论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化-精品文档

论英语中的性别歧视及其发展变化

在人类的历史长河中,性别歧视是一种普遍的社会现象,它不仅反映在社会生活的各个方面,更反映在语言上。语言性别歧视是指人们在使用语言的过程中针对不同的性别产生的歧视和偏见,但它多数情况下是指针对女性而言。随着女性解放运动的发展,英语中的性别歧视语有所减少,但是基于语言的滞后性,性别歧视仍大量存在于英语语言中。本文多角度分析了英语语言中性别歧视的形成原因,揭示了词汇、语义和习语谚语等方面所存在的性别歧视,并探索了近几十年来英语中性别歧视的发展变化情况。

1英语中性别歧视存在的根源

首先,从文化角度看,《圣经》中上帝在创造了亚当之后,又取其一根肋骨造就了夏娃。受此神话中男女形象的影响,女性生来就被当作男性附属品的观念在西方人的思想中根深蒂固。英语中因此常常表现出“以男性为本体,以女性为变体”。其次,从社会角度看,随着社会生产力的发展,男子逐渐占据了社会主导地位,而女性却处于被支配地位,造成了以“男主外,女主内”为原则的两性不同分工。因此,在英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词大都指男性。而从心理角度看,在西方文化中,女性多以反面形象出现,神话中堕落、善变的女性形象导致后人在思想意识上的偏见,甚至形成女性邪恶的思维定势。

2性别歧视在英语中的表现

2.1 从词形的标记角度看性别歧视

英语词汇往往以男性为中心,表示男性的词汇一般是“无标记的”,可表示男女两性。但是,女性的词汇通常是有标记的,只表示女性或女性的某一特征。

(1)基于男女不同的社会分工影响,英语中一些表示职业、地位较高的名词如mayor,doctor,president,governor等,人们在使用这些词的时候,大多数场合指的是男性,若要表明是女性,往往会在词前加上female/woman/lady标记出来。

(2)许多女性名词通常是在男性词汇后加上后缀,如:waiter / waitress,comedienne/ comedian,salesman/saleswoman等。这些后缀-man,-ess,-tee等都是女性的标记,这些标记显示了女性是男性的附庸和例外。

(3)在称谓语中,对于女性的标记现象十分明显,如男人无论是否结婚都可以称之为“Mr.”而称呼女人时则需要明确区分其婚姻状况,如:Miss,Mrs.

(4)在姓氏命名上,女性婚后随夫姓体现了女性在婚姻上的附属地位,如:Helen Smith 与 Jack Williams结婚后,她的名字随夫姓就变成了Helen Williams。

2.2 从语义角度看性别歧视

(1)英语中阳性词汇通常被赋予“大”的含义,而与之对应的阴性词汇则往往带有“小”的含义,这主要表现在表示职业和

地位的两性对应词中。例如:master /mistress 分别指男/女主人,但是master还有大师、能手、院长等褒义,而mistress则有女情人、情妇等卑劣的含义。call boy指“旅馆里的男服务员和剧院中招呼演员上台的人”,而call girl 则指的是“应召女郎”。

(2)同一个单词用在男女身上,含义却会有极大的不同,这也就是所谓的“褒阳贬阴”现象。例如public man 指“担任公职”的人,而public woman则指“娼妓”;ag gressive一词若形容男性就是“值得尊敬的,有魅力的”,但在女性身上就可能指

其“没有同情心,专横跋扈的”。

(3)比喻词汇暗含性别歧视。英语中有不少把女性比作食物、动物和植物的比喻词汇,反映了男性轻视女性的态度。如:cookie 喻义为“可爱的女人”; old hen指爱凑在一起说长道短的中年女性。

(4)以女性名字为某些灾难命名。在美国,给人们带来灾害的飓风通常用女性名字命名,如席卷了新奥尔良的卡特琳娜(Katrina),袭击了北卡罗莱纳州海岸一带的奥菲莉娅(Ophelia),其它还有丽塔(Rita),威尔玛(Wilma)等,飓风用女性名字来命名,似乎是男性的一种恶作剧,但是其更是男性主导语言霸权的一种表现。

