上海高考历年真题AB阅读部分

05年上海高考

（A）

You either have it, or you don’t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that some people could find their way across the Sahara without a map, while others can lose themselves in the next street?

Scientists say we’re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properly understood how it works. One theory is that people with a good sense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it. Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports this idea and suggests that if we don’t use is, we lose it.

“Children as young as seven have the ability to find their way around,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project. “However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhere by car, they never develop the skills. ”

Jim Martland also emphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills to improve their sense of direction. He makes the following suggestions:

●If you are using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you a re facing.

●If you leave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like a big stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go away from your bike. When you return, go back along the same route.

●Simplify the way of finding youINDENT:r di rection by using lines such as streets in

a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your steps so that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks such as tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where you are.

Now you need never get lost again!

65. Scientists believe that_______.

A. some babies are born with a sense of direction.

B. people learn a sense of direction as they grow older

C. people never lose their sense of direction

D. everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

66. What is true of seven-year-old children according to the passage?

A. They never have a sense of direction without maps

B. They should never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense of direction

C. They have a sense of direction and can find their way around

D. They can develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around in a car.

67. If you leave your bike in a strange place, you should ________.

A. tie it to a tree so as to prevent it from being stolen

B. draw a map of the route to help remember where it is

C. avoid taking the same route when you come back to it

D. remember something easily recognizable on the route

68. According to the passage, the best way to find your way around is to ________.

A. ask policemen for directions.

B. use walls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

C. remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs

D. count the number of landmarks that you see

（B）

“Come in, Kim. Have a seat, please,” said Bill Williams, the manager. “this was Kim’s first experience with an assessment. After only six months he was due for a raise if this assessment was satisfactory.

“Kim,” began Bill Williams, “I am very pleased with the quality of your work. I have nothing but praise for your devotion and your hard work. My only concern is that youe: exac are not active enough in putting forward your suggestions. ”

“But,” replied Kim, “I have always completed every assignment you have given me. Mr. Williams. ”

“I know tha t, Kim. And please, call me Bill. But what I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas. I need more input from you—more feedback on how things are going. I don’t need a “yes man”. You never tell me what you think. You just smile as t hough everything is fine. ”

“But,” said Kim, “I feel that since you are my superior, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do. ”

“I’m not asking you to tell me what to do, but what you think we could do. To make suggestions, I employed you because I respect your experience in this field, but you are not communicating your thoughts to NT-SIZE: 10.5pt; me. ”

“Yes. I see. I’m not accustomed to this, but I will try to do as you say…Bill. ”“Good, then, I expect to hear more from you at s taff meetings or at any other time you want to discuss an idea with me. ”

“Yes, of course. Thank you, Mr. Will…Bill. ”

69. Kim is the sort of employee who_______.

A. does not speak out his own ideas

B. is not devoted to the job

C. laughs too much over work

D. can not finish his work on time

70. The word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “_____”.

A. full of respect

B. too confident and rude

C. lacking in experience

D. too shy and quiet

06年上海高考

(A)

Cara Lang is 13. She lives in Boston, Massachusetts, U. S. Last Thursday, she didn't go to school. She went to work with her father instead. Every year, on the fourth Thursday in April, millions of young girls go work. This is Take Our Daughters to Work Day. The girls are between the ages of 9 and 15. They spend the day at work with an adult, usually a mother, father, aunt, or uncle. They go to offices, police stations, laboratories, and other places where their parents or other family members work. Next year, the day will include sons, too.

The Ms. Foundation, an organization for women, started the program about ten years ago. In the U.S., many women work outside the home. The Ms. Foundation wanted girls to find out about many different kinds of jobs. Then, when the girls grow up, they can choose a job they like.

Cara's father is a film director. Cara says, “It was very exciting for me to go to the studio with my dad. I saw a lot of people doing different jobs.” Many businesses have special activities for girls on this day. Last year, Cara went to work with her aunt at the University of Massachusetts. In the engineering department, the girls learned to build a bridge with toothpicks and Candy. In the chemistry department, they learned to use scales. They learned about many other kinds of jobs, too.

Right now, Cara does not know what job she will have when she grows up. But because of Take Our Daughters to Work Day, she knows she has many choices.

65. What is Cara's father?

A. An engineer.

B. An official.

C. A moviemaker.

D. A

professor.

66. According to the passage, Take our Daughters to work Day is ______.

A. on every Thursday in April

B. a holiday for girls of all

ages

C. a day for girls to know about jobs

D. a day for girls to get a job

easily

67. On this special day, Cara has done all the following EXCEPT that ____.

A. she learned to use scales

B. she worked as an actress

C. she went to work with her aunt

D. she used toothpicks and

Candy to build a bridge

68. What is probably the best title for the passage?

A. Cara Lang, a Fortunate Girl

B. Take Our Daughters to Work

Day

C. Children's Day and Work Day

D. Ms. Foundation, an

Organization for Women

(B)

Nervous suspects (嫌疑犯) locked up in Britain's newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow colour on the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wall might tip the balance.

Gwent Police have abandoned colours such as grays and browns of the

20th-century police cell (牢房) and have used colour psychology to decorate them.

Ystrad Mynach station, which recently opened at a cost of ￡5 million, has four cells with glass doors for prisoners who suffer from claustrophobia(幽闭恐怖症). Designers have painted the frames yellow, which researchers say is a calming colour. Other cells contain a royal blue line because psychologists believe that the colour is likely to encourage truthfulness.

The station has 31 cells, including 12 with a “live scan” system for drunken or disturbed prisoners, which detects the rise and fall of their chest. An alarm alerts officers if a prisoner's breathing stops and carries on ringing until the door is opened.

Designers and psychologists have worked for years on colour. Blue is said to suggest trust, efficiency, duty, logic, coolness, thinking and calm. It also suggests coldness and unfriendliness. It is thought that strong blues will stimulate clear thought and lighter, soft colours will calm the mind and aid concentration.

Yellow is linked with confidence, self-respect and friendliness. Get the colour wrong and it could cause fear, depression and anxiety, but the right yellow can lift spirits and self-respect.

Ingrid Collins, a psychologist who specializes in the effects of colour, said that colour was an “energy force”. She said: “Blue does enhance communication but I am not sure it would enhance truthful communication.”

