八年级上册英语句子必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧
编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。
美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。
通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：
(一) 篇首：
封面(Title)
序言(Preface)
谢词(Acknowledge)
提要(Summary)
目录(Tables and Appendixes)
(二) 本文：
引言(Introduction)
主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)
(三)参考资料：
参考书目(References or Bibliography)
附录资料(Appendix)。
进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：
一.研究的方向
二.研究的范围
三.资料搜集的范围
四.预期研究成果
通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤，大纲是论文、报告的骨干，Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal 为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如Seminar 式的报告。
就算是小报告，也至少应含
(一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期
(二)Summary：即主要的结论
(三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容
(四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为几个片断。
(五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论
(六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项
美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel 便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。
论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。
八年级上册英语句子
Module 1
1.你何不把正确的拼写和语法写在出错的地方？
And why don’t you write down the correct spelling and grammar next to the mistakes?
2.还有什么吗？
What else?
3.许多人在讲英语时不好意思，所以，在开口前，深吸一口气，笑一笑。
Many people are shy when they speak English, so before you begin, take a deep breath and smile.
4.微笑总能起作用的。
Smiling always helps.
5.每天查看你的单词本是个好主意。
I t’s a good idea to check your vocabulary notebook every day.
6.用英语听收音机或读报纸如何呢？
How about listening to the radio or reading a newspaper in English?
7.尽量不要翻译每个词。
Try not to translate every word.
8.她可以帮助我做作业。
She can help me with my homework.
9.许多学生征求提高英语水平的建议。
Many students ask for advice about improving their English.
10.把它们写在纸上，贴在你的卧室。
Write them on pieces of paper and place them in your bedroom.
11.这花费很长时间
It takes a long time.
12.她在她的学校的乐队演奏，而且他们要在中国开一些音乐会。
She plays in her school orchestra, and they’re doing some concerts in China.
13.这是学习英语的好方法。
This is a great way to learn English.
14.我认为每一个应该有个笔友，并互相写电子邮件信息。
I think everyone should have a pen friend and write email messages to each other.
15.当你购物时，总计下英语单词，或者说出你看到的每件东西的英文名如何呢?
When you are shopping, how about counting the English words, or saying the English names for everything you see?
16.和你的朋友谈论电影或歌曲，并猜新单词的意思。
Talk about the film or song with your friends, and guess the meaning of the new words.
Module2
1.啊哈，你猜怎么着！
Well, guess what!
2.头等奖是你梦想的到英国度假。
The first prize is the holiday of your dreams in England.
3.韩力曾经去过美国的旧金山。
Han Li has been to San Francisco in USA.
4.你梦寐以求的假期。
The holiday at your dreams.
5.你觉得怎么样？
What do you reckon?
6.他在全国各地举办音乐会，音乐会的票总是销售一空。
He’s given concerts all over China and the tickets have always sold out..
7.听起来好极了。
It sounds brilliant.
8.我期望有一天能环游世界。
I expect to travel around the world.
9.你曾经有“梦想实现”吗？
Have you ever had a “dream come true”?
10.Sally 邀请我去英国和她一起呆一天。
Sally has invited me to stay with her in England one day.
11.王明与2000多名观众一起去参加过在北京举行的刘欢音乐会。
Wang Ming has been to Liu Huan concert in Beijing with more than 2000 people.
12.北京以其烤鸭而著名。
Beijing is famous for its roast ducks.
13.客舱内是禁止吸烟的。
Smoking is not allowed in the cabin.
14.因为大雾原因，飞机不能起飞。
The plane can’t take off because of the thick fog.
15.春节是中国的传统节日。
The Spring Festival is traditional festival in China.
Module3
1.你在干什么？
What are you up to?
2.地球是行星，它绕着太阳转。还有八颗行星也围绕着太阳转
The Earth is a planet and it goes around the Sun.Eight other planets also go around.
3.宇宙中有这么多的恒星,我们是孤独的吗?太空中还有其他的生命吗?
With so many stars in the universe, are we alone , or is there life out there in space.
4.把它给给我的家人看看
To show it to my family.
5.花了几个月的时间才到那里
It has taken several months to get there.
6.大明有什么作业吗？
What homework has Daming got?
7.你认为大明的行为怎么样？
What do think of Daming’s action?
8.科学家们认为数百年以前地球上已经生命存在。
Scientists think that there has been life on Earth for millions of years.
9.北京是中最大的城市之一
Beijing is one of the biggest cities in China
10.房间里没有人
No one is in the room.
11.我们班大多数学生骑自行车上学。
Most of the students in our class go to school by school.
12.茶跟咖啡你更喜欢哪一样？
Which do you prefer , tea or coffee?
13.他们用其他的太空船做了什么？
What have they made with the other spacecraft?
14.它将与明年返回地球。
It’s coming back to Earth next year.
