考研英语英译汉
考研英语英译汉
英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言，其思维方式和表达习惯可以说是千差万别，不了解这些差别，翻译时肯定会四处碰壁、头破血流。因此，要解决翻译中的难题，一个很关键的步骤是了解英语跟汉语的区别。下面我们就重点分析十大区别：
一、英语重结构，汉语重语义
我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治
的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)
我们看一看下面的例子：
Chidren will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in_ built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell_television, and digital age will have arrived(2001年第72题)
译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。
这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。从中文到英文的翻译中，语义与结构的区别就更加明显。街头笑话"Good good study, day day up."和"You don know, who know！"之所以好笑，是因为"好好学习，天天向上。"和"你不知道，谁知道？"是典型的中文表达，直接翻译成英文不符合英文语法。正确的翻译其实很简单：Work hard and make progress everyday./If you don't know, who knows？动词Work和make是句子的核心，两者之间用并列连词连接；If引导从句使who knows成为整个句子的主句。如果没有这些结构上的调整，中文句子的语义是无法用英语表达出来的。
二、英语多长句，汉语多短句
由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。
例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.(99年第72题)
译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。
英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零"…产生兴趣…，这与其说是因为…，还不如说是因为…。
下面我们再看一个简单的例子：
In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
如果把这个句子译成"门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞"，中文明显有些拐扭，效果肯定就
差远了。
三、英语多从句，汉语多分句
英语句子不仅可以在简单句(前面两个例子都是简单句)中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。
例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.(92年第75题)
译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。
原文中两个only if引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：…能够得出结论…但是只要…而且只要…。从上面的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only if...被首先提纲挚领地先来了个介绍：但是必须具备两个条件……，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。下面我们再看一个简单的例子：
Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me？
译文：我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
汉语用三个分句表达原文的意思，显然效果很好，如果译成：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？不仅效果不好，而且显得费劲。
四、英语多代词，汉语多名词
英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句：
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规)，监测器就会使其停驶。(2001年第71题)
英文原句共使用了三个代词：关系代词that、宾格代词them和主格代词they，汉语译文中却只用一个代词"其"，that被译成了名词"监测器"，they被译成了名词"汽车"。这是因为汉语里没有关系代词，that从英语语法上讲指代的是先行词monitors，把它译成名词"监测器"就成了很地道的汉语表达。而如果把they译成"它们"，汉语里就有可能语义不清，因为"它们"有可能指"汽车"，也有可能指"监测器"。由此可见，英语里很多代词译成汉语时都要变成名词。
此外，许多考研翻译题中代词的指代对象往往不在划线部分，在这种情况下，代词更应该翻译成名词。
例如：They are the possessions of the autonomous (self_governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.(2002年第64题)
译文：自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西，一个人必须对其行为负责，他的成绩必须得到赞扬，在这些实践中，自由和尊严是必不可少的。
原文中的"they"在句中显然找不到指代对象，根据上下文，它应该指前面提到的freedom and dignity(自由和尊严)，在翻译的时候如果译成"它们"就已经是表达不清，如果译成"他们"，那显然就是大错特错的了，因此应该译成名词"自由和尊严"。
五、英语多被动，汉语多主动
英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有"被"、"由"之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译：
It is said that...据说……
IT is believed that...据认为……
It is reported that...据报道……
It is estimated that...据估计……
It inust be pointed out that...必须指出……
it must be admitted that...必须承认……
It has been found that...实践证明……
It is suggested that...有人建议……
It is agreed that...人们同意……
It is imagined that...人们认为……
It can not be denied that...不可否认……
It will be seen from this that...由此可知……
It should be realized that...必须认识到……
It is (always) stressed that...人们(总是)强调……
It is (generally) considered that...大家(普遍)认为……
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不夸张地说……
这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法，在科技英语中出现频率很高，考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译，同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子：
And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training.(93年第74题)
译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。
有时候英语被动句译成被动和主动都可以，
例如： It must have been taken away by him.那一定是(被)他拿走了。
You will be drowned if you are not careful.若是不小心，你就会(被)淹死。
In the development of social economy, the culture tradition must be kept.