Yellow, she said, affected the mind. Red, on the other hand, should never be considered because it could increase aggression. Mrs Collins praised the designers for using colours in the cells. Gwent is not the first British force to experiment with colour to calm down or persuade prisoners to co-operate. In the 1990s Strathclyde Police used pink in cells based on research carried out by the US Navy.

69. The expression “tip the balance” in paragraph 1 probably indicates that the blue might _____.

A. let suspects keep their balance

B. help suspects to confess

their crimes

C. make suspects cold and unfriendly in law court

D. enable suspects to

change their attitudes to colours

70. Which of the following colours should NOT be used in cells according to me passage?

A. Pink.

B. Yellow

C. Blue.

D.

Red.

71. Which of the following helps alert officers if someone stops breathing?

A. Scanning equipment.

B. Royal blue lines.

C. Glass doors.

D.

Yellow frames.

72. The passage is mainly concerned with _____.

A. the relationship between colours and psychology

B. a comparison of different functions of colours

C. the use of colours in cells to affect criminals’ psychology

D. scientific ways to help criminals reform themselves in prison

07年上海高考

(A)

What do you want to be when you grow up? A teacher? A doctor? How about an ice-cream taster?

Yes, there really is a job where you can get paid to taste ice-cream. Just ask John Harrison, an “Official Taste Tester” for the past 21 years. Testing h elps manufacturers to be sure of a product’s quality. During his career Harrison has been responsible for approving large quantities of the sweet ice cream — as well as for developing over 75 flavors (味道).

Some people think that it would be easy to do this job, after all, you just have to like ice cream, right? No —there’s more to the job than that, says Harrison, who has a degree in chemistry. He points out that a dairy or food-science degree would be very useful to someone wanting a career in this “cool” field.

In a typical morning on the job, Harrison tastes and assesses 60 ice-cream samples. He lets the ice cream warm up to about 12℉. Harrison explains, “You get more flavor from warmer ice cream, which is why some kids like to stir it, creating ice-cream soup.”

While the ice cream warms up, Harrison looks over the samples and grades each one on its appearance. “Tasting begins with the eyes,” he explains. He checks to see if the ice cream is attractive and asks himself, “Does the product have the color expected from that flavor?” Next it’s time to taste!

Continuing to think up new ideas, try out new flavors, and test samples from so many kinds of ice cream each day keeps Harrison busy but happy — working at one cool job.

65. What is John Harrison’s job?

A. An official.

B. An ice-cream taster.

C. A chemist.

D. An ice-cream manufacturer.

66. According to John Harrison, to be qualifi ed in the “cool field”, it is helpful to

______.

A. keep a diary of work

B. have a degree in related subjects

C. have new ideas every day

D. find out new flavors each day

67. What does Harrison do first when testing ice cream?

A. He stirs the ice cream.

B. He examines the color of the ice cream.

C. He tastes the flavor of the ice cream.

D. He lets the ice cream warm up.

68. Which of the following is probably the best title of the passage?

A. Tasting with Eyes

B. Flavors of Ice Cream

C. Joh n Harrison’s Life

D. One Cool Job

(B)

9AM

Fresh Water provides an expensive subject for the third programme in the BBC’s fascinating new natural-history series. Broadly, we investigate th e world’s lakes and rivers and the creatures which inhabit them. Thus we visit the deepest lake on the planet, Lake Baikal in

Siberia. We observe large colonies of Indian smooth-coated otters (above) looking around. A magical series which give us a real sense of context in relation to the planet we inhabit. BBC2

FAMILY GUY

11.45PM

Road to Europe. Without proper identification, Brain and Stewie stow away on a plane they think is leaving for England. They’re wrong, and soon they’re in Saudi Arabia (Brain: “Oh my God, we are finished. We are lost in the desert.”) at a beginning of a long trip home.9 PM

Cards on the Table. Tonight’s mystery concerns the death of one of the richest and most mysterious men, Mr

Shaitana(Alexander Siddig ) who has a fascination with crime. Shaitana hosts dinner and a game of bridge in his apartment, but when the time comes the first guests to take their leave, they discover that their host has been stabbed through his heart.

Channel 4

THE GAMES: LIVE

9 PM

For the first time on Games, the men fight in a Kendo Tournament, using 1.2m shinai (Bamboo swords). The woman compete in the cycling, racing wheel-to wheel on competition bikes with no brakes. Plus other news the English Institute of sports in Sheffield.

69. The Fresh Water series at 9 PM ________.

A A. explores the lakes, rivers and the creatures in them

B. is devoted to the freshwater creatures in the world

C. explains the relationship among inhabitants on the earth

D. focuses on the deepest river on the planet

70. The phrase “stow away” most probably means “_________”.

A. hide secretly

B. talk excitedly

C. operate easily

D. guide successfully

71. A mystery story adapted from Agatha Christie’s novel will be shown on ______.

A. BBC1

B. BBC2

C. ITV1

D. Channel 4

08年上海高考

(A)

ASK LASKAS

YOU’VE GOT QUESTIONS, SHE'S GOT

ANSWERS

My children go to a primary school where they are

not allowed to play football in the playground for fear

that a child might be hurt. Besides, now the school

says there must be no homework because the local secondary

school can't keep up with the amount of homework given in

the primary school. Can the school do this? Puzzled Dad

It can't if enough parents do something about it. It is

not just schools. We live in a society which wishes to

get rid of risk. However, schools should have a little

common sense and courage. Children need risk if they arc to grow up self-sufficient and confident. They need homework, too, if they are to fulfill their academic potential. Complain, loudly.

I have a beautiful teenage daughter who spends an hour making up her face in front of the mirror every day. I tell her to go easy. She just gets mad or bursts

into tears. How can I make her understand she's beautiful the way she is. Plain Mom

You can't. Your daughter is at the age when she's trying to look beautiful,

trying on new masks. And if her friends all dress up as she docs, you're in for

an extra hard time. Support her and tell her she's beautiful — even if she looks ridiculous for now. Then invite her to join you for a day at a spa (健康美容中心). Let her try various looks until she's comfortable in her own skin.

