【小站教育】托福阅读分类题型练习

TOEFL阅读讲义

1. 句子简化题

The Great Red Spot

One distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.

B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.

C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.

D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.

答案：C

2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.

B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.

C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.

D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.

答案：D

Passage One (Question 1-2)

Camouflage

Camouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.

1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for

Arctic animals.

B.The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic

tundra.

C.In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.

D.For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during

summer and winter months.

答案：A

2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.

B.The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the

winter.

C.It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in

the fall.

D.The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons. 答案：D

Passage Two (Question 3-6)

Post-it Notes

Post-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty, could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.

It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar. A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes – have been developed.

3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong

adhesive.

B.Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.

C.Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program to develop the strongest adhesive of all.

D.Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer

microspheres.

答案：A

4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a

colleague.

B.One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes

attached to documents.

C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.

D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.

答案：B

5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative

products.

B.Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.

C.The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.

D.After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not

innovative enough.

答案：C

6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?

Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it

further.

B.The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous

varieties to make it successful.

C.The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as

sales improved.

D.It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how

many variation were possible.

答案：D

2. 排除列举题

The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water.

Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It

dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly

Line modifying the face of the Earth.

(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported

by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form

brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This

immense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.

(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its

potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea

level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the (15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs—

atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water

molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a

continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of

the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water

(20) transport on the continents.

A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the

continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes (25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the

continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(C) potassium

(D) calcium

答案：B

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and

porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not Line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally. (5) Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent

environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.

Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.

(10) Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for

insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for

food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.

The weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal

leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or

(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off

and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and

plucking food with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for

large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that

(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it

can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard,

even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface

area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect

(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be

problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(C) Porcupines

(D) Mice

答案：D

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly

formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,

Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some (5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best

contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important

letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.

During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts

of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male

counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and

they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of

(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,

regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal

correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the (20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable

materials for later generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the

nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"

theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great (25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American

life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else important

women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public

life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not

representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people

(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT

(A) authors

(B) reformers

(C) activists for women's rights

(D) politicians

答案：D

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other

being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of

glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the

Line product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and

(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need

hardly be stressed.

Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-

making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain

Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was (10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the

economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was

required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of (15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its

passengers experts in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the

bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was (20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into

what was called potash.

In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of

land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land

could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New (25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,

consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it was made

(B) Its value as a product for export

(C) How it differs from other alkalis

(D) Its importance in colonial North America

答案：C

2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:

(A) They are alkalis.

(B) They are made from sea plants.

(C) They are used in making soap.

(D) They are used in making glass.

答案：B

7. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT

(A) wood

(B) fire

(C) sand

(D) water

答案：C

Pennsylvania's colonial ironmasters forged iron and a revolution that had both

industrial and political implications. The colonists in North America wanted the right to the profits gained from their manufacturing. However, England wanted all of the

Line colonies' rich ores and raw materials to feed its own factories, and also wanted the (5) colonies to be a market for its finished goods. England passed legislation in 1750 to

prohibit colonists from making finished iron products, but by 1771, when entrepreneur Mark Bird established the Hopewell blast furnace in Pennsylvania, iron making had become the backbone of American industry. It also had become one of the major issues that fomented the revolutionary break between England and the British colonies. By the (10) time the War of Independence broke out in 1776, Bird, angered and determined, was

manufacturing cannons and shot at Hopewell to be used by the Continental Army.

After the war, Hopewell, along with hundreds of other "iron plantations," continued to

form the new nation's industrial foundation well into the nineteenth century. The rural

landscape became dotted with tall stone pyramids that breathed flames and smoke,

(15) charcola-fueled iron furnaces that produced the versatile metal so crucial to the nation's

growth. Generations of ironmasters, craftspeople, and workers produced goods during

war and peace—ranging from cannons and shot to domestic items such as cast-iron

stoves, pots, and sash weights for windows.

The region around Hopewell had everything needed for iron production: a wealth of (20) iron ore near the surface, limestone for removing impurities from the iron, hardwood

forests to supply the charcoal used for fuel, rushing water to power the bellows that

pumped blasts of air into the furnace fires, and workers to supply the labor. By the

1830's, Hopewell had developed a reputation for producing high quality cast-iron stoves, for which there was a steady market. As Pennsylvania added more links to its

(25) transportation system of roads, canals, and railroads, it became easier to ship parts made

by Hopewell workers to sites all over the east coast. There they ware assembled into

stoves and sold from Rhode Island to Maryland as the "Hopewell stove". By the time the

last fires burned out at Hopewell ironworks in 1883, the community had produced some

80,000 cast-iron stoves.