在社会经济发展过程中，文化传统必须(被)保持。
The economic development is decided to great extent by science and technology.经济的发展在很大程度上是(由)科学技术决定的。有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语，这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。
例如：New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but
is is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense
of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past time.(91年第72题)
译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。
"New sources of energy must be found"可以译成"新的能源必须(被)找到"，但给读者的感觉表达得似乎有些"欧化"，而用"必须找到新的能源"就显得自然贴切了许多。
六、英语多变化，汉语多重复
熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说"我认为"可以用"I think"，第二次再用"I think"显然就很乏味，应该换成"I believe"或"I imagine"之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子：
The monkey's most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.(R, Quirk)
译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示"拖拉机"，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。 由于英语喜欢用代词，汉语喜欢用名词，这也使英语多变化、汉语多重复的特点更加突出。
例如：He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.
译文：他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
同样，英语中的变化表达有时也不能在划线句子中寻找到另外一种表达，这就需了解英语的表达特点，善于从文章中或者运用常识寻找答案。例如：
You have all heard it repeated that men of sicence work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sost of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.(93年第73题)
译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。"men of science"显然是"scientists"的另外一种说法，在93年的英译汉文章中，作者还使了"a man of science"、"a scientific man"之类的表达法，掌握了英语变化表达的特点，就能很轻松地把它们都译成"科学家"。
七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体
做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达，这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。
下面我们先看一组例子：
disintegration 土崩瓦解
ardent loyalty 赤胆忠心
total exhaustion 精疲力尽
far_sightedness 远见卓识
careful consideration 深思熟虑
perfect harmony 水乳交融
feed on fancies 画饼充饥
with great eagerness 如饥似渴
lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网
await with great anxiety 望穿秋水
make a little contribution 添砖加瓦
on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕
从上面的例子不难看出，英语表达往往比较抽象，汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译
真题：Until such time as mankind has the senseto lower its population to the pointswheresthe planet can provide a comfortable supportfor all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."(91年第74题)
译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
原文中有三个抽象的名词：sense, point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释，sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”，point的意思是“点”，support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”，comfortable是“舒适的”，unnatural是“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的"非自然的食物"。这种没有经过加工的译文不仅别人难理解，译者本人也不一定明白，把抽象的意思具体化其实就是一种深层的理解和有效的表达。
八、英语多引申，汉语多推理
英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。
例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(99年第71题)
译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。
"recreate"根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词"recreation"，
所给词义为"娱乐、消遣"，在这种情况下，考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察一下recreate在句中的用法，不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the part(过去的重大历史事件)。从逻辑上
来讲，"过去的重大历史事件"是不能"重新创造"的，作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申，再
想想我们生活中发生的情况：历史、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情，这种展示用恰当的中文表达就是“再现”，所以，句中用"再现"译recreate才是正确的理解和表达。做翻译的人经常会有这样一
种感受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。现在我们看一看sure这个词在不同句子中的处理情况：
①I am not quite sure of hisshavingssaid it.
我不能确定他是否说过这话。
②This is the surest guarantee that we shall be successful.
这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。
③He made a sure step out of the mud.
他从泥淖中跨出了稳健的一步。
④She had a sure grasp of the subject.
她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。
⑤He is very srue in his beliefs.
他的信仰十分坚定。
5个sure分别译成了“确定”、“可靠的”、“稳健的”、“牢固”和“坚定”，如果都译成大家熟悉的"确信的"、"
肯定的"，中文译文岂不成了天书？原文词义稍有引申，译文就要进行适当的推理。
九、英语多省略，汉语多补充
英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。
例如：①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。
②Reading exercises one's eyes; speaking, one's tongue; while writing, one's mind.(F. Bacon)
阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。
③Association with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
④One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。
在考研英译汉中，省略是一种很常见现象。例如：
Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situat
ion depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative
validity and upon such factors as cost and avilability.
译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于中成本和可获得性这样的因素。 whether...or...是并列连词，or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中间省略了动词depends，译文中补充了"使用"和"取决"。
十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。
试比较：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。
The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely contested.
