汉语的人能通过译文理解原文信息中作者的思想、意图、观点和所表达的情感，能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。在翻译实践中，由于汉英两种语言自身与生俱来的特点，信息在转换过程中不可避免地会产生信息丢失(information loss)和信息多余(information redundancy)的现象，为了保证信息准确无误地传递，提高翻译质量和译文的可接受性，译者不可避免地要对信息进行重组、适当删减或累加，使信息的接受者收到比语言信息本身实际更少或更多的信息，以帮助理解原文的真正意图，顺利实现汉英两种语言信息的转换。冗余信息在信息交流中可以帮助译文读者突破语言结构差异的障碍，准确完整地理解原文作者的意思[1]12。 语际交流中的翻译是信息传输的一种特殊形式，翻译不仅具有一般语言交际的特点，而且比语内交际(intralingual communication)更加复杂。翻译是两级信息传输系统。无论译者对原语理解失误或是译语表达失误，均会使信息传输失真，有悖于原语的内容和形式。与此同时，如果译文的形式与语义出现过载(information overload)，信息传输同样也会失真，就不能很好的实现翻译的目的[2]47。 一．冗余信息存在的必然性 1.1．信息论对汉英翻译的启示 信息论告诉我们,信息在信道(channel) 传递不可避免地会受到噪声(noise) 干扰。为了保证信息传递的准确无误, 信息发送者在编码(encode) 时需要对信息进行重复或累加,使信息接受者收到比实际需要