15.我在学校刚读完了一本极好的书
I’ve just finished reading a great book at school.
16.汤姆写的和玛丽写的一样好
Tom writes as carefully as Mary.
17.这河水太深，孩子们不能在河里游泳。
The river is so deep that the children can’t swim in it.
The river is too deep for the children to swim in
18.他对英语表现出了极厚的兴趣
He shows much interest in English.
Module 4
1. 但是我和她相处得很好。
But I get on well with her.
2.刘三子是一个八岁的男孩，他住在湖南的一个村子里。
Liu Sanzi is an eight-year-old boy from a village in Hunan Province.
3.在希望工程的帮助下，他们现在可以上学了。
Now they can go to school with the help of Project Hope.
4.因为有了希望工程，成千上万的孩子们过上了更好的生活。
Beacause of Project Hope,thousands of children have better lives.
5.他的父母希望他辍学。
His parents want him to drop out of school.
6.在过去的15年中，这个工程已经筹集了善款，支付了乡村2500000个穷孩子的教育
经费。
In the last 15 years this project has raised money and paid for the education of 2.5 million poor students in the countryside.
7.去年沈，一个男孩去一个没有电，只有几本书的学校上学。
Last year Shen, a boy went to a school with no electricity and only a few books.
8.大多数中国人听说过希望工程，捐过钱。
Most people in China have heard of Project Hope and have given money. 9.帮助穷孩子上学。
Helping poor children go to school.
10.我和他相处的好，我们喜欢一样的东西。
I get on well with her, we like the same things.
11.当你参观国家的时候，学习外语会更容易。
It’s easier to learn a foreign language when you visit the country.
12.这是为穷孩子所建的学校。
It’s a school for poor children.
Module 5
1.这是谁创作的？
Who’s it by ?
2.她不喜欢流行音乐，是吧？
对，她不喜欢。
---She doesn’t like pop music, does she ?
---No, she doesn’t.
3.别再烦我们了（让我们清静一会吧）！
Give us a break ！
4.那究竟是什么音乐？
What on earth is that ?
5.和他的父亲相比，儿子……更加成功，更受人们的欢迎。
The son …was even more successful and popular than his father.
6.他创作了400多支圆舞曲，最著名的是《蓝色多瑙河》。
He wrote more than 400 waltzes and his most famous one was The Blue Danube.
7.维也纳是多瑙河上一个美丽古老的城市。
Vienna is a beautiful old city on the river Danube .
8.在他不到六岁，他不仅弹奏钢琴，还拉小提琴和管风琴。
Before he was six he played not only the piano, but also the violin and the organ.
9.在他12岁时，他写了他的第一首歌剧，为古典乐队写了成千上百的美丽的曲子。
He wrote his first opera at the age of 12 and hundreds of beautiful pieces of music for the classical orchestra.
10.埃尔维斯是一个很棒的歌手，他决定为他制作唱片。
Elvis was a great singer and decided to make records for him.
11.他上学从不迟到，是吗？
He is never late for school ,is he ?
12.多好的天气啊，是吧？
What fine weather, isn’t it ?
Module 6
1. 她看了几眼姐姐的书，发现书上既没有插图又没有对话。
Once or twice she looked into her sister’s book, but it had no pictures or conversations
in it .
2. “没有插图、没有对话的书有什么用？”
“What is a book for,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversations?’
3 她正在想着做一个雏菊花环，突然，一只粉色眼睛的小白兔从她的身边跑过。
She was thinking of making a daisy chain when suddenly a white rabbit with pink eyes ran by her
4她从没见过兔子有兜，也没有见过兔子看表，因此就跟着那只兔子跑过田野。
She never saw a rabbit with a pocket or a watch, so she ran across the field after it.
5她看到了兔子钻进树篱下面一个挺大的兔子洞里。
She saw it go down a large rabbit hole under the hedge.
6爱丽丝没有什么事可做。
Alice had nothing to do .
7 爱丽丝掉进一个兔子洞穴，进入了它们奇特的世界。
Alice fell down a rabbit hole and went into their strange world.
8每个英国的男孩女孩都读过。
Every boy and girl in Britain has read it.
9爱丽丝非常疲倦。
Alice was getting very tired.
10当兔子从口袋里掏出一块表看时间时，爱丽丝跳了起来。
When the rabbit took a watch out of its pocket and looked at it,Alice got up.
Module7
1.它的味道尝起来太浓了。
It taste too strong..
2.恐怕我不喜欢奶酪。
I’m afraid I don’t like cheese.
3.她长的什么样子？
What’s she like?
4.你一定要把我介绍给她。
Y ou must introduce me to her.
5.它摸起来很柔软，很舒服。
It feels very soft and comfortable.
6.谢谢你的上一封信，收到你的信真开心。
Thank you for your last message, it was great to hear from you.
