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英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 八年级上册

英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 八年级上册
英语(沪教牛津版)教材解读 八年级上册

教材培训手册初中英语(沪教牛津版)

上海教育出版社有限公司

牛津大学出版社(中国)有限公司

目录

一、八年级上册教材解读 (2)

二、教材配套资源 (27)

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

一、八年级上册教材解读(一)教材纵览

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册 上海教育出版社

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(二)单元解析

单元解析编写的目的是为了帮助教师了解板块关联,从而进行有效的教学设计。建议教师在备课之前扫读单元思维导图,了解板块关联以及参考案例的教学处理方式,从而提高教学效率。教师可在此基础上根据自己的教学需要进一步解读教材,并做出符合自己教学需要的教

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

上海教育出版社

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Unit 4

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英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册 上海教育出版社

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(三)教学建议

在七年级英语学习的基础上,学生具备了一定的语言学习基础和能力。因此,在八年级的教学中应当凸显―听‖―说‖―读‖―写‖各项微技能的教学,以帮助学生在后续的学习中进一步提升自己的学习能力,并运用所学的微技能发现问题、解决问题,从而具备自主英语学习的能力。

1、阅读教学建议

(1)运用―略读与找读(skimming and scanning)‖开展阅读教学活动

略读是指快读阅读文章以了解其内容大意的预读方法。略读是有选择性地进行阅读,可以跳过某些细节,要求抓住文章的大概,从而加快阅读速度。在略读时,往往通过浏览文章的引言、标题、小标题、每段的首末句及插图来迅速了解文章的内容。

找读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一向特定信息,如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等,对其他无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用找读的阅读方法,可以在最短的时间内捕捉具体信息,以提高阅读效率。找读带有明确的阅读目的,不必字字过目。读者的视线在印刷材料上掠过时,一旦发现有关的内容,就要稍作停留,将它记住或摘录,这样既能保证找读的速度,又能做到准确无误。

略读和找读两种阅读的方法可以帮助学生有效地关注文本内容的主旨大意和信息。在阅读教学的过程中,通常就是运用这两种方法获取必要的信息。在教学过程中,教师应就这两种方法进行必要的训练帮助学生掌握相关的阅读微技能。

【案例1】运用skimming要求学生把握文本的主旨1(Unit 1)

1.要求学生观察教材第3页上的图片a,要求学生说出那幅肖像画的名称——Mona Lisa。

2.继续提问学生:Who painted Mona Lisa?(可要求学生用中文回答),从而引出这堂课的的教学主题Leonardo Da Vinci。

3.提问学生:The painter’s name was Leonardo Da Vinci, but why was the titl e Da Vinci, Leonardo?。通过这个问题让学生对百科全书的排列有所了解(百科全书中凡是遇到人名,均以姓在前,名在后的方式排列)。

4.要求学生阅读教材第2页A What do you know about …?中的1、2两小题,尝试凭借自己的经验和已有知识完成这两道题。学生完成后,教师不要急于和学生校对答案,而是要求学生直接阅读选文Da Vinci, Leonardo的第一段话,然后根据这段话的内容自己核对答案的正误。提问学生:(1)What does question 1 have two correct answers?;Which answer is out of your consideration?;Besides these two jobs, what other jobs did Da Vinci do?;Which is the correct answer for question 2?;How do you know?。

通过上述这些问题,学生对于这篇选文将要讨论的话题有所了解,也激活了学生的背景知识。

当我们解决了文本的主旨或大意后,就要让学生对于文本的细节信息做进一步的了解。这时候就需要运用―找读‖的阅读方式,让学生对于文本的细节信息能迅速定位。对于Da Vinci, Leonardo这个选文,我们可以设计如下的―找读‖活动。

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

就能做到基本掌握了。下面我们再来看看其他的例子。

【案例3】运用skimming要求学生把握文本的主旨2(Unit 4,More practice)

1.要求学生观察教材第61页的图片,询问学生:Do you know this man in the picture?。

2.学生不能回答时,要求学生阅读More practice的第一段。提问学生:(1)What is the name of the man in the picture?;(2)What job did he do?;(3)What invention did he probably create?(此题要求学生进行猜测);(4)What does the sentence ―… you may even have it in your hand right now‖ suggest?(此题在学生无法进行题3的猜测时做进一步提问)。