65. Why are the children not allowed to play football in the playground?

A. The school is afraid that children might be injured.

B. The school is not sensible and confident.

C. The children don't have enough time to do homework.

D. The children may fail to fulfill their academic potential.

66. What disturbs Plain Mom is that her daughter______.

Q A Q

A. becomes mad

B. cries a lot

C. spends much rime before the mirror

D. is not beautiful enough

67. The solution to Plain Mom's problem is to______.

A. make her daughter look less ridiculous

B. let her daughter dress up like her friends

C. make her daughter go to a spa every week

D. let her daughter feel herself what beauty is

(B)

Zoe Chambers was a successful PR (Public Relations) consultant and life was going well — she had a great job, a beautiful flat and a busy social life in London. Then one evening in June last year, she received a text message telling her she was out of work. The first two weeks were the most difficult to live through." she said. "After everything I'd done for the company, they dismissed me by text! I was so angry and I just didn't feel like looking for another job. I hated everything about the city and my life."

Then, Zoe received an invitation from an old school friend, Kathy, to come and stay. Kathy and her husband, Huw, had just bought a farm in north-west Wales. Zoe jumped at the chance to spend a weekend away from London, and now, ten months later, she is still on the farm.

"The moment I arrived at Kathy's farm, I loved it and I knew I wanted to stay." said Zoe. "Everything about my past life suddenly seemed meaningless."

Zoe has been working on the farm since October of last year and says she has no regrets. "It's a hard life, physically very tiring." she says. "In London 1 was stressed and often mentally exhausted. But this is a good, healthy tiredness. Here, all 1 need to put me in a good mood is a hot bath and one of Kathy's wonderful dinners."

Zoe says she has never felt bored on the farm. Every day brings a new experience. Kathy has been leaching her how to ride a horse and she has learnt to drive a tractor. Since Christmas, she has been helping with the lambing — watching a lamb being born is unbelievable, she says, "It's one of the most moving experiences

I've ever had. I could never go back to city life now."

68. When working as a PR consultant in London, Zoe thought she lived a ______life.

A. satisfying

B. tough

C. meaningless

D. boring

69. The most important reason why Zoe went to visit Kathy's farm is that______.

A. Zoe lost her job as a PR consultant

B. Kathy persuaded her to do so

C. Zoe got tired of the city life

D. Zoe loved Wales more than

London

70. How docs Zoe feel about the country life according to the passage?

A. Tiresome and troublesome.

B. Romantic and peaceful

C. Mentally exhausting but healthy

D. Physically tiring but

rewarding.

71. Which of the following is closest to the main idea of the passage?

A. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

B. Where there is a will, there is a

way.

C. A misfortune may turn out a blessing.

D. Kill two birds with one stone. 09年上海高考

（A）

Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.

“I’ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!” Richard used to boast.

“And you’ll be sorry you knew me,” George would reply “because I’ll be the best lawyer in the town!”

George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money. Instead both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street. It was hard to make money from books, which made the competition between them worse.

Then Richard married a mysterious girl. The couple spent their honeymoon on the coast—but Richard never came back. The police found his wallet on a deserted beach but the body was never found. He must have drowned.

Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his formal rival(竞争对手). Perhaps he missed him?

George was very interested in old dictionaries. He’d recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition. When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect condition and George was delighted. But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in. He was astonished—the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable! Trembling, George started reading.

“Bookends have bought ten bookstores from their rivals Dylans. The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pi ke, is now the largest bookseller in Australia.”

65. George and Richard were ______ at school.

A. roommates

B. good friends

C. competitors

D. booksellers

66. How did George feel about Richard after his disappearance?

A. He envied Richard’s marriage.

B. He thought of Richard from time to time.

C. He felt lucky with no rival in town.

D. He was guilty of Richard’s death.

67. George got information about Richard from ______.

A. a dictionary collector in Australia

B. the latter’s rivals Dylans

C. a rare first edition of a dictionary

D. the wrapping paper of a book

68. What happened to George and Richard in the end?

A. Both George and Richard became millionaires.

B. Both of them realized their original ambitions.

C. George established a successful business while Richard was missing.

D. Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success.

(B)

(B)

Horse-drawn sleigh rides Dogsledding Snowmobiling Welcome to Banff, Canada’s first, most famous and arguably most fascinating nation al park. If you’ve come to ski or snowboard, we’ll see you on the slopes. Skiing is a locals’ favorite too.

While you’re here, try other recreational activities available in our mountains. Popular choices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain, bathe in the natural mineral waters at the Upper Hot Spring, horse-drawn sleigh ride,

drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion, and snowmobile tour to the highland (but not in the national park).

We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasure. After looking around Banff Ave shops, walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic Bow River.

Try ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice Sculpture Competition works are displayed after Jan 25. You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel.

Banff’s backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty—cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means. Banff sport shops rent equipment and clothes, or join an or ganized tour. Although we’ve been many times, we still find the cliffs and icefalls of our frozen canyons worth visiting.

Wildlife watching also creates satisfying memories. We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that attract visitors, yet they still arouse a sense of wonder. And the rare spotting of a cougar, wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away.

See if simple pleasures work for you. Fight in the snow with your kids, walk beside a stream or climb to a high place and admire the view.

—Banff Resort Guide Editors

69. According to the passage, Banff’s backcountry is accessible by _____.

A. cross country skiing

B. horse-drawn sleigh riding

C. snowmobiling

D. dogsledding

70. which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Dogsledding is the most popular sport among local people.

