新概念英语第三册笔记第40课知识讲解

新概念英语第三册笔记第40课

Lesson 40 Who's who真假难辨

New words and expression 生词和短语

hoax [h??ks] n.骗局，戏弄（v. 捉弄，欺骗）（小孩说“狼来了”）

（A false warning of danger, mischievous trick played on sb for a joke）

play a hoax/trick on sb. 戏弄

play a joke on sb. 开玩笑 The boy student is thinking how to play a hoax on his classmate.

a bom

b hoax 声称有炸弹的骗局

hoax call : a telephone call that gives false information 电话骗局

eg. Dickey’s private collection of modern paintings was nothing but a hoax.

coax [k??ks] v.(耐心地)说服（vt. 哄；哄诱；慢慢将…弄好vi. 哄骗；劝诱）

（to persuade sb to do sth that one is not willing to do by talking to him in a kind, gentle, and patient way）

coax sb into doing sth

coax sb out of doing sth

eg. The mother coaxed the baby into a sound sleep.

fool n/v （n. 傻瓜，愚人vt. 欺骗，愚弄，戏弄vi. 开玩笑，犯傻）

make a fool of sb愚弄某人，欺骗某人

eg. He is no fool. eg. Their strong accent couldn’t fool a native speaker. 当地人一听就知道他们是外地的。

trick n./v.

1) 戏法，把戏，圈套

magic trick 魔术

2）诡计，圈套，恶作剧

play a trick on sb 对某人搞恶作剧

a dirty trick/a rotten trick 恶意的玩笑

trick sb into doing sth 骗，坑（to deceive someone in order to get sth from him or to make him do sth）

eg. Mum tricked me into taking the medicine.

trick sb out of sth

eg. The corporation was tricked out of $20 million.

deception [d?'sep?(?)n] n.欺骗，骗局（指无关紧要的欺骗，有时也指利已的不诚实行为）She referred to the pills as sweet, so the harmless deception made it easy for her child to take them. deceit [d?'si:t] 强调一个人对另一个的故意欺骗（指歪曲实情，惯于说谎或蓄意欺骗。）

We are incapable of deceit.

fraud 一般用于犯罪行为的欺骗，通常指政治或经济活动中的舞弊行为。

trickery 语气上比deception严厉，着重指有步骤的诡计以追求私利

He had gained control of the company by trickery.

deceive [d?'si:v] v. 欺骗；行骗

deceive 表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如：The boy deceived the teacher by lying.

cheat 欺骗，常用词，主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。

trick 哄骗，表示耍手段进行欺骗，强调在行骗时使用计策，有时也指并非出于恶意的欺骗。如：

Tom cleverly tricked his mother into approval.

self-respecting a.自重的

self-taught adj.自学的

self-confidence 自信←→ self-distrust 不自信

eg. Worry, fear, self-distrust忧虑，恐惧和不自信

self-reliant [r?'la??nt] adj. 自力的 reliant 依赖的; 依靠的（rely的形容词）be reliant on

reliable adj. 可靠的；可信赖的

self-contained 独立自足的（do not need help or resources from outside.）；设施独立的（独门独户的指毋须与他人共享厨房、厕所等)）注意：独立自主是independent

a self-contained flat 独立的公寓

self-sacrifice 自我牺牲

indulge [?n'd?ld?] v.使沉迷（to let yourself do or have sth that you enjoy, especially sth that is considered bad for you）（1、做某事或者于某物，2、引出对象的介词用in）

indulge oneself in尽情享用，沉溺于== be indulged in

He was indulged in smoking and drinking. He indulged himself in smoking and drinking. indulge的第二个语义是“纵容”“迁就”(spoil)（中国话惯孩子）

She indulges her only son.

abandon oneself to sth 放纵，放肆，尽情（to feel an emotion so strongly that you let it control you completely）

eg. He abandon himself to grief 他不胜悲痛。（恣意，忘情）

abandon oneself to alcohol 酗酒

take to sb/take to doing sth attend to照看，照料

1)like sb/doing sth 开始喜欢上…

eg. He took to her at the first sight.

