2010年云南大学高等有机化学考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题

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A、OH B、 OH C、 OH D、 OH 5. 比较下列各组化合物的酸性大小。（1） A、COOH NO2B、 COOH OCH3C、 COOH OCH3D、 COOH NO2 （2） A、OH NO2B、 OH OCH3C、 OH OCH3D、 OH NO2 （3）

A 、NH 2NO 2 B 、 NH 2 OCH 3 C 、NH 2 OCH 3D 、NH 2 NO 2 （4） A 、 CH 3 NO 2 B 、 CH 3 OCH 3 C 、CH 3 OCH 3 D 、CH 3 NO 2 6. 下列化合物酸性最弱的是？ OH NO 2 OH NO 2 OH NO 2 OH A B C D 7. 下列醇与卢卡斯试剂反应活性最高的是？ A CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2OH B CH 3CH(OH)CH 2CH 3 C (CH 3)2CHCH 2OH D (CH 3)3COH 8. 下列物种中的亲电试剂是： ；亲核试剂 是 。

(完整版)复旦大学2015年考博英语试题回忆版整理

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第十一章卡宾

11.1 卡宾的定义 C：表示，卡宾(carbene)，又称碳烯，一般以R 2 指碳原子上只有两个价键连有基团，还剩两个未成键电子的高活性中间体。卡宾的寿命远低于1秒，只能在低温下(77K以下)捕集，在晶格中加以分离和观察。它的存在已被大量实验所证明。 卡宾的两个未成键电子既能自旋方向相反，处于单线态，也可自旋方向平行，处于三线态。取哪种状 C：的两种态应视取代基和制备方法而异。下式为H 2 状态： 单线态和三线态卡宾

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三线态卡宾的分子构型是线性的。由于每一个p轨道只容纳了一个电子，因而可以把三线态卡宾看作是一个双游离基。事实上，它们在许多方面的表现也确是如此。 单线态卡宾最简单是用中心碳原子sp2杂化来描述。在这三个sp2杂化轨道中，有两个和氢原子成键，第三个容纳孤电子对。没有杂化的p轨道保持是空的。这是对三个电子对的最大程度减少电子与电子之间排拒作用的最有效的形式。 单线态的几何构型是弯的，由于孤电子对对C-H 键的排拒作用，键角小于120°。单线态卡宾同时显示了碳负离子的独电子对和碳正离子的空p轨道。

实际上，这样考虑的单线态和三线态的结构是过于简单化的。最近的计算和测定的结果：单线态卡宾的键角约为103°，三线态键角约为136°。单线态和三线态之间的能量差别也曾经见诸报导，三线态比单线态稳定，能量差约为8～9千卡／摩尔。 芳基卡宾 电子自旋共振谱表明芳基卡宾的基态是三线态。反应物光解首先形成单线态卡宾，然后自旋反转，形成三线态卡宾。三线态的esr信号的寿命比较长，在77K长达几小时。 芳基卡宾的esr谱表明芳基卡宾有一个未成对电子和芳香π体系共轭，一个未成对电子和它垂直。

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考博英语（阅读理解）-试卷80 (总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：40.00) Too much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers. Researchers at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately — defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day — had an IQ that was 3. 3 points higher that men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2. 5 points higher than female teetotalers. The type of alcohol didn't influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake. The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent. "It's very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship," says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. "We screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake. " Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is not something Japanese people normally consume or buy. Shimokata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain. If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimokata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries. The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.（分数：10.00） (1).The Japanese study was carried out on______.（分数：2.00） A.the development of IQ B.the secret of longevity C.the brain food in a glass D.the amount of healthy drinking (2).The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ in______.（分数：2.00） A.female teetotalers than in male ones B.female drinkers than in male ones C.moderate drinkers D.teetotalers (3).When he says that it is very difficult to show cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that______.（分数：2.00） A.the study failed to involve such variables as income and education B.he is doubtful of the findings of the investigation C.there are some other contributing factors D.the results were just misleading (4).From Shimokata's mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancing intelligence______.（分数：2.00） A.sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheese B.they promote the drinking effect of sake or wine C.they are not as effective as sake and wine D.sake or wine is not alone (5).Based on the study, Shimokata would say that______.（分数：2.00） A.intelligence improves with age

(2020年7月整理)高等有机化学模拟考试题二.doc

《高等有机化学》模拟考试题（二） 一．填空 1、几种重要的有机反应活性中间体有------、 ----------、---------、--------、--------和---------。 2、萘磺化时，得到α-萘磺酸是-------控制产物，得到β-萘磺酸是------控制产物。 3、写出下列化合物最稳定的构象式： （1） HOCH 2CH 2F 用Newman 投影式表示为：------------； （2）反式十氢化萘 用构象式表示为：--------； （3）（S)-2-丁醇 用Fischer 投影式表示为：-----------； 4、α-蒎烯1H 3C CH 32 中1和2两个甲基上的亲核化学位移δ值较小者为 --------；这是由于----------所致。 5、 下列烷氧基负离子：（a ） C 6H 5O -,（b ）CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2O -,(c ）（CH 3)3CO -,其中碱性最强的是---------，亲核性最强的是---------。 6、有机光化学反应中，分子的激发态常有-------和----------两种。但大多数光化学反应是按-----------进行的。在二苯甲酮与异丙醇的光化学反应中，当加入萘时，该反应中止，反应中的二苯甲酮是---------剂，而萘是二苯甲酮激发态的一种-------剂。 二．写出写列反应的主要产物 C C Ph H 3C CH 3 Ph H + 1 N(CH 2 )OH CH 3 2. C N CH 3OH H 2SO 4 3. OH H 3CO 2SO C O H 3C 4. 3 5. COCHN 2 1)Ag 2O 2) H 2O 6. CH 3 H 3C OCH 2CH=CHCH 3 7. C C 3 OTs H 3C CH 3CH 2ONa 328.