译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。不难看出，英语和汉语的重心在句中的位置有时是不一样的，翻译的时候如果不进行调整，势必给表达造成很大的困难。以上是英语跟汉语在思维方式和表达习惯上的十大区别。只有了解这些区别，才能对英译汉有正确的认识，才能在翻译中抓住重点，找到解决问题的办法。
研究生英语英译汉重点
英译汉重点：Unit 1 (1) Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 (2) The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact.正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。 (3) They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. 他们只提取出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。 (4) A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. (2008 Paper A) 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 (5) The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiting tentative assumptions and behavior and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing.” (2009 Paper A)相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。 Unit 3(1) The key to Crockpot stepfamilies is time and low heat. I’ve already stressed the importance of being patient with the integration process and not trying to force love, care, or togetherness. Often, in an attempt to quickly combine various ingredients such as people, rituals, and backgrounds, stepfamilies use the food processor, microwave, pressure cooker, and blender integration styles. 瓦罐煨汤式融合的继亲家庭的关键是温火慢炖。前文我已经强调了整合过程中有耐心，而不强迫关爱、强迫关心、强迫在一起的重要性。通常，为了快速的将诸如人，仪式和背景等原料合并一体，继亲家庭采用食品加工式，微波炉式，高压锅式和果汁机式的融合方式。 (2) Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust, commitment, and a shared history. They need time to find a sense of belonging and an identity as a family unit. None of these things can be rushed. (2008 Paper A) 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住环境，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。所有这些都不能操之过急。继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住条件，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。 (3) A watched pot never boils. 心急水不开。 (4) Meredith considered it her “down time” to relax and read a good book, Terry enjoyed playing with friends, while Joe mastered his latest computer game. Meredith会把闲暇时间当作者“工歇时间”，放松自己，读一本好书。Terry喜欢和朋友们一起玩，而Joe则精通又一种最新的电脑游戏。 (5) It is quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child. (2009 Paper A) 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。 Unit 4 (1) When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital. 当经济学家开始测定经济发展的因素时，从前被认为是无法解释的剩余因素被决定为人力资本。 (2) The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines. “人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的异化社会。 (3) When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in China, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment—both human and physical capital—promote the highest rate of growth. 当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。 (4) There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals; these externalities are likely to be quite large in China.教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些间接受益在中国很有可能是巨大的。 (5) It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis. (2008 Paper A) 对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。 (6) Labor markets are so distorted that wages do not reflect this true marginal contribution of educated labor to the economy. 劳动市场如此被扭曲，结果工资没有反映出受教育的劳动者对经济的真实的边际贡献。 (7) However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very一high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in China. (2009但是，事实表明教育和技术培养的实际回报率非常之高，而且这种（投资的）不平衡是当前政策严重扭曲的典型表现，而这（种不平衡的投资政策）阻碍了中国经济的发展。 Unit 5(1) The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by
英语专业8级英译汉。
1. Contrast Between English and Chinese Put the following into Chinese, pay special attention to the linguistic differences between English and Chinese. Sentence translation: 1.Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 2.Cigarettes were the death of me. 3.If the man who was seen to take an umbrella from the City Church last Sunday evening does not wish to get into trouble, he will return the umbrella to No. 10 Broad Street. 4.If you confer a benefit, never remember it; if you receive one, remember it always. 5.Her sighs made it clear that she was unhappy. 6.They had no running water where they lived. Nor did they have any conveniences of life such as gas and electricity. 7.Theatre will be reinvented and become much freer and more imaginative. 8.Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing. 9.By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives. 10.It should be noted that he and she were extremely close allies. Passage translation: It seemed a point scored for her side when Joanne, panicked that her father-in-law would bungle the turnoff for the Pulaski Skyway, shattered the tip of her cigarette against the back of the seat and a live ash fell on the baby?s belly. It went unnoticed for a second until Corinne screamed; then they all saw it, a little flea of fire glowing beside the perfect navel. Joanne jumped, and squealed with guilt, and flapped her hands and stamped her feet and hugged the baby against her, but the evidence could not be destroyed; a brown dot of char on the globe of immaculate skin. Corinne continued her screams, splicing them with shrill hard gasps of intake, while everyone rummaged through purses and pockets for Vaseline, butter, toothpaste – anything for an urgent. Mother had a tiny bottle of toilet water given her in a department store; Joanne dabbed some of this on, and in time Corinne, shaken by more and more widely spaced spasms of sobbing, mercifully dragged her injury with her into the burrow of sleep. 2. Cohesion 1.When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good
大学英语翻译技巧 7
第七单元句子的翻译（3） 真实、虚拟条件句和否定句的翻译 第一部分：英语中真实条件句和虚拟条件句的翻译 一. 真实条件句的翻译 在真实条件句中，说话人或把条件视为事实，或仅仅提出条件，不作任何主观设想，如果条件实现，主句内容便成为事实；如果条件不实现，结果也就不会发生。译成分句即可。 例如： ·If the weather is not good, I shall stay at home. 如果天气不好，我将呆在家里。 ·Unless the weather is good, I shall stay at home. 如果天气不好，我将呆在家里。 ·I will stay at home providing /provided/ on condition(that) the weather is not good. 假如天气不好，我就呆在家里。 ·I will stay at home only if the weather is not good. 如果天气不好，我只好呆在家里。 ·I will stay at home if only the weather is not good. 只要天气不好，我就呆在家里。 ·Given bad weather, I will stay at home. 假使天气不好，我就呆在家里。 ·Suppose we can’t get the necessary equipment, what shall we do? 假设我们弄不到必要的设备，那我们怎么办？ ·As long as we don’t lose heart, we’ll find a way to overcome the difficulty. 只要我们不灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。 ·Granted that this is true, what conclusion can you draw? 就算这是实际情况，你又能得出什么结论呢？ ·Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一有什么困难请给我们一个信。 ·We’ll let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean. 我们可以让你们用这个房间，如果你们能保持清洁的话。 ·She would have fallen but that I caught her. 要不是我抓住她，她就摔倒了。 ·He is a quite conscientious man so far as I know. 据我所知，他是一个很负责的人。 二. 虚拟条件句的翻译 1.用“早”“本来”“原先”“当初”译出虚拟语气。 例如：
考研英语翻译技巧之英译汉
考研英语翻译技巧之英译汉 汉英互译一直是考研英语中的难点，小编整理英译汉中常涉及的难点提出一些建议，并以实际案例进行解析，帮助大家掌握英译汉的翻译技巧，快速掌握英译汉，为考研成功进行最后的冲刺。 难点 1.多为长难句 英译汉句子平均的单词量在30个左右，而且结构复杂，修饰成分多，考生很容易因没有理清句子结构而造成翻译得南辕北辙的现象。 2.需要联系上下文来理解词义 考研英语的英译汉是给你一篇文章，然后从中划出5个句子，因此就必须把词句的含义放到原文中来理解，切不可断章取义，有的词语翻译出来的意思与其本意可能会有不同，这正是英译汉要考察的要点之一。 建议 首先要拥有一定的单词量，背单词不能只知道其常用的意思，还应知道其作为其它属性或者完全与本意看似不相关的其他含义，这样才能在联系上下文翻译的时候对单词的含义做到触类旁通;其次，要有对长难句的“免疫”能力，可以在做阅读题的时候，把典型的复杂长难句记下来，试着划分句子结构，做到熟能生巧。最后，平时可以多看一些英文文章，培养一下语感，有助于对句子含义的整体把握。 真题解析 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)(2014年考研英语真题Part C) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music。(46)It is also the reason why when we try to
大学研究生新视野英语课本翻译题(全)
一至五单元翻译题 1.The sum of $20 is【due to you as a bonus】(是你应得的奖金). 2. He had just received a doctorate【in recognition of his contributions to psychology】(以表彰他为心理学作出的贡献). 3. Insurance is only valuable if it【serves a purpose】(达到一种目的). 4. Don’t worry, everything will be【attended to in due course 】(在适当的时候得到处理). 5. This problem should be discussed first, as it 【takes precedence over all the others】(比其他问题都重要). 6. Y ou’ve been promoted? This【calls for a celebration】(需要庆祝一下). 7. The scholar’s mind【thirsted for a few new books 】(渴望一些新书). 8. I am writing to you【with reference to the job opening in your department 】(有关你们部门的工作机会). 9.【Mary has a great diversity of interests】(玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好), she like sports, travel, photography and making radio sets. 10. The banks have【committed themselves to boosting profits 】(承诺增加利润) by slashing costs. Paragraph One “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,”says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting ‘there’faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where ‘there’is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” Paragraph Two Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Paragraph One The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices—no small concern in a country where tourisme gastronomique earned 18 billion euros in 2002, a quarter of all tourist revenues. More and more restaurateurs say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have become ensnarred in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention edicts from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie. 最近的调查显示越来越多的人抱怨饭菜质量平平，价格昂贵，而法国烹饪的衰落还不止于此。这在法国可不是个小问题，要知道2002年美食旅游为法国创收180 亿欧元，占到全部旅游收入的1/4。越来越多的餐馆老板反映政府的税收和经济政策限制了他们的利润，也就影响了他们投资和雇佣更多人手的能力。束缚他们手脚的是令法国不那么光彩的繁琐拖拉的公事程序，更不要说那些来自欧盟的规定，从销售税到布里乳酪里含细菌的指标统统都在严格的掌控之中。 Paragraph Two Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Y angtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只