3.要求学生阅读标题,猜测giant的含义,并说说László Bíró的发明物。

通过上述活动,学生基本了解了文本的主旨——László Bíró和他的发明物ballpoint pen。接下来则要学生对文本的细节内容做进一步了解。

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

(2)关注教学过程中―阅读微技能‖的训练

运用skimming和scanning的阅读方法,我们可以在阅读教学中让学生体验不同的阅读微技能。在八年级上册的教学中,下面的这些阅读微技能是需要逐步渗透给学生的:

1)在上下文中猜测词义(understanding vocabulary in the context)

这个技能是十分重要的,它可以帮助学生自主学习更多的词汇,而且能够明确词汇的含义,了解词汇的运用及其功能。在教学中Reading部分的C Vocabulary中的练习C1的设计就是希望学生能够掌握这一技能。在教学中,我们要将猜测词义的能力传递给学生。

【案例5】“在上下文中猜测词义”阅读微技能的教学(Unit 3)

以Unit 3的主阅读篇章中,第2部分What can we do with computers?为例,看看calculate、in addition 和operate这几个词如何进行教学。

What can we do with computers?

We can use computers to calculate. They can calculate at a faster speed than we can and almost never give wrong answers. We can also type and draw things with them. In addition, computers can do important jobs like operating railways and flying planes and spaceships.

1.要求学生阅读整个第2部分,然后归纳:How many aspects does this paragraph talk about?。在黑板上板书:(1)calculate;(2)type and draw things;(3)do important jobs。

2.要求学生再次阅读前2句句子,猜测calculate的含义。询问学生是根据什么进行猜测的(at a faster speed,never give wrong answers)。

3.提问学生:Calculating is the first things a computer can do. What is the second?(Typing and drawing things.)。

4.继续提问:Which word shows typing and drawing things is the second thing?(Also.)。

5.继续提问:What is the third?(Doing important jobs.)。

6.继续提问:What does ―in addition‖ mean?(Also.)

7.要求学生阅读最后1句句子,提问学生:How many examples does this sentence include?(Two),What are they?(Operating railways and flying planes.),What does ―operate‖ mean?(It means ―control‖.)。

operate含义的猜测需要学生将后面的flying planes and spaceship整合起来,并且需要用到学生已有的知识。飞机可以―驾驶‖,而对于―铁路‖,则只能―操控‖。

如果在进行文本阅读教学时,能够使用上述方法帮助学生逐步理解词汇的含义,这样学生才能有效地在阅读过程中逐步摆脱翻查词典、词汇表的习惯,摒弃遇到生词就不再阅读下去的恶习,从而掌握自主阅读、拓展词汇的好方法。

2)发现主旨(Finding the main idea)

八年级上册的教材中出现了大量的说明文。对于整个文本而言,其叙述的对象、描述的内容就是文本的主旨。有些主旨一目了然,称为stated main idea;而有些则需要通过对全文的整理理解进行规则,称为

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

unstated main idea。对于stated main idea,学生通过能够较好地把握,而对于unstated main idea,则需要经过一段时间的训练,提升学生的归纳能力。

先来看看stated main idea。

【案例6】“发现主旨”阅读微技能的教学1(Unit 7)

Unit 7的主阅读篇章(教材第99页)由三篇学生习作共同构成了报纸―记忆角‖的版块。文章的引言部分已经点明:They have written the short articles below to help students improve their memory.,即The Memory Corner is to help students improve their memory.。而每一篇习作的第一句话就直接陈述了这个部分内容的主旨。

Article 1: A great way to help you remember something is to imagine a picture of it in your mind!

Article 2: A good method for remembering the spelling of a word is to make a short sentence with each letter of the word.

Article 3: You will forget something very quickly unless you understand it well.

