英美文化历史概况

英国历史概况

英国历史是一部征服与合并和的历史。英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1707年苏格兰与英格兰正式合并为大不列颠王国，1800年大不列颠王国和爱尔兰合并成为大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国，1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内。

苏格兰历史简介

苏格兰位于大不列颠岛北部，英格兰之北。苏格兰的历史的正式记载是在古罗马人入侵不列颠之后的一些纪录。公元5世纪，爱尔兰北部的盖尔人（凯尔特人的一支）移居苏格兰，曾在阿盖尔郡和比特郡地区建立达尔里阿达王国。此后向东扩张到阿瑟尔森林和厄恩河谷，向北扩张到埃尔金地区。公元843年达尔里阿达国王麦卡尔平兼任皮克特王国的国王，建立阿尔巴王国，王号为肯尼思一世，一个相对独立完整的苏格兰王国逐渐成形。此后，苏格兰历经邓凯尔德王朝、坎莫尔王朝、巴里奥尔王朝、英格兰占领、布鲁斯王朝以及斯图亚特王朝统治，至1707年与英格兰王国合并成为联合王国。

威尔士历史简介

威尔士位于大不列颠岛西南部，英格兰以西。

距今约29，000年便有人类定居于威尔士。至古罗马人进入了大不列颠岛后，威尔士属于不列颠行省

公元5世纪，随着罗马人的撤离，盎格鲁撒克逊人大举入侵大不列颠，直至到11世纪，威尔士人在盎格鲁撒克逊人的高压统治与入侵中度过，而同时布灵顿人开始称自己威尔士人。公元8世纪，传说中的亚瑟王(King Arthur)领导布灵顿人抗击盎格鲁撒克逊统治。

公元9世纪和10世纪维京入侵使威尔士王国进一步统一，成为一个实体，但同时亦使威尔士落入英国皇室统治之下。

公元927年，威尔士国皇承认盎格鲁撒克逊国王阿瑟斯坦保护威尔士的主人。在随后的11世纪中，威廉一世充分利用了这种先例，在威尔士边境建立的强大而野心的封建领地制度。公元1282年，英格兰王爱德华一世征服最后一个威尔士北部和西部的威尔士公国

公元1284年，威尔士正式被英格兰合并，爱德华一世以《罗德兰法令》（Statute of Rhuddlan）确立自己在该地区的统治。

公元1535年，《联合法案》完成英格兰和威尔士的统一，划分后者为13个郡，并规定英格兰法律通行全威尔士，英文为其官方语言。大部分威尔士人因此无法担任政府公职，但可以派代表参与英国国会。

北爱尔兰历史简介

北爱尔兰是英国的一个地区，位于爱尔兰岛东北部。公元前6600年前后，人类开始在爱尔兰岛定居。现在的爱尔兰人是古代凯尔特人的后裔，世代居住在爱尔兰岛上。公元5世纪的时候，随着罗马天主教的传入，爱尔兰人逐渐信仰了天主教，并形成了由修道院、传道士和王国组成的文化。公元8世纪末，爱尔兰岛上出现了统一的文明和法律，但政治上还没有出

现统一的国家。

公元12世纪末，英王亨利二世利用爱尔兰的分裂局面，率军在爱尔兰岛登陆，征服都柏林和附近地区，建成“爱尔兰领地”，交由其四子约翰统治。但到1609年为止爱尔兰仍然是由许多王国组成的，一直到1609年英格兰才完全占领爱尔兰。

在北美独立战争和法国大革命的影响下，爱尔兰人发动了大规模的反英起义。英国当局进行了残酷的镇压。1801年爱尔兰议会被解散，爱尔兰成为大不列颠和爱尔兰联合王国的一部分。