5. Pennsylvania was an ideal location for the Hopewell ironworks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

(A) Many workers were available in the area

(B) The center of operations of the army was nearby

(C) The metal ore was easy to acquire

(D) There was an abundance of wood

答案：B

Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are

deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds;

or look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal

Line clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.

(5) What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that

gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers

—all of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and

smaller pieces that eventually become clay.

(10) Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the

most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides

silica and alumina combined with alkalis like potassium and some so-called impurities

such as iron. Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the

basis of clay. When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful

(15) objects, which can then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with

impermeable decorative coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic

action, with its intense heat, fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock

called obsidian, so can we apply heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard,

dense material. Different clays need different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire (20) clays, never become nonporous and watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can

stand only a certain amount of heat without losing its shape through sagging or melting.

V ariations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for

the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware

flowerpot.

2. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following areas?

(A) in desert sand dunes

(B) in forests

(C) on hillsides

(D) near rivers

答案：A

In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously

watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of

Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

Line after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out (5) along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first

glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly

scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant

planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire

that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed (10) at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was

transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues form these explo-

sions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to

from dark ribbons.

(15) Although this impact event was of considerable scientific importance, it especially piqued

public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television

newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific

endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the (20) fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catstrophe by random

assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not

have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary explo-

ration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.

3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following EXCEPT

(A) a dismembered body

(B) a train

(C) a pearl necklace

(D) a giant planet

答案：D

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and

nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning and Line weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during (5) this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American

producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was

relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were

(10) concentrated at the base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available

only along the nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter

growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-

powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from (15) seeds. Using the gin, a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later

development of larger gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American (20) export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American

exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.

In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The (25) growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an

unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the

United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.

3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT

(A) cotton's softness

(B) cotton's ease of processing

(C) a shortage of flax and wool

(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.

答案：C

Flatfish

Members of the flatfish family, sand dabs and flounders, have an evolutionary advantage over many colorfully decorated ocean neighbors in that they are able to adapt their body coloration to different environments. These aquatic chameleons have flattened bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocean floor in the shallower areas of the continental shelf that they inhabit. They also have remarkably sensitive color vision that registers the subtlest gradations on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocean floor. Each time that a sand dab or flounder finds itself in a new environment, the pattern on the body of the fish adapts to fit in with the color and texture around it.

1. It is NOT stated in the passage that sand dabs

A are a type of flatfish

B are in the same family as flounders

C have evolved

D are colorfully decorated

2. According to the passages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and flounders

A have flattened bodies

B live along the ocean floor

C live in the deepest part of the ocean

D live along the continental shelf

3. All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they are

A overly sensitive to light

B able to see colors

C able to see the sea bottom

D aware of their surroundings

4. It is NOT true that chromatophores

A are skin cells

B carry pigment

C adapt to surrounding colors

D change the ocean floor

5. It is NOT mentioned in the passage that sand dabs and flounders

A move to new environments

B adapt their behavior

C can change color

D adapt to textures around them

参考答案：DCADB

paragraph Wrigley's Chewing Gum

1Wrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other products rather than as a primary product for sale. As a teenager, William Wrigley Jr. was working for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in his cents, and this selling price did not leave a good profit margin for the merchants. Wrigley convinced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of premiums was an effective sales tool.

2Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving baking soda away as a premium, and using a cookbook to promote each deal. Over time, the baking soda and cookbook became more popular than the soap, so Wrigley began a new operation selling baking soda. He began hunting for a new premium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that demand for the premium was stronger than the demand for the original product, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to produce and sell chewing gum.

3Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearment. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were phased out. Juicy Fruit and Spearment are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.