这三句话阐明了小作者要撰写的主要内容,在教学中应该让学生先阅读这三个句子,了解小作者的写作意图,从而能够更快更好地把握文本的关键所在。

再来看看unstated main idea。

【案例7】“发现主旨”阅读微技能的教学2(Unit 3)

Unit 3的主阅读篇章(教材第35页)由三个部分组成,构成了描述电脑相关信息的一整篇文章。而每个部分都有一个小标题。这个小标题其实已经预示了该部分内容的主旨。但作为小标题,它言简意赅,还不能称之为真正的―主旨‖。因此,我们可以运用这篇文章训练学生归纳文本主旨的技能。

1.要求学生阅读第1部分Smaller and smaller。

2.要求学生列出第1部分中所谈及的不同类别的电脑(即the first computers→computers (now)→tiny computers inside TV or washing machine)。

3.询问学生上述电脑具有怎样的发展趋势(They are becoming smaller and smaller.)。

4.要求学生归纳这个部分的主旨(Computers are becoming smaller and smaller.)。

5.要求学生模仿上述步骤归纳第2、3两个部分的主旨(第2部分:Computers can do many different things.;第3部分:Computers are not cleverer than us.)。

上述两个案例分别讲述了stated main idea和unstated main idea的教学。教学中应当根据文本的特点合理选择使用。

3)寻找相关细节和例证(Looking for supporting details and examples)

在说明文的教学中,除了了解说明对象和说明的主要内容之外,还要让学生明确对于一个说明对象,作者是如何进行说明的(说明顺序),通过哪些手段进行说明(说明方法)。在这个过程中,就要训练学生寻找相关的细节内容和用以证明的相关事例,从而了解说明文的说明顺序和方法。

【案例8】“寻找相关细节和例证”阅读微技能的教学1(Unit 7)

Unit 8的Reading部分的D Comprehension中练习D1(教材第101页)提供了如下练习:

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

这个练习的实质就是要让学生在理解了文本主旨的基础上,找出相关的事例来证明主旨的正确性。教学中,应当先按照【案例6】中的要求让学生先找出文本的主旨,然后再完成该练习。

再看看下面的案例。

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

本册教材中,除说明文外,Unit 2、Unit 6和Unit 8的主阅读篇章都是记叙文。其中Unit 2和Unit 6都是故事。理解故事就要关注故事的背景、人物、起因、经过和结果。所以在进行故事类文本的教学时,可以采用分析上述要素的方式帮助学生理解故事的基本内容。

故事的说明顺序通常都是以事件发生的先后顺序展开的。通过文本阅读的教学,让学生对事件发生的先后顺序有所了解,从而把握故事发展的脉络,从时间顺序的角度让学生对文本的细节信息有一个清晰的认识,这就是―理解故事的发展顺序‖的目的所在。这和上一个阅读微技能——理解故事的要素的教学类似,都旨在帮助学生把握故事情节的发展。

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

在阅读故事或其他类型的记叙文时,我们应当让学生去发现文本的―言外之意(hidden meaning)‖,即作者希望通过整个的文本阐述向我们表达怎样的思想、告诉我们怎样的寓意、达到怎样的目的。这样的教学有助于提升学生的创造性思维和批判性思维,他们的思考不再只局限于书面的文字,而是将所学的内容、已有的知识和经验、对作者背景的理解等相关信息整合在一起,综合思考这些因素,将文本的主旨与细节通盘考虑,构筑成学生对于文本的深入思考。

【案例12】“理解文本的中心思想”阅读微技能的教学(Unit 6)

在完成【案例11】的教学内容后,要求学生回答下列问题:

a)What did the Greeks use the wooden horse for?(It was part of the Greeks’ trick.)

b)What was the Greeks’ ―trick‖?(They pretended to sail away and left a huge wooden horse outside the city of Troy. In fact, there were some Greek soldiers inside it. After the Trojans pulled the horse into the city and then all went to sleep, the Greek soldiers climbed out of the horse. They opened the main gates and the Greek army outside the gates entered and captured the city of Troy.)

c)At first, the Trojan captain said that the Greeks were foolish and the Trojans had won the war. But actually, who laughed to the end?(The Greeks.)

d)What can you learn from the story?(Never trust your enemy.)