1921年，经过一系列政治和武力斗争后，爱尔兰岛南部的26个郡从英国独立，爱尔兰共和国成立，北部的其它郡依然是联合王国的一部分。

大多数北爱尔兰人（联合派）希望留在英国，但一个举足轻重的少数派（民族派）希望加入爱尔兰共和国。从1960年代到1990年代两派之间的斗争武装化。1972年北爱尔兰的自治权为此被取消。从1990年代中开始，两派的主要半军事组织达成一个不十分可靠的停火协议。

2002年10月14日，英国政府宣布，中止北爱地方自治政府的运作，把北爱尔兰地区的控制权重新收归中央政府。2007年5月8日，民主统一党和新芬党组成的联合政府宣誓就职，这意味著北爱正式恢复分权自治政府。

英格兰历史简介

英格兰是英国人口最多，面积最大，经济最发达的一个部分，地处大不列颠岛的东南方，威尔斯以东，苏格兰以南。

公元前55年，当时的罗马高卢总督的恺撒，带领数万军队、对不列颠群岛发动了两次武力侵略，却困于不列颠人的战术无功而返。

公元43年，罗马第三任皇帝克劳狄终于征服了不列颠地区，纳为行省，并进行军事统治和军事移民。

公元122年，罗马皇帝哈德良在不列颠岛北部建立了100多公里的城墙以防卫北方蛮族，此即著名的“哈德良长城”。

公元407年，随着罗马帝国势力衰退，最后一批罗马军队于撤离不列颠，结束统治。

罗马军队撤离不列颠后，一支来自欧洲大陆的日耳曼民族-“盎格鲁-撒克逊人”征服了不列颠，建立了许多国家。此后，英国才被称为“英格兰”（意即盎格鲁-撒克逊人的土地）。

公元1066年，来自诺曼底的公爵威廉打败了英王哈罗德二世，建立诺曼王朝。威廉一世下令编辑末日审判书（相当于现在人口、财产普查，根据其中的调查结果，英格兰约有150万人口，其中90%以上是农民），以便日后管理英格兰。威廉一世引入了欧洲大陆的分封土地制度，同时借由领主效忠、强化了英王王权。

公元12世纪，英格兰进入由亨利二世所开创的，也是英格兰中世纪最强大的一个封建王朝-金雀花王朝--在法国又名安茹王朝（House of Anjou）。亨利二世改革了英格兰司法体系，废去不合时宜的审判方法，采用习惯法并首创陪审团制度。

公元1215年，屡战屡败又不得人心的约翰王遭贵族阶级强迫签下限制王权的“大宪章”，是为英国不成文宪法的滥觞。

公元1295年，爱德华一世召开议会，确立了包含贵族、骑士和教士的议会制度。

公元1337年，由于领地和王位继承权的纷争，英格兰和法国之间掀起了断断续续长达116年的“英法百年战争”。百年战争造成大量平民死伤、流离失所，也引领战术、武器方面的革新。最终英格兰几乎失去了欧洲大陆上所有领地；法国则借此完成了民族统一。

公元1399年，兰开斯特公爵亨利趁国王理查二世远征爱尔兰时，夺去王位，成为兰开斯特

王朝的第一位国君，英格兰开始了兰开斯特王朝的统治。兰开斯特的名字是来自于该王朝的成员均为第一代兰开斯特公爵约翰的后代，而红玫瑰为王朝的象征。

公元15世纪，兰开斯特王朝与约克王朝为了争夺英格兰王位，而爆发了玫瑰战争，红玫瑰代表兰开斯特王朝、白玫瑰代表约克王朝。这两个王朝之间的竞争，也导致于现今兰开斯特郡与约克郡之间也保持着友好的竞争关系。

公元1485年，玫瑰战争结束，亨利·都铎夺得王位，都铎王朝开始。其继位者亨利八世则因离婚问题与罗马教廷决裂，另创政教合一的英国国教派（又称英格兰国教会，英国圣公会或英国教会）。

