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Unit 8

Text B Urban Explosion

A) “Moving to the city is the first step to getting filthy rich in rising Asia.” So the Pakistani author Moshin Hamid writes in his new novel—and billions of people apparently agree with him. The story of the past century has been the story of urbanization, of the great migration of human beings from the rural countryside to the city. It happened first in the developed West and in countries like Japan, resulting in the explosion of major cities like New York, Los Angeles and Tokyo. And in younger cities like Las Vegas, a settlement carved out of the desert and built on little more than dreams, the expansion is continuing.

B) But it’s in the developing world that the urbanization wave is truly epochal. Hundreds of millions of people in Asia, Africa and South America have moved from villages and farms to swollen megacities. Cities like Lagos, Bombay and S?o Paulo have blown up, sprawling over neighboring territory.

C) And this is only the beginning. In 2008, for the first time in history more than half the world’s population lived in urban areas. But according to a 2012 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, urban territory will expand by more than 1.2 million sq. km by 2030, eventually covering about 10% of the planet’s land. More than 75% of that increase is expected to occur in Asia. The urbanization wave will be even larger in Africa, where urban area is predicted to grow by 590%.

D) The urbanization wave can sound scary—especially if you visit the polluted and congested slums that ring new megacities like Lagos and Jakarta. Still, hundreds of thousands of people are leaving the countryside each day because there are real economic opportunities to be found in the city, not to mention a taste of freedom and excitement that doesn’t exist in the village. And if urban migration is handled well—with smart city planning and environmental protection—it can actually be good for the planet. Concentrating people in dense settlements allows them to use less energy than they would in spread-out rural areas. As people move to cities, they eventually have far fewer children, helping curb overpopulation.

E) Ultimately there’s no turning back the urbanization wave. Here we can view two case studies:

F. Dubai: In the mid-1980s, Dubai was a small desert city of about 300,000 people, overshadowed by nearby Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. What growth Dubai had experienced was mostly recent; in the 1950s it was little more than a village, with pearl diving its chief industry. Today, Dubai’s population exceeds 2.1 million, and the metropolis has asserted itself as the financial center of the Middle East.

G) Dubai is a city that seemed to grow almost overnight, like a desert oasis made real. It has the world’s tallest skyscraper—the Burj Khalifa, seen inMission Impossible: Ghost Protocol—as well as its largest mall, its biggest theme park and its longest indoor ski run. Writer George Saunders calls Dubai “the Disney World of the Middle East, if Disney World were the size of San Francisc o and out in a desert.” He’s pretty much right. Not content with simply building in the desert, over the past couple of decades Dubai has built out into the sea. Sand dredged from the seafloor has been used to create artificial islands of recognizable shapes—including a pair of palm trees. Areas of empty sand are filled up with new buildings, as the city grows further and further

away from the sea, pushing into the desert. That breakneck pace of development has slowed somewhat in recent years, as Dubai was hit hard by the global recession of 2008. But Dubai is still the place to go in the Middle East to spend money—which means artificial palm islands may only be the beginning.

H) Las Vegas: Before Dubai, there was another city that grew out of desert nothingness. Las Vegas has a few decades on Dubai, but it’s only over the past 30 years that Sin City has hit the big time. And has it ever—the population of Clark County, Nevada, home to Las Vegas, has grown from a little under 500,000 in 1980 to about 2 million now. While most of the attention has been focused on the glitzy Las Vegas strip—home to mega-size casinos like the MGM Grand and the Bellagio—the real growth has been not up but out. Throughout the 1990s and much of the 2000s, the boundaries of metro Las Vegas kept expanding, as new housing developments were thrown up to accommodate the throngs of Americans who wanted to take advantage of the region’s booming economy. From 2000 to 2010, the city’s population grew by nearly 50%—a rate that’s hard to find outside the developing world.

I) But if Las Vegas boomed along with the housing sector during the first several years of the 21st century, it went bust when the recession hit. The city was ground zero for the foreclosure crisis. As late as 2012, Las Vegas had one foreclosure filing for every 99 housing units, good for the fourth highest rate in the country. And as economically unsustainable as Las Vegas’s growth has proved to be over the past several years, it may be even more environmentally unsustainable. The city receives almost no rain, and most of its water comes from nearby Lake Mead. But Lake Mead is drying up, the victim of a prolonged drought—potentially abetted by climate change—and the increasing demand placed on it by Las Vegas’ growing https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f61550369.html,ke Mead’s water level has fallen from a little over 1,200 ft. (365 m) to 1,125 ft. (343 m) now. In recent years, officials in Las Vegas have taken admirable steps to reduce water waste, but if Lake Mead keeps shrinking, Sin City will stop growing.

S1. The formation of some large cities are the results of the urban explosion.

S2. As urbanization may cause problems to the cities, it may bring positive sides as well.

S3. Dubai, the financial center of the Middle East, was only a small city compared with its nearby Abu Dhabi in the mid-1980s.

S4. The Casino City in Nevada kept expanding as many Americans moved to it to take advantage of its economy.

S5. Las Vegas’s growth will be greatly influenced by the water resource.

S6. The development of Dubai seems as if the dream of a desert oasis came true.

S7.Urbanization eventually may help to control the population.

S8. Many people hold the view that they should move to the city firstly if they want to become wealthy.

S9. Only less than half the world’s population lived in the countryside since 2008 in history.

S10. The trend of moving from countryside to large cities is historically significant in developing countries.

KEYS

S1.A; S2.D; S3.F; S4.H; S5.I; S6.G; S7.D; S8.A; S9.C; S10.B

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