B. Watching wildlife is a memorable experience.

C. Travellers should bring their own sports equipment.

D. Shopping is too simple a pleasure to enjoy.

71. The purpose of the writing is to ______.

A. promote scenic spots in Canada

B. advertise for the sports in Banff

C. introduce tourist activities in Banff

D. describe breathtaking views in Banff

上海高考散文阅读复习

二模考试之后的冲刺阶段，高三语文阅读如何组织有效复习，是目前高三考生及教师思考的问题焦点。按上海语文高考试卷体例结构的六大版块，再做一次梳理与强化，是常见的比较踏实有效的做法。本文试就阅读版块中的现代文(二)——“文学作品”阅读题的考点，做些复习提要。 先看看近三年高考“现代文（二）”的选文类型与基本题型： 从汇总表中不难看出，上海高考现代文(二)——文学作品阅读题已形成两个明显的固化范式： 1.分值加大，反映了对考生人文情怀的引导与关注。对文学鉴赏能力的测量加大权重，有利于整体提升考生的语文素养与气度，对中学语文课加强文学阅读教育具有指导性意义。

2.考点丰富、灵活，涉及面广，全面考察文本解读能力：选材立意、写作内容、思想主旨、感情基调、组织线索、结构思路、艺术手法、语言风格、修辞效果、词语品味、景物描写…… 这里特别提醒：要注意一道多项选择题(6选2)，选择肢考点自由无拘，完全看文本材料特质，适合考什么就出什么考题;而且分值大(6分)，是阅读题中分值最高的小题。 例如，2012年高考现代文(二)第9题：作者多处描述骆驼队，对此分析不恰当的两项是( )( )(6分) A.第①段由一句话构成，简洁而有画面感，将骆驼队这一描述对象凸现出来。 B.第②段先写骆驼群的沉默，再写拉骆驼的人头上冒的热气，有比较的意味。 C.第③段中画线的“但是”一词有强调的作用，语意上与上文没有形成转折。 D.第④段“屈”、“撅”、“跪”一连串动作的描写，让人们感觉到骆驼的温顺。 E.第⑩段不用对话描写而是转述爸爸的话，改变了表达方式，行文富有变化。 F.第(15)段描写了冬天快过完时的骆驼队，暗示“我”对骆驼的感情发生改变。 (参考答案：C F) 这6项选择肢涉及的考点： A项考点：品析句子表达作用。文章开篇紧扣题目说“骆驼队来了，停在我家的门前。”简洁，突出记忆中的核心印象——“骆驼队”。 B项考点：理解描写用意。第②段用拉骆驼者的忙碌，比较突出驼群的“沉默”(温顺性格)。 C项考点：品析词语的表达作用。第3段中“拉骆驼的”所说的实际上否定了“我”的猜想，用“但是”表示前后有转折关系，并非表“强调”。因此C选项错误。 D项考点：动作细节描写的效果分析。这一串动词用在高大的骆驼身上，突出了温顺特点。 E项考点：理解直接引用与间接引用相互变换及其表达效果。间接引用又叫“原意引用”，不仅可以使行文有变化，有时还可以简洁文字，使表达更具概括性。 F项考点：整体把握语段内容与感情。第15段虽然描写了天气变暖后骆驼毛皮“太不整齐”的样子，但从“我真想”的善良愿望、骆驼“轻松的步伐”、铃铛“更清脆”等鲜明情感的词语中可以看出，“我”爱骆驼的感情没什么变化，因此F项判断不当。

上海高考英语阅读理解技巧

上海高考英语阅读理解技巧 幻灯片2 教学内容 体裁分析能力训练 分析题干能力训练 猜词能力训练 猜答案能力训练 幻灯片3 摒弃不良的阅读习惯。 1．“指读” 2．“声读” 3．“译读” 4．“回读” 5．“析读” 6．“参照读” 7．“视幅过窄” 8．“毛病”（bad habits）: 教学过程中，发现学生在阅读时常做些不利于阅读的坏动作。有的同学晃头、颠腿、转笔、听音乐、咬指头、趴在桌子上、揪头发等等。 幻灯片4 体裁分析能力 高考英语考试中阅读理解的文章一般有这样几种文体，即记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。 记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清who、what、where、why与how。 描写文通过细节的描写以画面的方式来反应事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题，主题词往往出现在各个句子里，贯穿文章的始末；紧围绕这个主题进行阅读，找到文章与之有关的信息，并确定信息与主题的关系。 说明文多见于科普文章，用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系，这类文体的文章，首句往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象：弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式；把握次要信息及其与主题的关系。 幻灯片5 论述文的阅读难在这种文章处处都渗透作者的个人观点、态度。阅读论述文应该从文体的写作和结构特点入手. 文章的结构往往容易把握，用主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词(signal words或transitional words)和关联词(referents来组织段落、文章.对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的；要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提到的人物的观点，同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。 体裁分析能力 幻灯片6 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种： 1)Which of the following is NOT true according to the information

2014年高考上海卷语文试题解析(解析版)

2014年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试 上海语文试卷 一阅读80分 （一）阅读下文，完成1—6题。（18分） 受众的新闻素养：能力和意愿 ①新闻作为一种媒体信息，本应有助于人们了解事情的真相，如信息论的提出者香农就曾把信息定义为“不确定性的消除”，然而信息也会增加人们对真相认识的不确定性。尤其在这个信息爆炸的时代，如何摆 脱这种困境 ．．？除了优化信息环境外，更现实的途径是提高受众的新闻素养。 ②在信息时代，批判性地解读和使用媒体信息应是社会成员的基本技能。为什么在今天要特别强调受众的“新闻素养”？这是由新闻的性质和当今新闻的发展趋势决定的。新闻是帮助公民自治的必要信息，和其他出于私人利益或兴趣而获得的信息不同，它关乎社会群体的公共利益，最终会影响私人生活。而随着信息技术的发展、商业文化的介入、新闻发布门槛的降低，新闻与评论、娱乐、宣传的界线不再像从前那样清晰，“准新闻”甚至“伪新闻”层出不穷。 ③新闻受众应该提高自己的新闻辨别能力，对不同来源的信息设置不同的警惕值，这样才能使自己变得明智。如何批判性地解读新闻？受众可以从以下几个方面加以考虑：1、报道有无确切的来源？来源可靠吗？2、报道的内容完整吗？是否包含事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、经过等要素？假如不完整，原因是什么？3、报道者提供了什么证据？这些证据是怎样检验或核实的？4、这则新闻除了报道事件外，是否还有其他意图？ ④有人认为受众都是愿意看到真相的，他们欠缺的仅仅是辨别能力，然而现实中相当多的受众首先欠缺的是寻求事实真相的意愿。如果说从前的新闻受众在接收信息上缺乏自由的话，那么现在的新闻受众更多是被诱惑，把有限的时间用于关注娱乐新闻，而最危险的是在被抑制和被诱导中养成的对事实真相无所谓的态度，要么是“你知道了真相又能怎样”，要么是“根本就没有真相，一切都是阴谋”。前者导致老于世故地配合做戏，后者导致愤世嫉俗、拒绝相信一切。 ⑤还有一些人尽管有寻求事实真相的意愿，却习惯于把常识当成真相，或者以常识为标准来判断事件是否真实。□ ⑥我们生活的时代，受众越来越多地拥有制作和发布新闻的机会，所以，仅仅强调受众解读新闻的能力和追求真相的意愿其实是不够的，还应该提高受众参与新闻生产的能力，提高他们所生产的新闻的质量。从新闻业的发展来看，无论对新闻受众还是对新闻工作者，这可能都有更大的价值 1、第①段加点词“困境”在文中指的是的状况。（2分） 【答案】本应消除不确定性的信息却增加了对真相认识的不确定性 【解析】 试题分析：本题属于《2014年高考上海卷考试手册·语文科》“理解词语、句子在语言环境中的意义”考点。此类题目出题人的意图是考查考生对词语在语境中意义的理解能力，解答方学科网法是，首先联系词