2)to start doing sth as a habit开始有…习惯，开始上瘾

eg. All this bad news is enough to make him take to drinking. 就这个坏消息足以让他借酒消愁。eg. I have taken to getting up at 6 and going jogging.

pneumatic [nju:'m?t?k] a.气动的（2、充气的）（worked or driven by compressed air）pneumatic drill 风钻

pneumatic tires 充气轮胎

pneumatic pump 气泵

pneumatic brake 空气制动器 ; 电动气动制动器 ; 气闸 ; 气刹

pneumonia [nju:'m??n??] 肺炎 atypical pneumonia [e?'t?p?k(?)l; ?-] 非典型的

drill n.钻（n. 训练；钻孔机；钻子；播种机；演习(操练) vi. 钻孔，钻探；训练vt. 钻孔；训练；条播）

drill 侧重进行有系统的，严格和重复的练习（消防演习a fire drill 军事演习a military drill）training 普通用词，泛指为从事某种职业而进行的身体或智力方面的训练。

practice 指把所学的理论或知识用于实践以获得技艺与技巧。

exercise 主要指为强壮体魄而进行的锻炼，也可指进行练习以保持已经获得的技巧。pneumatic drill气钻参考水钻（高压水枪，金属可以切割）广泛用应用于家电制造，房屋装修，汽车船舶制造，航空航天工业制造及维修行业，功率大,无火花,在高瓦斯矿井中，尤其能体现其安全性。

silly a.无意义的，无聊的

1) not sensible 愚昧的，愚蠢的，不明智的

a silly thing to do做了一件蠢事，说了一句蠢话 /a silly thing to say

eg. I left my keys at home, which was a pretty silly thing to do.

2) 无聊的，没有意义的

play a silly joke on sb 同某人开无聊的玩笑

3) not practical 不实用的

foolish 强调愚蠢的，笨的，不明智的 I remonstrated him not to do anything foolish.

Silly 表示无意义的，无聊的，无知的 Being called silly is not compliment. Don't play such a silly play.

stupid 强调人及言行缺乏良好的判断力，及一般的智能（主要指天生迟钝） His son is as stupid as all.

dull 指理解迟钝，或健康状况不佳、工作过度而导致的缺乏敏锐的头脑

The old man's hearing has become dull. She is a dull girl.表示人很呆

advance a.n.预先的，事先获得的

advance information 预先获得的信息/ in advance 提前

v./n./ adj.

1) to move forward 向前

eg. The troops advanced on the enemy. 部队朝敌军开进。

2)to develop and improve 发展，提升

eg. A month has passed and the investigation has not advanced. 一个月过去了,调查毫无进展。

3) give someone money before they have earned it 预支（薪水）

eg. He begged his boss to advance him a salary for a month.

in advance ; before, beforehand

book a table in advance

ahead of time/ahead of schedule 提前

(earlier than planned)

make preparations in advance 预先做好准备/make preparations in anticipation

advance adj.

given or made in advance

advance planning 预先计划 advance warning 预先警告 advance booking 预定

advance payment 预付款 advance information 事先通报 advance troops 先头部队

an advance agent 先遣人员，打前站的

advanced adj. 高深的，先进的

advanced weapon 先进的 advanced in years 上年纪（长的着急，在年龄上处于领先地位）archway ['ɑ:t?we?] n.拱形门楼

arcade n.有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）[ɑ:r’ke?d]

本意是：拱廊，连拱廊==有拱廊的街道==商场，游乐中心;

arc [ɑ:rk] (几何) 弧；弧（度/型）; 天穹; 电弧，弧光。vi 作弧形运动；呈弧形；形成电弧The Aleutian chain is a long arc of islands in the North Pacific [?’lu:??n]

remonstrate ['rem?nstre?t] v.规劝，告戒（非常正式的用词）

remonstrate sb. to do sth.

remonstrate with sb about/on/upon/over sth

eg. His parents remonstrated with him about his bad habits.

eg. The police remonstrated with the careless driver who won’t listen to reason.

demonstrate v.

1) to show sth clearly by giving proofs or examples 证明

eg. Recent findings clearly demonstrated that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture.

2) to march through the streets with a large group of people in order to protest against sth openly游行示威

demonstrate against 游行反抗

eg. Large crowds demonstrated outside the American embassy against racial discrimination. illustrate v.（用实物，例子，图片）阐明，解释，表明; 显示（to be an example which shows that sth is true）

eg. The teacher illustrates his lesson with a map. a beautifully illustrated book 插图设置非常漂亮的一本书。

ironically adv.讽刺地

eg. Ironically, he broke his left leg on a piece of ice with his right one still in plaster.

eg. Ironically, she finally found that she fell in love with the man who she held in contempt.