对于最后一个问题,学生可能会给出很多不同的答案,诸如―特洛伊人很愚蠢‖、―希腊人很狡猾‖之类。但教师在中心思想的归纳上要关注引导,而非直接判断学生答案的错对。如果学生回答了上述两种可能的答案,教师则应该通过―特洛伊人愚蠢在哪儿‖或―希腊人狡猾在哪儿‖之类的问题去引发学生的进一步思考。

对于八年级上册教材中出现的主阅读篇章和More practice部分的阅读文本,我们可以综合地运用上述提及的阅读微技能,对学生的阅读方法和习惯进行训练。而值得一提的是,所选择的微技能要根据―文体‖出发。

2、关于听力教学

(1)对于―听力教学‖要有正确的理解和认识

对于―听力教学‖首先应该有正确的理解。不是完成教材中Listening部分的教学就是―听力教学‖。听力教学有分散和集中两种形式。在日常教学中,学生听懂教师的问题,和同伴完成对子活动、小组活动,听

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

懂对方的问题、想法和建议都属于听力教学的范畴,这是基于学生长期的学习和实践的基础之上的,这种分散的―听力教学‖对于学生的日常学习时更为有效的。而集中的―听力教学‖则是需要教师有目的、有设计、有步骤地指导学生,围绕某一主题开展的主要针对听力方法、习惯、技能培养的教学组织形式。我们这里给出的建议主要是针对这种集中式的―听力教学‖的。但是,分散在每一个课时中的听力教学形式同样不可偏废。

对于集中式的―听力教学‖,教师应做好―听前‖―听中‖和―听后‖的设计。和―阅读教学‖一样,―听力教学‖也需要导入、训练和拓展等过程的支持。好的听力教学课需要激活学生的背景知识,培养学生的听力微技能,激发学生综合思维的能力。所以,没有对―听力教学‖正确的认识,仅仅为了完成教材上提供的一两个练习,是没有办法提升学生整体的听力能力的。

【案例13】一堂听力教学课的设计(Unit 6)

Unit 6的Listening部分是一则关于特洛伊战争起因的短篇故事。教材中提供的两个练习:练习A要求学生根据故事发生的先后顺序排列图片,旨在训练学生听辩事件发生的先后顺序的技能;练习B要求学生依据听到的内容填入适当的单词,补全问题的答案,旨在训练学生在听的过程中捕捉细节信息的技能。但作为介绍主阅读篇章发生背景的听力材料,激活学生的思维,我们的教学设计不应该仅停留在使用这两个练习上,而需要针对所给的材料和听力文本做更多的有效设计。

设计思路:

1.Before listening环节,让学生回顾主阅读篇章,思考战争可能的起因;扫除听力过程中有障碍的生词;

2.While listening环节,让学生在听录音的过程中,把握文本的内容,了解事件的发展顺序;

3.After listening环节,让学生回顾整个故事,发表自己的想法,复述故事或排演课本剧。

下图展示了整个Listening部分的教学设计。

英语(沪教版)教材解读 八年级上册

方式,帮助学生提升听力技能。

(2)关注教学过程中―听力微技能‖的渗透

听力教学有两个最重要的微技能——―听懂主旨(listening for gist)‖和―理解细节(listening for details)‖,前者是让学生明确今天要听什么,了解话题、主题;后者是让学生理解完整的内容,把握文本的信息,甚至需要使用听到的信息去完成新的任务。这两个步骤的要求是不同的。对于【案例13】中所提供的教学设计,教师播放第一遍录音,要求学生完成图片的排列,是对整个故事发展的大概有所了解,而要求学生补充答案、完成表格,则是对细节信息的把握。所以,听力教学中放几遍录音、每一遍听什么、完成怎样的任务是很有讲究的。下面,我们通过几个案例来看看如何进行―听懂主旨‖和―理解细节‖的教学设计。

【案例14】“听懂主旨”听力微技能的教学1(Unit 1)

1.要求学生观察教材第6页的第一幅图片,提问学生:

Where are they people?(They are at a TV studio.)

What are they doing?(They are talking part in a quiz show.)

Who has the highest score at the quiz show?(The lazy in the middle.)

Why can she have such a high score?(Maybe she can answer a lot of answers.)

告诉学生:The lady in the middle is called Jane Dickinso n. She is also called the ―Human Encyclopaedia‖ now.

2.播放录音的第一部分(见《教师用书》第10页,第一个Host的对白文字),要求学生完成教材第6页第一部分(虚线上部)的内容。

3.提问学生:

What happened to Jane Dickinson last night?(She won Magic TV Quiz.)

Was it on TV last night?(Yes, it was.)

How do you know?(Ten million people watched the TV programme.)

Why is she called the ―Human Encyclopaedia‖ now?(She answered questions about many different subjects. Nobody could answer so many questions.)

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