(完整版)2018年上海高考语文试卷及答案(可编辑修改word版)

2018 年上海秋季高考语文卷 一积累应用（10 分） 1.填空（5 分） （1）子曰：“君子固穷，。”（《论语·卫灵公》）（1 分） （2）寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，。（李清照《》）（2 分） （3）《梦游天姥吟留别》中“，”两句描写梦中的声音，震动林泉，使人心惊胆战。（2 分） 2.按要求选择（5 分） （1）下列选项中，各句使用不恰当的一项是（）。（2 分） A、老吴七十学画，今天开画展，朋友发来短信：“莫道桑榆晚，为霞尚满天。” B、沈教授为人真挚，安然奉教数十年，深受学生爱戴，可谓“桃李不言，下自成蹊。” C、王老师备课总是深入而又全面，她知道“以其昏昏，使人昭昭”是不可能的。 D、小赵的论文缺乏独到的见解，他的导师给他写评语说：“言之无文，行之不远。” （2）将下列编号的语句依次填入语段空白处，语意连贯的一项是（）（3 分） 艺术家可以活在艺术史中，，，，，艺术可以保持对 于时代的冷漠，从而彰显艺术的自主性品格。 ①艺术的独立性不是说艺术可以断绝与时代的关系 ②他们生活在社会历史之中 ③但更为普遍真实的是 ④而是说一种抵抗方式 A、③①④② B、③②①④ C、②①④③ D、②③①④ 二、阅读70 分 （一）阅读下文，完成第 3—7 题。（16 分） 喜怒哀乐的经济逻辑 熊秉元 ①十八世起的哲学家休谟说：“理智乃情感之奴。”也是说，人是情感、情绪的动物。 ②哲学家大多认为，喜怒哀乐，爱恨情仇是驾驭人的原始力量，理智不是居于支配和奴役的地位， 人的境况，还真是可悲可悯。 ③然而，法国人类学家列堆·斯特劳斯提醒世人：原始都落里看来古怪甚至是荒诞不经的仪式举措，背后其实都是有逻辑的。这位大师的见解，相当程度上改变了学界和世人对原始部落的认知。 ④既然原始部落那些古怪的仪式举措可以用新的方法得到解释，那么，情感、情绪是不是也可以用 新的眼光得到新的、不同的解读呢？ ⑤我们先从简单的例子说起，如果人真的是情感的动物，那么一旦受到处部环境的刺激，就应不加控制地将情感表达出来，可是，被师长责备时，有多少人会回嘴或怒目以对？对于上司或面试的主考官，有多少人会直接宣泄心中不满的情绪？大概不多，除非打定“此处不留人”的主意！可见，人并非情感的动物。情感的运用其实有规律可循。用经济学的话来说，就是对成本和效益的考量：对师长、上司、主考官等宣泄不满，成本高而效益低，做了不划算，因此不值得这么做。 ⑥比较复杂的一种情况是：很多人把气往父母兄弟身上出，对朋友却格外客气有礼，家人似乎比不 上朋友，这又是为什么呢？这种现象看起来奇怪，其实一点就明，还是成本效益的考量：家人被得罪，

历年上海高考英语阅读汇总120篇===

历年上海高考英语阅读汇总120篇===

历年上海高考英语阅读汇总120篇 本试卷分为第Ⅰ卷（第1-12页）第Ⅱ卷（第13页）两部分。全卷共13页。满分150分，考试时间120分钟。 第Ⅰ卷（共110分） I. Listening Comprehension Part A Short Conversations Directions: In Part A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversations, a question will be asked about what said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about is, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At 1:00 p.m. B. At 1:30 p.m. C. At 2:00p.m. D. At 2:30p.m. 2. A. At a tailor’s B. At a laundry. C. At a clothing store.

D. At a supermarket. 3. A. Customer and cashier. B. Waitress and diner. C. Secretary and manager D. Husband and wife 4. A. They are in high demand. B. They are inexpensive. C. They are not available. D. They are awful. 5. A. He did better than expected. B. He failed the maths exam. C. He used to be a top student D. He answered only 10% of the questions 6. A. Interesting B. Relaxing C. Unfinished D. Disappointing 7. A. He has to wait for someone else B. He has to fix the seat first. C. There is something wrong with the car D. The woman must fasten the seat belt. 8. A. She won the first prize B. She was glad to hear the news. C. She did not attend the contest

2019届上海市各区高三英语一模试卷题型分类专题汇编--阅读理解A篇--老师版(纯净word带答案已校对终结版)

One【2019届上海市虹口区高三英语一模试题】 Section B Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) There aren’t many actors around the world who have enough self confidence to turn down an offer from Steven Spielberg. Maybe that was why Juliette Binoche gave him a choice. She said she’d be happy to be in Jurassic Park as long as she could play a dinosaur. Of course he turned her down and it was probably a good thing. It’s difficult to imagine Juliette ripping people apart with her teeth. However, her decision doesn’t seem to have done her career any harm. She has gone on to make a string of hits, including The Unbearable Lightness of Being, The English Patient (for which she won an Oscar) and Chocolat. Success in the United States has not been so easy for other foreign stars. Gerald Depardieu is a good example. Since his first film in 1967, his filmography(影片集锦) lists 172 acting credits. But he has struggled on the other side of the pond. While some of his films have been popular in the US, they have usually been French films that travelled. One possible exception was Green Card, directed by Peter Weir, where he plays a French immigrant who goes through a fake wedding in order to stay and work in the United States. This is a predictable but sweet romantic comedy which typecasts (分配同一类型角色) its lead actors in terms of national stereotypes. While some reviewers were kind, others shredded both the film and Depardieu’s performance. While Monsieur Depardieu has n’t received the recognition he would have liked in the United States, one Mexican actor has achieved almost instant success. Gael Garcia Bernal first gained recognition in Amores Perros in 2000 and a year later in Y tu mama tambien. Since then he has appeared with hometown hero, Brad Pitt in Babel and, under the direction of top producer and director, Jim Jarmusch, he starred in Limits of Control. He hasn’t picked up an Oscar yet, but he

