李观仪《新编英语教程》(修订版)学习指南-Unit 4【圣才出品】
Unit 4
一、单元语法
本单元主要涉及情态动词表虚拟和推测。
1. 情态动词表虚拟
其结构为：needn’t/would/could/should/ought to have done，表对过去事实的虚拟，意为“本…，而实际上并未”。例：
You needn’t have come here so early.你本没必要来这么早。
We could have walked to the station; it’s so near.我们本可以走到车站的，那么近。
He would have been a rich man, but a fire burned all his possessions.
他本可以很富有的，但一场大火烧光了他的所有财产。
More attention should have been given to this issue.这个问题本应给予更多重视。
2. 情态动词表推测
主要结构有must/can’t (couldn’t)/might have done。must have done和might have done是对过去事实的肯定猜测，后者语气较弱；can’t have done是对过去发生事情的否定猜测。例：
He must have read books about Shakespeare, because he knew so much about him.
他一定读过有关莎士比亚的书籍，因为他对莎士比亚了解那么多。
She was thankful that she’d had her baby in hospital; otherwise, she thought the baby might have died.她很感激把孩子送到了医院，不然，她原以为孩子可能会死去。
－I called him last night, but no one answered.
－He can’t have been at home.
－昨晚我给他打电话了，但没人接听。
－他肯定不在家。
二、词汇短语
Language structures
1. sign up for sth经报名参加to agree to be a participant or recipient by signing
one’s name：sign up for a secretarial course注册参加秘书课程
2. sprain[ ] v. injure (a joint in the body, esp a wrist or an ankle) by sudden
twisting or wrenching so that there is pain and swelling扭伤（关节，尤指
腕和踝）：She sprained her ankle playing squash. 她在打软式墙网球时扭伤
了脚踝。
Dialogue I
1. eyesight[ ] n. normal use of the faculty of vision视力
2. dense[ ] adj. having component parts closely crowded together密集的，浓
密的：a dense crowd密集的人群
3. enforce[ ] vt. force people to obey (a law, etc); make sth effective强迫
人服从（法律等），使某事物生效，实施：Don’t enforce your will on the
child, please.请别把你的意愿强加给这孩子。
4. swarm [ ] v. to be overrun; teem泛滥，挤满：a riverbank swarming with
insects昆虫泛滥的河岸
5. torment[ ]n. & v. to cause to undergo great physical pain or mental
anguish折磨：He has never suffered the torment of rejection他从未经受过
遭人拒绝的痛苦。
6. residential[ ] adj. of, relating to, or having residence住宅的：a
residential district住宅区
7. intolerable[ ] adj. too bad to be borne or endured无法忍受的，
难以容忍的：intolerable insolence不能容忍的傲慢
8. downtown[ ] adv. the commercial center of a town or city市中心，
市区
9. irritate[ ] vt. to rouse to impatience or anger; annoy激怒，使烦躁：
His words irritated me.他的话使我很生气。
10. horn[ ] n. device for sounding a warning signal示警装置
11. scooter[ ]n. a type of small, less powerful motorcycle with small
wheels小型摩托车
12. restriction[ ] n. a principle that limits the extent of something
限制，约束：The sale of firearms is subject to many legal restrictions.出售
枪支受到许多法律限制。
13. disturbance[ ] n. person or thing that disturbs进行骚扰的人或事
物：You can work in here without any disturbance.在这儿你可不受任何干扰
地工作。
14. awareness[ ] n. having knowledge of认识，意识：Youth glided past
without our awareness.青春在我们不知不觉中逝去。
15. drastic[ ]adj. forceful and extreme and rigorous剧烈的，猛烈的：
Drastic measures will have to be taken to restore order.为恢复秩序必须采取
严厉措施。
16. erosion[ ]n. the mechanical process of wearing or grinding
something down侵蚀，腐蚀：The erosion of the coastline by the sea was
ignored by people.海水对海岸的冲刷被人们忽视了。
Dialogue II
1. marvelously[ ]adv. extremely well奇迹般地，奇异地：Their
voices blend marvelously as they sing in chorus.他们合唱时嗓音非常和谐。
2. bucket[ ] n. a roughly cylindrical vessel that is open at the top桶，水桶
3. panic[ ]n. a sudden, overpowering terror惊恐，恐慌：There was a
panic when the building caught fire.大楼起火时，人们一片惊慌。
4. leak[ ] v. allow liquid or gas to get in or out wrongly漏：The boat leaks
like a sieve.这条船漏得像个筛子。
5. capsize [ ] v. to overturn or cause to overturn倾覆，颠覆：A sudden
strong wind capsize their boat.突然一阵强风弄翻了他们的船。
6. flare[ ]n. (device that produce a) flaring light used esp. as a signal闪光
（装置）（尤指用作信号的）
7. get round to do/doing sth.终于能做某事，找出时间做某事find time to do sth.
8. consequence[ ] n. thing that is a result or an effect of sth else结
果，后果，影响：Nobody can tell what the consequences may be.没有人能
说出可能的后果。【搭配】as a consequence/ in consequence因而，结果；in
consequence of由于…的缘故
Reading I
1. refer to to mention or speak about someone or something涉及到，提到
2. surroundings[ ]n. the external circumstances, conditions, and
objects that affect existence and development; the environment环境：
The house is in beautiful surroundings.这座房屋四周的环境优美。
3. substance[ ] n. a material of a particular kind or constitution物质
4. fertilizer[ ]n. any substance such as manure or a mixture of
nitrates used to make soil more fertile化肥，肥料
5. pesticide[ ] n. a chemical used to kill pests, especially insects杀虫
剂，农药
6. junk[ ] n. discarded material破烂，垃圾
7. survival[ ]n. a state of surviving; remaining alive生存，幸存：
Survival is our first imperative.我们当务之急是设法生存下来。
8. marine[ ] adj. of or relating to the sea海的，海洋的：marine creatures
海洋生物
9. discharge[ ] v. to pour forth; emit排放：discharge waste water排
放废水
10. aid[ ] n. helping; assistance帮助：call in sb’s aid请某人援助
11. take action采取行动take steps：The police had to take firm action to deal with
the riots.警方不得不采取果断行动来对付骚乱。
12. rural[ ] adj. of, relating to, or characteristic of the country农村的，
田园的
13. vehicle[ ] n. a device or structure for transporting persons or things
交通工具
14. industrial[ ]adj. of, relating to industry工业的，产业的：
England is an advanced industrial country.英国是一个发达的工业国家。15.pollutant [ ]n. something that pollutes, especially a waste
material that contaminates air, soil, or water污染物
16. affect[ ]vt. to have an influence on or effect a change in影响：This
article will affect my thinking.这篇文章将会影响我的思想。
Reading II
1. ministry[ ]n. a governmental department presided over by a
minister（政府的）部门
2. deteriorate[ ] v. to diminish or impair in quality, character, or
value使恶化，损害：Relation between the two countries have deteriorate