11. It is NOT indicated in paragraph 1 that young William was working

A in Chicago

B for his father

C as a soap salesman

D in his father's factory

12. According to paragraph 1, it is NOT true that the soap that young Wrigley was selling

A was originally well-liked

B was originally priced at five cents

C originally provided little profit for merchants

D eventually became more popular with merchants

13. According to paragraph 2, it is NOT true that, when Wrigley first founded his own company, he was

A selling soap

B selling chewing gum

C giving away cookbooks

D using baking soda as a premium

14. It is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 that Wrigley later

A sold baking soda

B used chewing gun as a premium to sell baking soda

C sold chewing gum

D used baking soda as a premium to sell chewing gum

15. According to paragraph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the following EXCEPT

A begin with two brands of gum

B add new brands to the original two

C phase out the last two brands

D phase out the first two brands

参考答案：DABDC

3. 句子插入题

Paragraph Popcorn

11A One method of popping corn involved skewering an ear of corn on a stick and roasting it until the kernels popped off the ear. 1B Corn was also popped by first cutting the kernels off the cob, throwing them into a fire, and gathering them as they popped out of the fire. 1C In a final method for popping corn, sand and unpopped kernels of corn were mixed together in a cooking pot and heated until the corn popped to the surface of the sand in the pot. 1D

22A This traditional Native American dish was quite a novelty to newcomers to the Americas. 2B Columbus and his sailors found natives in the West Indies wearing popcorn necklaces, and explorer Hernando Cortés described the use of popcorn amulets in the religious ceremonies of the Aztecs. 2C According to legendary descriptions of the celebratory meal, Quadequina, the brother of Chief Massasoit, contributed several deerskin bags of popcorn to the celebration. 2D

1. Look at the four squares［■］that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the first paragraph of the passage.

Native Americans have been popping corn for at least 5,000 years, using a variety of different methods.

Click on a square［■］to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：1A

2. Look at the four squares［■］that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the second paragraph of the passage.

A century after these early explorers, the Pilgrims at Plymouth may have been introduced to popcorn at the first Thanksgiving dinner.

Click on a square［■］to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：2C

Paragraph Lions

13A Something unusual about lions is that they hunt in groups. 3B Group hunting is beneficial to lions because it means that much larger prey can be captured by the lions. 3C It also means that individual lions expend much less energy during a hunt. 3D

2There is a standard pattern to the process of hunting in groups. 4A The process is initiated by a single female, who stations herself at a raised elevation to serve as a lookout to spot potential prey. 4B When prey is spotted, a group of young lionesses advances on the herd and pushes the herd in the direction of a different lioness who has hidden herself downwind. 4C It is up to this concealed female to choose the weakest member of the herd for the kill. 4D

35A As can be seen from this description of the process, it is the females rather than the male or males in the pride that take part in the kill. 5B The younger and stronger females are the ones who go on the attack. 5C While the females are on the attack, the males stay behind to protect the rest of the pride from attack by predators such as hyenas. 5D

3. Look at the four squares［■］that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the first paragraph of the passage.

Other cats do not.

Click on a square［■］to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：3B

4. Look at the four squares［■］that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

second paragraph of the passage.

This is usually accomplished by knocking the prey to the ground and breaking its neck. Click on a square［■］to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：4D

5. Look at the four squares［■］that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the third paragraph of the passage.

Thus, the males have a defensive rather than an offensive role.

Click on a square［■］to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：5D

Paragraph Accidental Inventions

1 A number of products that we commonly use today were developed quite by accident. Two of many possible examples of this concept are the leotard and the Popsicle, each of which came about when an insightful person recognized a potential benefit in a negative situation.

2The first of these accidental inventions is the leotard, a close-fitting, one-piece garment worn today by dancers, gymnasts, and acrobats, among others. 6A In 1828, a circus performer named Nelson Hower was faced with the prospect of missing his performance because his costume was at the cleaners. 6B Instead of canceling his part of the show, he decided to perform in his long underwear. 6C Soon, other circus performers began performing the same way. 6D When popular acrobat Jules Leotard adopted the style, it became known as the leotard.

37A Another product invented by chance was the Popsicle. 7B In 1905, eleven-year-old Frank Epperson stirred up a drink of fruit-flavored powder and soda water and then mistakenly left the drink, with the spoon in it, out on the back porch overnight. 7C As the temperature dropped that night, the soda water froze around the spoon, creating a tasty treat. 7D Years later, remembering how enjoyable the treat had been, Epperson went into Business producing Popsicles.

6. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the second paragraph of the passage.

They enjoyed the comfort of performing in underwear rather than costumes.

Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.