上海市黄浦区2014届高三语文一模试卷(含答案)

黄浦区2013学年度第一学期高三年级期终考试 语文试卷2014年1月8日 考生注意： 1．答卷前，考生务必在答题卷上将自己的姓名等相关信息及准考证号填写清楚。 2．本考试设试卷和答题卷两部分，所有试题的答案及作文必须全部写在答题卷上，写在试卷上一律不给分；答题时应注意试题题号和答题卷题号一一对应，不能错位。 3．本试卷共6页，试卷总分150分，考试时间150分钟。 一、阅读80分 （一）阅读下文，完成第1—6题。（16分） 用设计去改变生活 冯骥才 ①在哥本哈根，几次听丹麦人说这么一句话：“生活的一切都是设计出来的。”这句话细琢磨很有道理，只要是人创造出来的东西哪样没有设计？然而，为什么以前没听过这种说法？这不是一般的话，里边包含着一种新观念，就是要自觉和主动地用设计去改变生活。 ②由此，我注意到在丹麦大大小小的城市，包括机场都可以看到一种新颖独特的商店，叫做新设计品商店。走进商店，眼前一亮，一方面所有商品都是我们日常身边的生活用品，家具、餐具、灯具、厨具、洁具、玩具，还有居室的、园艺的、电器的等等无所不包；但另一方面，它不是一般的百货商场或家居超市，这里一切物品一概是新颖的、没见过的、创新的。无论是颜色、造型、理念、使用方法，全都充满了设计师独特的创意，更漂亮更现代更便捷，有的还有新的科技含量。比如刚刚摆到店中的一把雨伞，形状很怪，前尖后圆——这种伞的奇妙之处是在很大的风雨中都不会翻过去。柜台前有一台小电视，播放着这种雨伞“风雨不怕”的神奇效果。 ③我忽想到，这数千种全新并不断更新的产品，需要多么巨大的设计创意与能力来支持？不只是丹麦，整个北欧都看重现代生活离不开的至关重要的两个字——设计。□。哥本哈根有一座新设计博物馆，展示了人类生活一些方面设计的历史，以及设计与发明、材料、科技及文化的关系；其中几座世界上最现代的音乐厅与歌剧院的设计所体现出的新科技、新理念、新思想、新的审美精神以及超前的创造力，令人叹为观止。这座博物馆骄傲地展示着设计创新与生活进步的关系。 ④前两年我访问瑞典和挪威归来，写过一文《从简朴到简约》。我说，北欧四国与中欧和南欧不同，在历史上北欧没有处于欧洲文化中心，没有太多的“人文包袱”；他们的本土文化一直单纯简朴，也就比较容易从固有的“简朴”走进现代文化所需要的“简约”。但是这绝不是听其自然的转化，而是一种自觉的进取。他们首先是明明白白认清自己特有的传统，进而去创造属于北欧的现代文化形态。在这中间，设计被摆到最关键位臵，设计师成了时代文化的主角之一。通过数十年乃至几代设计师的努力，不仅形成了北欧特有的现代文化精神与审美语言，还有力地影响了整个世界。 ⑤设计不仅改变了生活，也创造了独特的生活精神与情感。设计被作为一种创意的代名词，设计师被视作最有创新思维的艺术家，为世人所尊重。如今设计在北欧是一种真正的文化时尚；当然，不是低层次的娱乐时尚，而是高端的文化时尚。 ⑥从经济角度看，设计还是一种巨大的生产力。在丹麦有一家享誉全球的积木玩具公司——乐高，上世纪三四十年代由一位名叫克里斯第森的人所创。它是一种带有“连接颗粒”、可以自由拼砌的五色（红、黄、蓝、白、黑）塑料积木，能够听凭人们的想象自由地堆砌出各种事物来。在乐高所在地比隆小镇，有一座闻名全球的主题公园，使用了4200万块塑料积木，拼砌成世界各地名胜、

上海高考现代文阅读考纲及答题技巧

上海高考语文现代文阅读考纲解读 对于文学类文本阅读，要求： 1、分析作品结构，概括作品主题 2、分析作品题材的基本特征和主要表现手法 3、体会重要语句的丰富含意，品味精彩的语言表达艺术 4、欣赏作品的形象，欣赏作品的内涵，领悟作品的艺术魅力 5、对作品表现出来的价值判断和审美取向做出评价 6、从不同的角度和层面发掘作品的意蕴、民族心理和人文精神 7、探讨作品中蕴涵的民族心理和人文精神 8、对作品进行个性化阅读和有创意的解读 @ 阅读鉴赏中外文学作品，了解小说、散文、诗歌、戏剧等文学体裁的基本特征及主要表现手法。文学作品的阅读鉴赏，注重审美体验。感受形象，品味语言，领悟内涵，分析艺术表现力；理解作品反映的社会生活和情感世界，探索作品蕴含的民族心理和人文精神。 基础知识必备 必备一考场现代文阅读步骤 1、揣摩题干，有备而读 研究题干，看看命题人问了哪些方面的问题，在大脑里要形成“问题连锁” 2、品读题目，缘文驰想 文章题目往往最先告诉人们作品要歌颂什么，反对什么，宣扬什么，控诉什么 3、浏览首句，略知梗概 把各段的首句抽调出来进行整合性联读，就会发现作者的思路 4、默读全文，圈点勾画 — 有两点提示：一是思考问题要瞻前顾后；一是准确圈定答题区 5、深思熟虑，精确表达 在表达时，一要整合筛选重要信息；二要剔除可有可无的字句；三要用词雅致精确。 千变万化的题目经过分析整理，可以分为几类；同类题目，答题思路大致相同。 必备二表达技巧分类及应答策略 高考的大学读一般为精美的哲理散文、抒情散文和微型小说。 1、人称表达类解题思路： （1）确认人称的运用或变化 （2）了解每一种人称的作用，明确解题的方向。 （3）结合内容分析其具体作用。 ， 2、修辞方法类解题思路： （1）确认所用的修辞手法。 （2）明确答题方向。 一般说来，描绘类的修辞手法作用为使描写对象生动形象，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张；结构类的修辞手法作用为突出强调，主要有对偶、排比、反问。表达类的修辞手法作用为增强语气，主要有反问和设问。在具体运用中又有些细微的差别，现将《考试大纲》新规定的八种修辞手法的作用列举如下：比喻生动形象，化无形为有形；夸张表达感情更强烈；拟人表达亲切，有情趣；对偶整齐，有节奏感；排比一气呵成，突出强调；反复紧凑、有气势、表达效果强烈；反问表达鲜明，起强化作用；设问突出强调。