ironic adj. 讽刺的；反话的（using words that are opposite of what you really mean, especially in a joking way）

eg. As the rain lashed down, my mother’s one ironic comment was:” An ideal day for a wedding”. irony 讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事（eg:运用反讽的手法）

ironist 讽刺家；讽刺作家

sarcastic adj. 讽刺的（贬）（挖苦的；尖刻的，辛辣的）（that are the opposite of what you mean in order to make an unfriendly joke）

a sarcastic reply a sarcastic smile

Sarcastic 表示苟刻伤人的讽刺和嘲笑:.通常是直接性的

Ironic 意味着一种微妙的间接表达出来的讽刺:.通常是间接性的（反话，一个相反的结果）

permission n.许可（允许，准许） (sir, permission to execute him)

ask sb. for permission to do sth

give/grant sb. permission to do sth

ask permission from sb

permit [p?'mit] n./v. ( to allow sth to happen, especially by an official order or decision)

permit sb sth

permit sb to do sth

eg. My parents won’t permit me access to you.

eg. The millionaire won’t permit his daughter to marry a tramp.

permit of 容许

eg. The situation permits of no delay 形式紧迫，刻不容缓

['p?:mit] n.许可证

driver’s permit 驾驶证 work permit 工作许可证 export permit 出口证

driving license 驾驶证 practice license 营业执照

permission n.

grant [grɑ:nt] v. 同意，准予（特别指官方的同意和许可）(to give, especially official permission to do sth)

（v.（合法地）授予，允许；（勉强）承认，同意n.（政府）拨款，补助；授予，给予；正式授予）

grant sb permission to do sth 同意，给予，答应…请求

eg. The police granted him permission to have an interview with his family.

take it/sth/sb for granted 理所当然的认为…

eg. The noble man took it for granted that all men are at his service.

Text 课文

Who’s who 《世界名人录》is the title of a reference book containing short biographies of prominent people.

eg. I don’t know who is who in the class.

It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.

It has never been explained why… why连接副词引起主语从句（在上节课我们强调了it做形式主语的主语从句，为了引出更加丰富，复杂的表达形式）

there is no knowing why…没法知道，理解…的原因（注意这种形式，虽然是名词，但表达的意思是动作）

eg. It has never been explained why young girls would like to marry rich men advanced in years. 上年纪

It is indicated that…被表明（相反意思的句型）

It is illustrated that …/It is demonstrated that …被证明

eg. It is illustrated that heavy pollution has given rise to a worldwide Green House Effect. 温室效应It is predicted that 有人预言 It is expected that 预计

It is proposed that 建议 It is found that 被发现

eg. It has been found that the obscured maid-servant was really the hero’s mother.

practical joke 恶作剧

Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax.

specialize 1、在某事上有专长，特长2、详细说明 3、使特殊化，使专门化 specialization 专门研究

specialize in 专门从事，专门研究，专攻，专长，专修

eg. He made up his mind to specialize in contract law.

engage in: to take part or become involved in an activity 从事（某活动），参与

eg. My friend engaged in detective story writing.

Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.

put out fire 扑灭，熄灭（注意对象）

put out a cigarette put out a light put out a lamp

feel put out/be put out （to feel upset or offended）恼火

eg. We were a little put out at not being invited to the wedding.

put oneself out 不辞劳苦，不厌其烦（to make an effort to do sth that will help others; to take the trouble to do sth）

eg. The eccentric, though with few words, always puts himself out to help people whenever they are in need.

put down 1、记下（本意是打字机打出） 2、镇压（暴动，叛乱） 3、杀死（危险或病重的动物）

put down a revolution 镇压革命 put down a revolt镇压起义 put down rebellion 镇压反抗extinguish [?k’st??gw??]（正式）（vt. 1、熄灭（正式）2、使破灭; 消除~ a feeling or idea, it destroys it.）

The message extinguished her hopes of Richard's return.

extinguish a fire extinguish all cigarettes

Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire…

nonexistent adj.不存在的（non-not, without）exist—existent--existence

nonaligned [,n?n?'la?nd] adj.不结盟的 align [?'la?n] vt. 使结盟；使成一行；匹配 ally ['?la?] 盟友

nonaligned countries

nonsense

…a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in.（注意no否定的是谁！）

no self-respecting student would ever…不（没有），任何…也不会

eg. No man is born wise.

eg. No one with a strong will would indulge himself in an easy life.有强烈上进心的人不会贪图生活安逸。

Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.

注意这里的except后面省略了一个to，前有do后无to（do的任何形式）

When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill.

注意这里的recently，最近，并不是一个大概的概念，而是一个具体的时间概念。（要抛除完成时惯性思维）

telephone==call==ring up

dress up as workmen

dress up as a ghost

tear up 本意是“撕毁，撕碎”，引申出条状物的，拆除; 拆毁，比如铁路，道路，或者“区域”rip tear split（本意是使分开，分离）

As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously.