7.我还喜欢运动，特别是打网球。
I enjoy sports as well, especially tennis.
8. 她听起来很棒，而且她看起来很漂亮。
She sounds really nice, and she looks very pretty.
9.谢谢你告诉我你喜欢做的事情。
Thanks for telling me about what you like doing.
10,当我说中文的时候，我觉得紧张。
I feel nervous when I speak English.
11.我们将要去机场接我从伦敦来的笔友Sally。
We are going to the airport to meet my friend Sally from London.
12.我们将回到这里吃点东西。
We are coming back here to have something to eat.
13.我很高，长着金色的长发，并且带着眼镜。
I’m quite tall with short fair hair, and I wear glasses.
14.我哥哥是学校网球队的队长，我为他感到骄傲。
My brother is captain of the school tennis team—I’m very proud of him!
15.我希望当我到达机场的时候，你能从照片上认出我。
I hope you can recognize me from my photo when I arrive at the airport.
Module 8
1.沿着这条红色的街道来到白金汉宫，女王就住在这里。
Go along the red street to Buckingham Palace .The Queen lives here.
2.伦敦塔是这座城市最古老的宫殿。
The Tower of London is the city’s oldest palace.
3.现在你又回到了出发的地方——广场。
You are now back where you started, at the square.
4.Lingling,给我展示你的北京的地图。
Show me your map of Beijing, Lingling.
5.我怎么到达紫禁城？
6.How do I get to the Forbidden City?
7.直走。它在天安门广场对面。
Go straight ahead. It’s opposite Tian’anmen Square.
8.穿过广场。向左转到长安街，然后向右转到长街。
Go across the square. Turn left into Chang’an Jie and then turn right into Chang Jie.
9.你可以告诉我去公园的路吗？
Can you tell me the way to a park?
10.我想在长街和文津街的拐角处有一个入口。
I think there’s an entrance on the corner of Chang Jie and Wenjin Jie
11.我可以在哪里购物？
Where can I do some shopping?
12.它有点安静。
It’s kind of quiet.
13.对面是国家美术馆，一个有许多名画的博物馆。
Opposite is the National Gallery, a museum with lots of famous paintings.
14.它把你带到泰晤士河上135米处。
It takes you 135 metres above the River Thames.
15.你可以在一个晴天看到大部分伦敦。
You can see most of London on a clear day.
16.坐船沿着河回去。 Take the boat back along the river.
17.下船并经过车站，沿着街走。
Get off the boat and go past the station and walk along the street.
18.我们站在伦敦的中间。
We are standing in the middle of London.
19.当你累了，看伦敦最好的方法是坐船。
When you are tired, the best way to see London is by boat.
20.欢迎来这次短暂的伦敦旅行。
Welcome to this short tour of London.
21.当你沿着河边走，伦敦在你的右边。
As you go along the river, the London Eye is on your right.
Module 9
1.但是想起那些濒危动物来，真让人伤心。
But it＇s sad to think about all those animals in danger.
2.我们的村庄和农场越来越大，我们剥夺了他们的土地和森林。
Our villages and farms are growing bigger,and weˊre taking away their lands and forests.
3.它们主要以竹子为食，每天每只熊猫要吃很多的竹子。
They mainly live on bamboo, and each panda needs to eat a lot of bamboo every day.
4.拯救大熊猫的道路依旧十分漫长。
There is still a long way to go to save the panda.
5.了解卧龙大熊猫自然保护区的知识很有趣。
It was interesting to learn about the Wolong Panda Reserve.
6.想起那些濒危动物让人很难过。
Itˊs sad to think about all those animals in danger.
7.杀死鲸和象来获取他们的肉根本就是不对的。
It just isnˊt right to kill whales or elephants for their meat.
8.发现鲸处境很危险你感到震惊吗？
Are you surprised to find out that whales are in danger?
9.我们要帮助动物生活在安全的环境里。
We need to help the animals live in peace.
10.很多人决定不去想这件事。
Many people decide not to think about it.
11.它们的水不适宜饮用…
Their water isnˊt good to drink…
12.政府正在努力拯救大熊猫。
Our government is working hard to save pandas.
13.有30多个大熊猫自然保护区。
There are more than 30 nature reserves to protect pandas.
14.许多动物没有地方生存。
Many animals hve no place to live in.
15.熊猫能够生存的土地越来越少。
So pandas have less and less land to live on..
16.政府已制定了一个保护大熊猫的新计划。
The government has made a new plan to help pandas.
17.最难的是阻止人们猎杀它们。
The difficulty is to stop peopie killing them.
Module10
1.萨莉最大的爱好是音乐
Sally’s main interest is music.
2.我想看看茶馆，所以我的父母同意带我们去哪。
I want to see the teahouse,so my parents agreed to take us.