2017年上海秋季高考语文试卷及参考答案

2017年上海秋季高考语文试卷及参考答案 一积累应用10分 1．按要求填空。（5分） （1）此地有崇山峻岭，___________，又有清流激湍，映带左右。（王羲之《兰亭集序》） （2）___________，献愁供恨，玉簪螺髻。（辛弃疾《___________·登建康赏心亭》） （3）柳永《雨霖铃》中“多情自古伤离别，更那堪冷落清秋节”两句，直抒胸臆，感情深厚；陆游《书愤》中也有直抒胸臆的一联是“________________，__________________”。 2．按要求选择。（5分） （1）小明做事马虎，他想写一句话来警醒自己，以下句子合适的一项是（）。（2分） A．愚者千虑，必有一得。 B．一屋不扫，何以扫天下？ C．患生于所忽，祸起于细微。 D．勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。 （2）填入下面语段空白处的词句，最恰当的一项是（）。（3分） 吴人的祖先很会唱歌，这是人所共知的。_________________，而且被民间文艺工作者收集保存。可是吴地的舞蹈呢？我们祖先的那种伴有呜呜歌声的舞蹈哪里去了呢？ A．吴歌、白茅山歌从古到今都有人会唱 B．吴歌、白茅山歌有人从古到今都会唱 C．有人从古到今都会唱吴歌、白茅山歌 D．从古到今都有人会唱吴歌、白茅山歌 二阅读70分 (一)阅读下文，完成第3－7题。（16分） 常识和理论 ①依据我们的常识，桌面是光滑的，物理学的理论却告诉我们，桌子由原子组成，原子之间有空隙，桌面其实坑坑洼洼。很多人疑惑：理论和常识冤家碰头时，我们是该相信理论还是该坚守常识呢？ ②其实，理论和常识很难笼统地拿来比较。因为平时说的“常识”一词，所称的内容十分繁杂。鲸鱼是一种鱼，这份常识保存在“鲸鱼”这个词里，但鲸鱼是哺乳动物，这也是大家都知道的常识。太阳东升西落是常识，而地球围着太阳转也是常识。为了区分，我们把“鲸鱼是哺乳动物”“地球围着太阳转”这一类常识称作“科学常识”。本文要讨论的常识，是指来自日常经验的常识而非科学常识。“常识”这个词也不能指称错误的东西，错误与否不以科学为判断标准，而以日常经验为标准，一旦发现某些原本相信的东西不符合日常经验，我们也就不再称之为“常识”。 ③常识是由正常情况培养起来的。我们看到水往低处流、火焰向上窜，那就

上海市高考英语总复习：阅读理解(附答案解析)

2021年上海市高考英语总复习：阅读理解 1．I believe in holding onto traditions because they helped our family flourish（兴旺）in a new country．But this concept is more concretely expressed this way：I believe in feeding monkeys on my birthday ﹣something I've done without fail for 35 years． In the Burmese jungle，monkeys are as common as pigeons．But in America，feeding monkeys means violating（违反）the rules． As a kid，I thought that was cool．I learned English through watching bad television shows and expected that I was the chosen warrior（勇士）sent to defend my family．Dad and I would go to the zoo early in the morning，just the two of us．When the coast was clear，I would throw my peanuts to the monkeys． I never had to explain myself until my 18th birthday．It was the first year I didn't go with my father．I went with my friends and arrived 10 minutes after the zoo gates closed．"Please，" I begged the zookeeper，"I feed monkeys for my family，not for me．Can't you make an exception？" "Go find a pet store，" she said． If only it were so easy．That time，I got lucky．I found out that a high school classmate trained the monkeys for the movie Out of Africa，so he allowed me to feed his monkeys．Once a man with a pet monkey suspected that my story was aploy﹣that I was an animal rights activist（积极分子）out to liberate（释放）his monkey．Another time，a zoo told me that outsiders could not feed the monkeys without violating the zookeepers' collective bargaining agreement．Once in a pet store，I managed to feed a marmoset（狨）being kept in a birdcage．Another time，I was asked to wear a special suit to feed a laboratory monkey． It's rarely easy and，yet，somehow I've found a way to feed a monkey every year since I was born． （1）Why has the author fed monkeys all these years？ A．To please his father． B．To develop a new hobby． C．To celebrate his birthday．

2014年上海高三(上)期中考试语文试卷(有答案)