…they were not to take him…

be to do sth （最常见是三种1. should2. must3. intend，这三个词的意思）

一、（按照计划和安排）将要做某事，一定要做某事；必然要发生的事。

eg. They are to send more people to help us.(be going to)

eg. Everyone is to die.人必有一死。

要注意“was / were to do sth. 表示曾经计划要做的事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示“命运（即命中注定要发生的事）”，这层用法文学作品中常用，类似was supposed to

They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. 不知道以后再也不会见面了。

二、表示语气轻时“应该”表建议（相当于should, ought to。），语气重时表“命令”（相当于must, have to。）。可译为“必须”或“不准”。

1、You are to report to the police.你应该报警

2、No one is to leave the room without permission.未经允许谁也不准离开房间。

三、表示“可能性”。（相当于may, can）

1、Are you to pay the debt for your wife? 你能为妻子还债吗？

四、表示“想，打算”，相当于intend, want。例如： if you are to win the game, you must exercise harder.

If we are to be there before ten, we’ll have to go now.如果我们要在十点前到，我们现在就得走。

take him seriously 把他当回事

take life seriously 认真对待生活 take family seriously take education seriously

eg.You can’t be so serious! 你开玩笑吧！（used to say that you think what sb has said is silly or impossible）

eg. I’m dead serious！我可是当真的！dead adv. 完全地

He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people.

play all sorts of silly jokes on sb

play a practical joke on sb play a silly joke on sb play a trick on sb

Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.

be grateful to sb for sth

information不可数，又是信息类名词，可以用量词piece.

The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. nearby adj. 附近的，邻近的adv. 在附近 prep. 在…附近

that went on== that happened

sure enough

…Needless t o say…不必说，肯定是

it goes without saying 后话自不必说

sure enough 果不其然，不出所料==/as expected

on the scene 在现场注意这里的arrive是不及物动词，出现，并非arrive in arrive at的抵达eg. The police arrived on the scene very quickly after the car accident.

eg. A news reported on the scene.

on the spot

1) 在现场，到出事地点

eg. The police was called and an ambulance arrived on the spot within 10 minutes.

2) 立即，当即，当场

eg. He felt put out at his boss’s sarcastic remarks and resigned on the spot.

the scene of a crime 作案现场（scene有画面感） spot coverage现场采访（spot只是说明位置）

When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force.

threaten v.威胁（对不服者给予惩罚）

threaten to do sth

threaten sb with sth

eg. Every time the young couple have words, the wife will threaten to divorce him.

menace ['men?s] （n.威胁；恐吓vi. 恐吓；进行威胁vt. 威胁；恐吓）(系正式用词,用某种意志给以威胁)

menace sb with sth/menace sb to do sth

eg. Two gangsters menaced us with weapons.

eg. Heavy smoking menaces a person’s health.威胁到（you mean that the first thing is likely to cause the second thing serious harm. 威胁）

intimidate v. 恫吓，威胁做某事（you deliberately make them frightened enough to do what you want them to do）（突出使害怕）

timid ['t?m?d] adj. 胆小，害羞的

intimidate sb into doing sth

eg. The witness was intimidated into giving false testimony.

…he threatened to remove them by force.

remove : to get away or take away 1、移开 [书面] 2、脱下，摘下[书面] 3、去除 (痕迹); 洗掉(污渍)（除去）

4、把…免职（除去）

5、去除 (障碍或限制); 解决 (问题)（除去）

6、搬家

eg. The biscuit was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry.

remove one’s hat and gloves 脱下帽子，摘下手套

remove a tumor 切除肿瘤 remove poverty 消灭贫穷

eg. Our home has removed from Boston to New York

malignant [m?'l?gn?nt] adj. 恶性的[医学]；恶毒的

a malignant tumor 恶性肿瘤 a benign tumor 良性肿瘤 benign [b?'na?n] adj. 良性的；和蔼的，亲切的

The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.

do as he pleased to do as引导方式状语从句

eg. He just does as he pleases and never thinks of anyone else.他做事随心所欲，毫不顾及他人的感受。

eg. Do as you please, but I don’t care anyway. 悉听尊便，我不在乎。

eg. The era when America could do as it pleased has gone.

Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen.

remonstrate sb. to do sth.

remonstrate with sb about/on/upon/over sth

As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill.

as引导原因状语从句

attempt to do 尝试做某事，这里是试图

seize抓住，强调结果

take v. 拿，抓最普通用词，指用手拿、取、抓或控制某物，不带任何感情色彩。

clutch v. 紧抓，抓牢指因不想失去而紧紧地抓住某物，或因害怕、疼痛、危险等而突然抓住某人或某物。

grasp v. 抓牢，抓紧指紧紧地、牢牢地抓住某物。

grab v. 抓住，攫取指突然抓住某人或某物，强调动作粗野，此义时常可与snatch 换用；有时也指紧紧抓住某人或某物。

snatch vt.抢, 夺取（= catch sth/sb suddenly and violently）指突然地抢、夺、抓，强调动作迅速或具有暴力性质。 -- The big bird snatches the hen from the ground.