3.我设法理解它，但那几乎不可能。
I try to understand it,but it was almost impossible.
4.我们仅仅打算喝点茶，但是我们决定呆两个小时。
We only planned to have some tea,but we decided to stay for two hours.
5.他特别因他的剧本茶馆而著名。
He is especially famous for his play,teahouse.
6.没什么特别的。
Not especially.
7.这部戏展示中国观众在1898和1945年之间的生活。
The play shows the audience life in China between 1989 and 1945.
8.故事发生在老北京的一间茶馆里。
It takes place in a teahouse in old Beijing.
9.它向我们讲述了王利发及他的顾客的故事。
It tells the story about Wang Lifa and his customers.
10.最后，它向老北京和它的人们说再见。
Finally, it says goodbye to old Beijing and its people.
11.最后，他带观众到1945年的抗日战争末。
Finally,it brings the audience to the end of the Anti-Japenese War in 1945.
12.他的父母送他去北京的师范学校并且他学习教书。
His parents sent him to the Teacher’s School in Beijing and he learned to teach.
13.老舍的茶馆热烈欢迎来自中国和全世界的每一个人。
Lao She Teahouse gives a wonderful welcome to everyone from China and from all over the world.
14.他被誉为“人民艺术家”和“语言大师”
He was named a “People’s Artist” and a “Great Master of Language”.
15.如果你喜欢京剧、民乐、杂技或是魔术，你可以在这个茶馆里欣赏到这些节目。
If you like Beijing Opera,folk music,acrobatics or magic shows,you can enjoy them in the teahouse.
Module 11
1.嗨，你们这些人！
Hey, you lot !
2.好了，走吧！
Come on , better get going !
3.最好的计划是9月份去新英格兰。
The best plan is to arrive in New England in September.
4.也许你要拍一些秋天的树叶，所以，带上你的照相机是个不错的主意。
It’s a good idea to bring your camera because you may want to take photos of the autumn leaves.
5.在得克萨斯州和东南部地区，夏天和秋天有时会有暴风雨。
In Texas and the southeast , there are storms from time to time in summer and fall.
6.我们正在为好买礼物。
We’re going shopping for her present.
7.也许天气恰好不冷。
It may not even be cold.
8.天气可能相当冷，但或许干燥。
It may be quite cool , but it’ll probably be dry.
9.在5月或10月，纽约和华盛顿是参观的好地方。
New Y ork and Washington D.C.are good places to visit in May or October.
10.在10月见到太阳很好。
It’s nice to see the Sun in December.
11.天气将整天黑暗、冰泠。
It’ll be dark all day and freezing cold.
12.那么什么时候是参观美国的最好时间？
So when’s the best time to visit the USA？.
13.在北方，天气不是很冷，但下雨多，因此带上雨伞。
In the northwest , it isn’t very cold , but there’s a lot of rain , so bring an umbrella.
14.带上泳衣，因为你可能到海里游泳。
Bring your swimsuit because you might want to swim in the sea.
15.你打算给玲玲买什么礼物？
What are you going to buy for Lingling’s present？
Module12
1.在美国，当有人给你一个礼物时，你一定要立刻将它打开。
In the USA,when someone gives you a present,youmust open it immediately.
2.并且你必须用红纸包裹红包，因为那是吉利的
And you must wrap hongbao in red paper because it’s lucky.
3.你不准在中国新年的第一天力作任何打扫。
Y ou must n’t do any cleaning on the first day of the Chinese New Y ear.
4.当你和年长的人说话时，你必须说先生或女士但你可以对你的朋友直呼其名
You must say Mr and Mrs when you speak to older people,but you can use first names with your friends.
5.茶不仅仅是一种饮料，而且也是一顿在四点左右的间食。
Tea is not just a dringk but a light meal at around 4 pm.
6.6你必须倒茶，然后倒奶——你不能先放奶再放茶。
Y ou must pour the tea ,then the milk ---you can’t put the milk in first then the tea.
7.7在公共汽车或火车上，別的乘客都很安靜，而你不准講話聲太大。
In buses or trains,the other passengers are very quiet,and you mustn’t talk too loudly.
8.并且你不会经常在街道里听到人们大叫大喊。
And you don’t often hear people shouting in the sreet.
9.男人和女人在婚礼的前一天晚上不能见到彼此。
The man and the woman can’t see each other the night before the wedding.
10.比方说，你总是在第一次见到人们时和他们握手
For example,you usually shake hands with people when you meet them for the first time.
11.然后女方不准准时到达教堂，而是晚几分钟
Then the woman mustn’t arrive at the church on time but a few minutes late.
12.在婚礼后的晚会上，女方将她的花扔过她的肩膀。接到花的女孩将是下一个结婚的!
At the party after the wedding,the woman throws her flowers over her shoulder.The girl who catches them will be next to get married!