上海2014学年第一学期期中考试高三语文 一、阅读（80分） （一）阅读下文，完成1-6题（17分） 悠然把酒对西山 陈从周 ①?更喜高楼明月夜，悠然把酒对西山?，明米万钟在他北京西郊的园林里。写了这两句 诗句。一望而知是从晋人陶渊明?采菊东篱下，悠然见南山？脱胎而来的。不管?对？也好，?见?也好，所指的都是远处的山。这就是中国园林设计中的借景。把远景纳为园中一景， 增加了该园的景色变化。这在中国古代造园中早已应用，明计成在他所著《园冶》一书中总结出来，有了定名。他说：?借者，园虽别内外，得景无拘远近。?已阐述得很明白了。北 京的西郊，西山统蜒若屏，清泉汇为湖沼，最宜建园，历史上曾为北京园林集中之地，明清 两代，蔚为大观，其中圆明园更被称为?万园之园?。 ②这座在历史上驰名中外的名园—圆明园，其于造园之术，可用?因水成景，借景西山？ 八字来概括。圆明园的成功，在于?因?、?借?二字，是中国古代园林的主要手法的具体 表现。圆明园在1860年英法联军与1900年八国联军入侵北京时已全被焚毁，今仅存断垣残基。如今，只能用另一个大园林颐和园来谈借景。 ③颐和园在北京西北郊10公里，万寿山耸翠园北。昆明湖弥漫山前，玉泉山蜿蜒其西， 风景洵美。颐和园是以杭州西湖为蓝本，精心模拟故西堤、水岛、烟柳画桥，移江南的淡妆，现北地之胭脂，景虽有相同，趣则各异。 ④园面达三、四平方公里，水面占四分之三，北国江南因水而成。人东宫门，见仁寿殿， 峻宇翠飞，峰石罗前。绕其南豁然开朗，明湖在望。 ⑤万寿山面临昆明湖，佛香阁踞其颠，八角四层，俨然为全园之中心。登阁则西山如黛， 湖光似镜，跃然眼帘；俯视则亭馆扑地，长廊萦带，景色全囿于一园之内，其所以得无尽之 趣，在于借景。小坐湖畔的湖山真意亭，玉泉山山色塔影，移人槛前，而西山不语，直走京 畿，明秀中又富雄伟，为他园所不及。 ⑥廊在中国园林中极尽变化之能事，颐和园长廊可算显例，其予游者之兴味最浓，印象特深，廊引人随，中国画山水手卷，于此舒展，移步换影，上苑别馆，有别宫禁，宜其清代帝

上海市高考语文现代文阅读精选参考答案

上海市高考语文现代文阅读精选参考答案 高三 2013-10-06 21:44 上海市高考语文现代文阅读精选参考答案 （1）1.①“旅行”，指记者米勒的采访、营救行程。②“坟墓”，柯林斯获救的希望非常渺茫，如同处在坟墓中(或最终还是葬身洞穴); ③记者的采访行程中也时刻经受死亡的威胁，故记者的采访行程就如同“在坟墓中旅行”。 2.(1)柯林斯焦急和渴望生存的心情。(2)我们对柯林斯的安慰和鼓励，给他以温暖和 希望。 3.以记者进出洞穴的艰难险阻，突出施救的困难，反映被困者所经受的痛苦;突出了新闻的真实性，深化了作品的人道主义主题。 4.①本新闻是记者冒着生命危险，深入实地亲见亲闻的真实报道，它体现了记者对职业操守的恪守。②本报道不仅报道了施救的艰难，更反映了社会对被困者的积极施救，体现了社会对生命的关爱与尊重，体现了人道主义的精神。 （2）1．用于制造更强大的传感器和探测器 2.D 3. 在电子计算机中，一个比特用大量电子来代表；而在量子计算机中，只需用一个电子就可以标明一个比特 4.量子力学是研究微观世界基本原理的物理学 5.运用举例子、列数字、作比较等方法，具体、准确、明白、易懂地说明了事物。 6. 量子力学将为量子计算技术带来更大的进步，如真正安全的密码技术等。（意思对即可） （3）1．①借“三只苹果”的故事，突出乔布斯的人生成就和他对时代的巨大影响。②由“三只苹果”的故事转入作者自己对乔布斯的评价，亲切自然。 2．而乔布斯把苏格拉底作为自己人生的第一偶像，他与众不同，不畏挫折、屡败屡战，用他的一生诠释了苏格拉底哲学所代表的那种批判、创新、理性、反思的人生态度与精神。 3．①“苹果”诱惑了夏娃，砸醒了牛顿，是智慧的象征。②“苹果”作为公司和品牌名称，与乔布斯的一生紧紧相连。③“握住智慧的‘苹果’”，既是对乔布斯哲学人生的形象概括，也是对本文主旨的形象归纳。 4．①乔布斯的一生证明了苏格拉底对哲学智慧的理解。哲学智慧是对知识的“爱”，是我们每个人都可以在自身中发掘的智慧能力。②重大抉择时，不盲从旧规，不取媚大众，走自己的路，做真实的自己。③“记住你即将死去”，

上海高考英语阅读

词汇 【难度】☆【建议用时】8mins A. involved B. figures C. inevitably D. initiated E. appointed F. average G. transformed H. reasonable I. remarkably J. indications K. charge Long after the 2010 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still criticizing the unfair refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was __1__ to study the performance of some top referees(裁判). The researcher organized experimental matches which __2__ four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in __3__. Observers noted down the referees' errors, of which there were 61 over the matches. When __4__ into a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a(n) __5__ high number. The researcher then studied the videotapes to have a detailed analysis of the matches, and __6__ are that the errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research __7__ show that the best distance is about 20 meters. There also seemed to be a (n) __8__ speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The __9__ speed for errors was meters per second. If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the World Cup, referees should be __10__ into the rule of keeping their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues. 【Keys】: EAKGI JBHFD B 【难度】☆☆【建议用时】10 mins During the initial stages of instructed L2 (the second language) acquisition students learn a couple thousand, mainly high frequency words. Functional language proficiency, however, __50__ mastery of a considerably large number of words. It is therefore __51__ at the intermediate and advanced stages of language acquisition to learn a large vocabulary in a short period of time. There is not enough time to __52__ the natural (largely incidental) L1 (the first language) word acquisition process. Incidental acquisition of the words is only possible up to a point, __53__, on account of their low frequency, they do not __54__ often enough in the L2 learning material. Acquisition of new words from authentic L2 reading texts by means of strategies such as contextual deduction(演绎) is also not a __55__ for a number of reasons. There appears to be no __56__to intentional learning of a great many new words in a relatively short period of time. The words to be learned may be __57__ in isolation or in context. Presentation in bilingual（双语的）word lists seems an __58__ shortcut because it takes less time than contextual presentation and yields excellent short term results. Long term memory, __59__, is often disappointing so contextual presentation seems advisable. Any suggestions on how to use this in educational contexts should be based on a systematic __60__ of the two most important aspects of the L2 word learning problem, this is to say, selecting the relevant vocabulary (which and how many words) and creating the best conditions for the acquisition process. This article sets out to __61__a computer