答案：6D

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Biology: Tpo1 lecture4; 4-1; 6-2; 7-2; 8-1; 10-1; 11-1; 12-1; 14-2; 15-4; 17-4; 18-4; 19-3; 21-3; 22-3; 23-3; Environmental science: 3-1; 9-2;11-3; 12-4; 17-2; 23-2; Ecology: 10-3; 13-2; 90 Earth science: 6-4 Geology: 4-3; 7-4; 9-3; 15-2; 1-2; Chemistry: 5-3; 8-4; Astronomy: 2-4; 3-4; 5-2; 13-4; 14-3; 18-1; 19-2; 21-1; 22-2; Art history: 3-3; 8-2; 15-3; 17-1; 18-2; 19-4; 21-4; 1-1; Film history: 3-2 Music history: 12-3; 22-4; Theater history: 7-1; Theater: 9-1; Poetry: 13-3; Choreography: 23-4; Literature: 4-2;5-4; 6-3; History: 8-3; 10-2; 17-3; 18-3; Archeology: 14-4; 23-1; 1-3; Linguistic: 9-4; 19-1; Anthropology: 7-3; 22-1;

Psychology: 2-2; 10-4; 14-1; 15-1; Philosophy: 2-3; Sociology: 5-1 United states government: 4-4 Economics: 6-1; Business: 11-4; 12-2; Architecture: 11-2; City planning: 13-1; Computer science: 21-2;

托福阅读推论类问题题型及解题方法

新托福考试中，推论类问题(Inference Questions)是必考的题型，题量不是很多，通常每篇文章1-2个左右。具体了解一下这种题型及其解题方法。 问题形式 这类问题主要考察考生对文章中一个观点或立场的理解程度，而这种观点或立场是作者在文章中强烈暗示但并没有明确阐明的。比如说，如果文章陈述了一个事件的结果，那么推论类问题就很可能问考生其原因是什么;如果文章出现对比，那么此类问题就可能问考生其对比的基础是什么。 注意：解答此类问题时，考生不仅需要理解作者所写出句子的字面意思，还必须搞清楚这些句子之间的逻辑性暗示。正确答案一定是从文章已给出的内容中推论出来的。 这种题目的提问方式通常为： 推论类问题的题干中通常会出现infer、suggest或者imply这类词汇。 ★Which of the following can be inferred about X? ★The author of the passage implies that X… ★Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about X? 解题步骤 1. 读题干，确定问题类型 2. 选择问题中的关键词或关键短语作为定位信息

3. 浏览指定段落，利用定位信息确定原文中的对应内容 4. 仔细阅读并且理解原文中的对应内容，直接确定答案或者利用排除法确定答案。 注意：错误选项通常为 ★不被文中所给出或暗示的信息所支持 ★重复文章中信息但没有回答问题 ★过于笼统或模糊 ★不真实、不准确 ★与文章不相关或者没有被提及 解题范例 The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, through, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification? ○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification. ○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future. ● Desertification will continue to increase.

汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题

汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高 频难题 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,这些针对性解题技巧赶紧学起来，下面就和大家分享汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。 汇总解读托福阅读题型5大类常见高频难题 托福阅读高频难点题型：主旨题 主旨题有三种：A、作者的意图;B、*标题;C、*的中心思想。这种题一般为第一道题，建议考生把这道题放在最后做，因为做其他题时，考生会逐步了解*的各个细节，在做题的过程中就会对*个总的理解，最后处理主旨题可谓水到渠成、万无一失。 托福阅读高频难点题型：列举题 列举题有两种：A、一正三误;B、三正误。也可分为四类。第一类：一句话列举。根据某个选项的语言提示，回归*找到一句话，这句话包含三个选项的内容;第二类：局部列举。根据题意，回归*发现连续两三句话涉及三个选项的内容;第三类：段落列举。题干语言在某自然段首句重现。这个句子为段落主题句，即三个选项的内容在这段出现，不涉及到其他段落;第四类：*列

举。选项内容涉及整个*。一句话列举题和段落列举题有明显的信号词帮助答题，根据题序做题，不必区别对待。*列举题和局部列举题则应放其他题做完之后再处理。 托福阅读高频难点题型：*结论题 *结论题即根据*可以推断出下面哪个选项结论是正确的，题干没有任何语言信号词。这种题有以下几种布局：为*第一道题时，相当于*主旨题，应放在最后一道题时，有可能针对*最后部分，也有可能针对整篇*，但不大可能涉及*其他部分的细节。所以*结论题应该具体情况具体分析，并不一定是面对整个*。 托福阅读高频难点题型：作者态度题 作者态度题分为两种：A、局部作者态度题;B、整体作者态度题。*最后一道题问及作者态度时为整体作者态度题，它涉及通篇*，要根据整个*数个语言点串起来的一根主线答题，也就是作者行文的口气。考生千万不可以根据某一个语言点答题，因为整体作者态度题不是考核某一个点，而是考整体感觉。局部作者态度题位置比较灵活，往往问及作者对*中某一个具体内容的看法，题干通常信号请将考生带回*某一区域，考查考生对某个语言点的理解。有时候，某个选项从作者的表达相悖，因此，做作者态度题时，考生一定注意不要把自己作为读者的分析、观点强加于作者。