(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告
实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周，这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅，收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际，综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能，独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年，实习是一个很重要的环节，对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以，我们要端正态度，认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践，为此在实践的过程中，我总结了四种必备的翻译工具：一是灵格斯翻译工具，里面可安装各式的词典；二是百度搜索工具；三是有道词典；四是英汉词典；五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下：首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组，寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法，并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典，可以对我们翻译之中的词汇，进行最后的确认，确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难，这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟，不进则退，只要每天我认真学习，那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折，但我们若不跨过这道坎，就不会有进步，滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值，勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈，光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过，“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游，或只听教练讲解，是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类，直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践，就是自己亲身参加的实践，也就是自己动手翻译。一回生，二回熟，日积月累，第一手经验多了，做起来得心应手，翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”，就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践，就是研究别人的译文。比如，一篇文章在手，准备翻译，这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看，在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物，看了别人的译文，就是从事间接实践。
英语专业英译汉
Chinese-English Translation Course Unit One Error Analysis: Part One On the test paper I. Choose the one which is proper and idiomatic . 1. Our home, once full of laughters, now deafens us with its silence. 译文A: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却充满了令人震耳欲聋的沉寂。 译文B: 我们的家，曾经充满了欢声笑语，现在却十分安静。 2. There are few of us but admire his courage. 译文A: 我们人人都佩服他的勇气。 译文B: 我们中很少有人佩服他的勇气。 3. All cities did not look like as they do today. 译文A: 在过去，城市面貌并不都像今天这样千篇一律。 译文B: 过去，城市面貌与现在完全不同。 4. To starve oneself emotionally is a mistake. 译文A: 不满足自己感情上的需要是一种错误。 译文B: 使自己的感情挨饥受饿是一种错误。 5.The boss’s girl Friday called me. 译文A: 老板的女儿星期五打电话给我了。 译文B: 老板的女秘书打电话给我了 6. Marriage bed is full of roses and thorns. 译文A: 婚姻总是有苦有甜。 译文B: 婚姻的花坛里既长鲜花也生荆棘。 7. I never go past that kindergarten but think of my happy childhood there. 译文A: 每当我走过那所幼儿园，我就回想起在那里度过的幸福童年。 译文B: 尽管我从未经过那所幼儿园，但是我回想起在那里度过的幸福童年 8. And soon over the whole surface of the marsh, a great cloud of birds hung screaming and circling in the air. 译文A: 很快就有一块乌云似的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 译文B: 很快就有黑压压的一大群野鸟在沼泽上空惊叫着，盘旋着。 9. SS guards then shoved each prisoner in the direction the doctor had indicated. 译文A: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着被监禁者。 译文B: 希特勒的党卫军按医生所指的方向推着犯人。 10. Thus it was that our little romantic friend formed visions of the future for herself. 译文A: 我们的小朋友一脑袋幻想，憧憬着美丽的未来。 译文B: 我们浪漫的小朋友憧憬着美好的未来。 II. Improve the Chinese version. 1. He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair. 译文：他又皱又黑，头发灰白稀疏。 2. Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 译文：华尔街是个狗咬狗的地方。 3. All freely falling bodies descend from the same height in equal time. 译文：一切自由降落的物体，从同样的高度，以相等的时间下降。 4. Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 译文：为什么对他们浪费口舌呢？他们又不愿意听。 5. We have plenty of company in the way of wagonloads and mule-loads of tourists — and dust. 译文：跟我们做伴的人真不少，有乘马车的，有骑骡子的——一路尘土飞扬。 6. His speech leaves no room to improvement. 译文：他的演讲没有改进的余地。 7. He thought, not very vividly, of his father and mother. 译文：他并不是很鲜明地想到了他的爸爸和妈妈。 8. Casualties were taken to several hospitals in southwestern Georgia, some of which operated on backup generators. 译文：伤亡人员被送往佐治亚州西南部的几所医院里，其中一些伤者在备用发电机的帮助下动了手术。 9. To cure his patients, he relied on a palette of remedies that included modern science, folk medicine and plain common sense. 译文：为了治疗患者，他运用了调色板方法，其中包括现代科技、民间药物和自己的直觉。
考研英语一翻译真题汇总
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population