公元1603年，都铎王朝的最后一位君主伊丽莎白一世去世，都铎王朝结束。这一百一十八年的都铎王朝时代是英国历史上的黄金时代。由于伊丽莎白一世生前未曾留下任何子嗣，所以由她血统上最接近的男性新教徒的亲戚，苏格兰王詹姆士六世，成为英格兰王詹姆士一世。公元1642年，查理一世与议会一连串的冲突与纷争导致英国爆发了内战。

公元1645年6月，国会的军队战胜了查理一世的军队，取得决定性的胜利，第一次内战结束。

公元1647年初，查理一世也成了议会的阶下囚。查理一世在第二次内战结束后被当众处决。公元1653年克伦威尔成为护国公，而英国成为了英格兰联邦，克伦威尔过世后，其子理查·克伦威尔接任护国公之职，但没多久就被撤职。在1660年，英国王室复辟成功，英王查理二世回到伦敦。

公元1665年，伦敦爆发大规模的瘟疫，次年，伦敦又发生了大火，这场火灾连续烧了5天，大约烧毁了15，000栋建筑物。

公元1688年，由于詹姆斯二世的荒乱统治，议会决定废黜詹姆士二世。废黜国王之后邀请詹姆斯二世的女婿、荷兰执政奥兰治亲王威廉来英国执政。11月5日威廉率领1.5万人，400艘运输船，53艘军舰在托尔湾登陆。詹姆士二世仓惶出逃德意志，途中被截获，后流亡法国。因为这场革命没有人命伤亡或者受伤，故史称光荣革命。

公元17-18世纪，英荷三次战争，英法七年战争(1756～1763)，取得了海上，殖民以及经济霸权。

公元1707年，英格兰与苏格兰正式合并为大不列颠王国。

英国近代史

公元18世纪30年代，英国在北美建立了13个殖民地。

公元18世纪中叶60年代，英国工业革命(开始)1765年珍妮纺纱机，1771年，水力纺纱厂，1782复动式蒸汽机，大大加速了工业革命进程，19世纪初，汽轮胎和火车诞生，19世纪30，40年代，机器制造业出现，标志着工业革命(完成)。

公元1721年，沃尔波尔成为英国第一任首相，议会内阁制的标志。

公元1800年，大不列颠王国和爱尔兰合并，组成大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国。

公元1832年，议会改革，工业资产阶级的代表成为下院主导力量。

公元1837-1901年，维多利亚时代，大英帝国步入了鼎盛时期，其领土面积则有约3,000万平方公里，是世界陆地总面积的20%，号称“日不落帝国”，是当时世界上最强大的国家。公元1922年，爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内。

公元1928年，扩大选举权威性岁，议会成为最高权利机构，两党轮流执政。

公元1931年，议会通过，《威斯敏斯特法》标志英帝国转变为英联邦

公元1945年，实施《贝茀理奇报告》建设福利国家，推行国有化。

公元20世纪70年代，撒切尔担任首相，进行改革。

中英对照英国历史简介(1)

在新概念英语的部分文章中涉及到了英国历史方面的知识，老师在课上限于时间，只能对相关的内容作简要的介绍，有些朋友可能觉得不够解渴。而课下阅读大部头的英国历史书籍对非英语专业的同学来说既不现实也无必要。因此我在博客上贴一篇中英对照的英国历史简介，既能使朋友们对英国史有个大致的了解，也是学习英语的一篇好材料。延隆英国的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）

The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)

I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）

早期的居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）

1．The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.

人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。

2．At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.约公元前2000年，从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来了宽口陶器人。

3．The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.

约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。

4．The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.

克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.

第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.

第二次高潮是约公元前400年布立吞（不列颠）人的抵达。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.

第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)

罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—410年）

1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.

有记录的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，罗马将军朱略斯"凯撒两次入侵英国，均未成功。直到公元43年，克劳锹才成功占领不列颠。将近四百年里，英国人处于罗马人的占领下，但这并非是完全的占领。

2. Roman’s influence on Bri tain.

The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.

罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。

3.Reasons for limited Roman influence on Britain.

罗马对不列颠的影响有限的原因。

First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never

during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.

首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。其次，在四世纪对罗马人和不列颠人通婚。最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。

Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons’ invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions and The Norman Conquest.

(简要：这是第二章“国家的起源”的第二部分。在这一部分里，主要是介绍了英国从公元446年到1066年所发生的重要事件及人物。这些重要事件分别是盎格鲁—撒克逊人的入侵，北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵及诺曼征服)。

III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)

盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元446—871年）

1．Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.

The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.

五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。居住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，同时也他们也把名字给了英国人。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯、东盎格利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利亚），合称为七王国。

2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.

最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.

盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。除了康瓦尔、威尔士、苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。

但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。

3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.

早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.

盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪。此外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。

IV．Viking and Danish invasions

北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵

1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.

入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的基督教中心。到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。

2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions

艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的贡献

Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.

He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”

阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。

他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大帝”的称号。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)

诺曼征服（公元1066年）

1．Reasons for William’s invasion of England after Edward’s death.

威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。

It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.

据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。

2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences

诺曼征服及其产生的影响。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.

英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。

This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part, I will introduce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part, we also learn more about English history.

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济南大学学年学期考试试卷（卷） 课程英美社会与文化授课教师 -- 考试时间班级 姓名学号 Ⅰ 1. Which of the following is Not considered a characteristic of London? A. The cultural centre B. The business centre C. The financial centre D. The sports centre 2. The Tower of London, a historical sight, located in the centre of London, was built by ______ . A. King Arthur B. Robin Hood C. Oliver Cromwell D. William the Conqueror 3. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England? A. the Anglo-Saxons B. The Normans C. The Vikings D. The Romans 4. The capital of Wales is . A. Edinburgh B. Glasgow C. Belfast D. Cardiff 5. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of British government? A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power. B. It is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world. D. It has no written form of Constitution. 6. Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war? A. James Ⅰ B. James Ⅱ C. CharlesⅠ D. CharlesⅡ 7. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed? A. James Ⅱ B. GeorgeⅠ C. William of Orange D. Oliver Cromwell 8. Which of the following is Not correct? A. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. B. Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament. C. Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws. D. Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution. 9. Who is the leader of the Labor party at present? A. John Major B. Tony Blair C. Harold Wilson D. Margaret Thatcher 10. In Britain, the great majority of parents send their children to ______. A. private schools B. independent schools C. state schools D. public school 11. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of the Open University? A. It’s open to everybody. B. No university degree is awarded.

《英美文化概况》

《英美文化概况》(13) 中国石油大学（北京）2013--2014学年第一学期 《英美文化概况》期末考试试卷A（闭卷考试） 班级：________ 姓名： _______ 学号： ______ Part I Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false. （20 分） 1._________ The best-k nown En glish lege nd, King Arthur, derives from the Anglo- Saxons ' time. 2._________ English drama flourished during Elizabeth I era. 3._________ After World War II, the British economy became the 2nd largest power in the world. 4._________ America was named after the great discoverer Amerigo Vespucci.

5._________ Britain is situated in Western Europe. 6._________ The Lake District is closely related with English literature in the 19 th century. 7._________ The Iongest river in North America is the Missouri River. 8._________ Com mon laws are laws which have bee n established through common practice in the courts. 9.________ The "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution in 1791. 10.________ Most heavily populated districts have more senators than the small states. 11._______ The United States has two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Conservative Party. 12.________ Tolerance and respect for others are central to the way of life in the U.K. 13.________ The Protestant Church and the Catholic Church are two major groups in Christianity. 14.________ The second largest religious group in the U.K. is Buddhism. 15. _______ The University of Oxford is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world. 16. _______ Easter Day is to celebrate Christ 's resurrection from the dead.