Seize v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取（强调抓住、抓到的结果）[si:z]

-- Fear seized her. 她突然感觉很恐惧。 seize the moment

catch vt.捕获, 赶上(车船等) （= get hold of sth/sb moving） -- catch mouse / catch bus / catch a thief

Grasp 强调“掌握” -- We have already grasped six thousand words.

Hold强调抓牢、抓紧（catch hold of 抓住）-- He is holding an umbrella.

The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper.

struggle

1) to try hard to achieve sth 努力奋斗（奋力获取struggle for sth）

struggle for fame努力成名 struggle for fortune努力致富

2) 挣扎 eg. The child struggled in his arms.

3) 斗争，争斗 struggle against poverty struggle against illness

eg. The thief struggled fiercely against the police.小偷与警察负隅顽抗。

lose one’s temper==go mad 发脾气，火了

He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.

at this 听到这儿，听了之后

when hearing this==at these words==with this 就这样

表示“一怎么就”

at+名词或动名词（一般是感官（感觉，感知），情感，想法）

⑴at后的名词或动名词，一般是sight, thought, sound, hearing, idea或者see，hear，think等情感、感观动词, 组成结构为：at the sight/hearing/sound/(bare)thought/idea of或者at

seeing/hearing/thinking等，翻译为：一看到/听到/想到…就…。句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。

如：At hearing the news, he rushed out. 一听到这个消息，他就冲出去了。

At the sight of the police officers they ran off.一看见那些警官,他们便逃跑了。

I was so miserable at the idea of you in trouble.一想到你有麻烦，我就很痛苦。

⑵另外还可以用at the(mere)/(very) mention of当说到…；一提到…就…, at the first opportunity(chance)一有机会就…等, 例如：

I feel sick at the mere mention of blood 一提到血，我就恶心

⑶at＋名词或动名词多放在句首，但直接加名词常放到后面。比如：

At seeing her mother，the girl burst into tears. 一见到母亲，那女孩就放声大哭起来。

He was in tears at the news that his grandpa died yesterday. 他一听到他爷爷昨天过逝的消息就哭了。

At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.

on/upon ＋名词/动名词（短暂性动作，实意动词）

on/upon为介词，后接名词或动名词作宾语，表示它所表达的动作刚一发生或完成，句子谓语所表示的动作就接着发生，所接动词基本是短暂动作，如：arrive, reach, hear, see, receive, enter, get, step, leave等。它相当于as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，意为immediately after, at the time of。例如：

On his arrival at the school, he was warmly welcome by all the teachers and students.

On arriving home I found they had gone. 我一到达家就发现他们已经离开了。

hardly be nessary：大可不必

Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.

注意这里的pretend，为什么要用pretend？因为此时他们仍认为警察是学生扮演的。pretend v.

eg. Don’t pretend to know what you don’t know!

eg. He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for-nothing!

不懂装懂是饭桶！

before介词，注意介词后的被动语态，动名词。

Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone.

a pay phone 一个投币的话（have to pay for the telephone call）

phone book 电话簿 phone booth 公用电话亭 [bu:e; bu:θ] n. 货摊；公用电话亭

phone card 电话卡 a collect call 对方付费电话 operator电话接线员

Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.

only when 只有…时候…才，直到…才

eg. Only when you lose your health can you realize how precious it is.

eg. Only when you experience the pain of pain can you enjoy the happiness of happiness.

1. A fraudulent ['fr?:dj?l(?)nt] adj. 欺骗性的

disguise [d?s'ga?z] vt. 伪装，假装；掩饰；隐瞒n. 伪装；假装；用作伪装的东西

2. C A选项的时间顺序不对，警察来之前就藏起来了。

3. C 直到打电话，才相信 ring v. 打电话；发出铃声；回响；充满；嗡嗡作响；包围；圈起来

4. D seem在这里是系动词

5. A 虚拟语气，省略if。C选项不是虚拟语气

6. D 如果有to引出对象，那么for后面的动作往往是该对象作出的。

7. C

8. C

9. B

10. A retort [r?'t?:t] v&n 反驳，顶嘴 harsh 严厉的，苛刻的；严酷的 protest against反对，对…提出抗议

11. D

12. A

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