英语阅读理解难点及长句解析
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阅读理解难点和长句解析
一类是由一些固定的词组搭配所构成的长句，如 so （such ）……that（如此……以致……，not only……but also （不仅……-而且……-），not……but（不是……而是……），so as……to（如此……以致……），
（把……从……改变为……），not so transform……from……into……
much……as……（不是……而是……）as……as……（像……一样）等；另一类是由多个插入成分或并列结构过多构成的长句。对于前者我们只需抓住固定搭配所连
接的主干，分步理解；后者则直接抓住句子的主干，分步理解。
表示断句下面就近年来阅读真题文章中所出现的“长难句”逐一进行分析（“/”
标示，适当的断句可以帮考生很好地理解句意）。
， international.
分析：补充省略部分，该句可理解为以下简单句的句意组合：
event and then, international.
翻译：，每四年主办一次，最终它丧失了原-有的地国际性的体育盛事。
Aristotle, for example, whose natural the Western thought for two thousand years, believed that/man arrive an understanding by reasoning from self-evident principle/that everything in the
分析：Aristotle believed that man could ，然后再逐步理解其他成分。whose natural 是对Aristotle 的补充说明。everything in the universe has its proper place, deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs
是对self-evident principle
Aristotle believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principle.
Aristotle's natural science dominated the Western thought for two thousand years.
Self-evident principle is that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where it belongs.
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翻译：举个例子吧，亚里士多德，他的自然科学理论统治了整个西方思想长达
两千年之久。他认为，人们可以通过一些显而易见的法则推断来达到对现实的理
解。这种不证自明的法则就是，任何事件在宇宙中总有其合适的位置。因而人们可
以推断出，物体掉到地上是因为物体本身就属于大地的。
Both you and she know that/if you are not sure what you want, you are not likely to find it.
分析：that if属于常考结构，对于这种结构的理解关键在于学会对that if结构进行断句。在理解的时候，that if间语义应稍作停顿，把if 与后面引导的状语从句
语义连贯起来。
翻译：
be taken into the root.
是修饰“The mineral 分析：句子主干为：定语从句“that are usable by the plan”
该句可理解为以下简单句的句意组合：
elements”
The mineral elements are usable by the plan.
翻译：
brick/a brick building.
分析：这里是由as……as……-一样，正如……-一样）连接两个并列成分构成
的长句。该句的主干为：
C.R.Darnes has suggested that/it is proper term the plant a water structure/as to call
。这里把“砖与房子的关
a house a brick building.“composed mainly of brick”“a house”
系比做水与植物的关系说。
我们可以把植物看作一种水体结构。
分析：第一句主要是not……but……（不是……而是……）的理解。第二句主
句子主干中“This 干：This constant need to prove creates constant anxiety and stress.
是不定式短语作主语。“that one is as good as or better than constant need to prove”
是对This constant need to prove的同步说明。“the very causes one's fellow-competitor”
是对“constant anxiety and stress”
的同步说明。
of unhappiness and illness”
翻译：晋升与贬职不仅仅是薪水的改变，更多的是有关自尊的事情。这种不断
地证明一个人和自己的对手一样优秀或者比其更优秀的需要，使人产生了一种长久
的焦虑和压力，正是这种焦虑和压力导致了人的不快乐和疾病。
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I suggest/transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism /in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves
into/a humanist industrialism/in which/man and full development of his potentialities —
—those of love and of reason——are the aims of all social arrangements.
分析：本句是由transform……from……into……（把……从……改变为……）
固定词组搭配所构成的长句。transform……from……into……连接的短语作
后面所接的宾语从句的主语，主语较长妨碍了对句意的理解。句子主干“suggest”
为：I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed
industrialism into a humanist industrialism are the aims of all social arrangements.句中
是对a
“in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves”
bureaucratically managed industrialism 的描述。“in which man of his potentialities —
是对a humanist industrialism的描述。
—those of love and of reason”
翻译：我建议，
feeling capabilities.
。过
作状语修饰“the great interest”
分析：句子主干为：“in exceptional children”
的说明。
。是同位语“the strong feeling”
去分词短语作定语修饰“the great interest”
翻译：
——and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, ——
advertising would be so boring that/no one would pay any attention.（1995
分析：我们可以首先跳过破折号内的插入内容，直接抓住破折号以外的If its
message were confined merely to information, advertising would be 再把插入部分“and
that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to 代入主句中，并结合前后句意理
解。
翻译：是一个小小的细节，如对衬衣颜色的选择也是一种隐性的诱导。
The change met the technical requirements of the new age/by engaging a large professional element and/prevented the decline in efficiency that/so commonly spoiled
the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation/after the energetic
founders. （1996年真题）
分析：本句是由两个并列成分构成的长句。句子主干为：The change met the
technical requirements of the new age and （这里省略掉了共同的主语the change ）
prevented the decline . 介词短语“by engaging a large professional
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element”
作状语修饰“the 作状语修饰整个主句。介词短语“in efficiency”
（这里要学会如何结合句意区分介词短语作状语是修饰整个句子还是修饰decline”
其中的一部分，这里and 之后是一省略主语的独立句子，状语不可能跃过一个句子
去修饰另外一个句子，因此这里的 in efficiency 修饰的是 the decline ）。“so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after
，对其具体内容的说
是定语从句修饰“the decline in efficiency”
the energetic founders”
明。
翻译：这种革新通过雇佣大量的职业人士，满足了新时代工艺的需要，同时也
阻止了效率的下降。而这种效率的下降，通常在富有活力的创始人之后的第二代或
第三代领导时期对家族企业产生不利的影响。
The railway companies, though/still private business managed for the benefit of very unlike old family business.
分析：首先理解句子主干：“though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders”
翻译：-大的不同了。
。
作定语修饰“the paid manager”
分析：句子的主干为：“acting for the company”
是修饰familiar “which the employer had often had system of the old family business”
是现在分词短语作状语，也是修饰personal knowledge of the “now passing away”
familiar personal knowledge 这里要学会……business与 now passing away 之间的断句。前句到business 已经结束已不可能再接其他成分），now passing away则是一
个独立的状语。
翻译：作为代表公司一方的职业经--对工人有过的熟悉程度，这种熟悉情况现
在也不再存在了。
（1997年真题）
分析：questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul searching. 定语从句
。
“that has involved 修饰“manifestation of the soul searching”
翻译：但是，在时代华纳，这种问题仅仅是内心自我探究的一种最新的表现。
而这种探究自公司1990年诞生以来就一直伴随着企业的成长。
What is harder to establish /is whether the productivity revolution/that businessmen assume they are presiding over/is for real.
分析：本句不长，但结构却较复杂。句子主干为：What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution
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is for real.句子主干的主语由主语从句“what is harder to establish”
构成，而表语引导的从句“what is harder to establish”
构成，整个句子仍然是系表结
从句由“where”
是修饰“the productivity
构。“that businessmen assume they are presiding over”
的定语从句。
revolution”
翻译：难以确定的是，商界人士认为他们所主导的生产力革命是否真的产生效
果了。
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary , says, a disjunctionbetween the mass of business anecdote/that points to a leap in productivity/and the picture reflected by the statistics.
分析：句子主干部分是由between……and……（在……There is a 饰“the mass
过去分词作定语修饰
of business anecdote”
的。“reflected by the statistics”
翻译：正如财长Robert Rubin