托福小马过河学科词汇分类 词汇汇总word版

第一、动物学 adaptation适应 adder小毒蛇 alga (复数 algae)藻类 alligator美洲鳄 amphibian两栖动物 amphibian两栖动物 anatomy解剖学 ancestry系谱，血统 animal adaptation动物适应性animal cognition动物的认知能力animals communicate 动物交往 antenna触须(复数 antennae) anthropoid类人猿 aquarium养鱼池 aquatic水生的, 水栖的 arachnid蜘蛛类的节肢动物 armor甲 artery动脉 asymmetric不对称 auk海雀 baboon狒狒 bacteria细菌 balance生态平衡 bat蝙蝠 beak喙,鸟嘴 beast兽 beaver水獭 biological vacuum生物演变真空期biologist生物学家 bivalve双壳类 blood cell血液细胞 brant黑雁 breed（名词）品种；（动物）繁殖

buffalo美洲野牛 burrow洞穴 canary金丝雀 carnivore食肉动物carnivorous食肉类的 carrion crow吃腐肉的乌鸦caterpillar毛虫 caviar鱼子酱 centipede蜈蚣 chameleon变色龙 chemical composition化学成分chimpanzee黑猩猩chipmunk花栗鼠 chirp唧唧喳喳叫 cicada蝉 circulatory system循环系统clam蛤蜊 claw爪子 cobra眼镜蛇 cockroach蟑螂 cocoon (蚕)茧；(昆虫的)卵袋coelenterate腔肠动物 cold-blooded冷血 cold-blooded animal冷血动物compound eye复眼 coral珊瑚 crab蟹 crane鹤 crayfish淡水小龙虾，蝲蛄cricket蟋蟀 crocodile鳄鱼 crow鸦 Darwinism达尔文学说degeneration退化 die out灭绝 digestion消化

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新托福阅读题型介绍与技巧

新托福阅读题型介绍 一、细节题 特征：没有特征（因为其他题型都有各自的特征） 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：变化很大 策略：随机应变 二、选非题 特征：NOT/EXCEPT 数量：每篇1题 难度：较低 策略：一定要做对 三、推理题 特征：infer、imply 数量：每篇1-2题 难度：很高 策略：可以放 四、修辞题： 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）个选项的开头为TO+关键动词（这些动词代表某个修饰手法，这样的动词很少， 所以遇到都要记住）PS：这类题目有可能会变形 五、词汇题 特征：（1）题干与原文被打上了阴影 （2）以the word/phrase开头 数量：每篇3-6题 难度：非常简单 策略：一定要做对 六、指代题 特征：（1）原文与题干被打上阴影 （2）打上阴影的是某个代词 数量：1题 难度：较低（可以直接测试语法能力） 策略：要做对 七、复述题 特征：(1）原文中一个完整的句子被打上阴影 （2）题干为：which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer

choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 数量：1题 难度：很难或者很简单 八、插句题 特征：黑色小方框（■） 数量：1题 难度：较低 策略：要做对 九、归总题 特征：两排六个选项 数量：1题 难度：1分很简单，2分有点难 策略：保1争2 新增题型（参考TPO5）：四选二题型：是细节题的变形 全文归纳题：可以去归总题找答案 第二部分各题型解题技巧串讲 阅读的步骤： 第1步：把动滚动条拉到底再拉到顶 （粗略看一遍文章） 第2步：点review键，做完词汇题（不看原文），同时关注一下是否有选非题（因为与原文 对应的东西很多） 第3步：边看边做阅读，要按顺序做（因为托福阅读，题目顺序和题目对应原文的顺序几乎一致。） PS：阅读的流畅性很重要，如果NO1考Para1 NO2考Para3 那么Para2仍然要看。 PPS：永远先看题后看文 第4步（如何处理一道题目？） 找定位词，定位词越多越好 什么是定位词？ 定位词就是出现并只出现在这道题的词 定位词包括：a.特殊名词 b.大写名词 c.数字词 d.年代词 注：题目中的定位词也可能是文章中某词的变形 第5步：排除选项（一般只能排除2个）

(完整版)托福TPO阅读话题分类-更新

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