2.3 从习惯用语和谚语角度看性别歧视现象

(1)He/man在英语中被广泛用于泛指,这种泛指现象是一种

忽略和轻视女性的历史沉淀物,如:“As a man sows, so he shall reap.”(一分耕耘,一分收获),以及著名的《独立宣言》中“All men are created equal”等。

(2)男尊女卑的传统观念和歧视妇女的文化现象在文学作品里都有淋漓尽致的反映。正如莎士比亚在其作品《哈姆雷特》中所写的一样,“Frailty, thy name is woman。”

(3)英语谚语中也有很多不胜枚举的例子表明女性的卑劣地位,如:No devil is so bad as she devil(最毒妇人心),意指女性的恶毒连魔鬼都望其项背。

分析以上习语或谚语中的性别歧视现象,我们可以得出如下结论:几乎人类所有的弱点都表现在女性身上,女性只配做男性

的附庸。在现实生活中也有这样的例证,如在西方国家的婚礼上,当教堂神父宣布新娘新郎成为合法夫妻时,会这样说道:“I pronounce you man and wife!”,由此可见,当男性步入婚姻时,仍是作为“man”的主导地位,而女性则由woman变为wife,从一个相对独立的社会身份转变为男人的附庸,处于从属地位。

3英语中性别歧视语的发展变化

随着社会政治、经济、文化生活的发展,妇女意识逐渐觉醒,许多女权主义者要求同男子同工同酬,而不是区别对待,她们严

厉指责了英语中所反映出的性别歧视现象和大男子主义思想,并要求改革或消除英语中的一些性别歧视语。20世纪60年代,英语中的性别歧视现象引起了众多女权主义者和许多语言学家的

关注,人们开始有意识地为减轻和消除语言中的性别歧视现象而努力。70年代,女权运动的发展给现代英语用词在性别等方面带来了很大的变化。到了80年代,词汇进一步发展,人们开始避免使用在形态上有性别标识的词。在90年代的用词变化中,出现了性别中和的现象。而在21世纪的今天,为追求词义上的对等,创造新词汇的现象越来越多。以下就是对近年来英语性别歧视语变革的简单总结:

3.1 从词形标记角度看其变化

(1)女性词汇因加后缀而被标记出来的情况已经有所改观。如今,在许多没有必要指明性别的情况下,人们尽量避免使用带有-ette, -ess等给人以“女子气”,“浅薄”感觉后缀的标记词汇,因此,许多诸如authoress, poetess等词在字典中已被注明old-fashioned,取而代之的是相对应的“中性”词author, poet等。

(2)在称谓语标记方面也有了一些变化。例如,近年来,英语中出现了一个崭新的与Mr.相对应的缩写词称谓词Ms。它通常指任何女性而又不标记婚姻状况。1973年,美国政府印刷所正式接受“Ms”一词代替“Miss”和“Mrs”,作为和“Mr”对等的称谓,目前该词已被收入各大词典。

3.2 从语义角度看其变化

(1)“褒阳贬阴”现象已经有所改善,原有男性或女性特征的词语仍被人们使用着,在词形上并无变化,但是已经不是男性

或女性的专属词汇。例如:mensch原义为“正派、诚实的小伙子”,以前仅用于形容男性,但是,she is a mensch现已用来表示有积极特征的女性。

(2)性别歧视的色彩也正逐渐淡化。随着社会的发展,人们意识到了性别歧视语给女性带来的伤害,因此开始慎用性别歧视语,政府等相关部门也为此做出了一些努力。例如,为了维护男女的平等权利,英国就业委员会以立法规定招工广告的中性化,要求

慎用“salesman”,“store-man”等词,确保两性都有平等的就业机会。

(3)词汇中性化趋势明显,一些原本只能用“男性”词语描

绘的对象出现了中性对等词并受到广泛使用。如:

当所指代的对象性别不确定时,人们尽量使用中性词或者阴阳并用。1977年,美国劳工部将多达三千个职业名称作了修改,用“-person”等复合新词来代替带有男性标志的“-man”复合词,

如:fireman-firefighter;chairman-chairperson;salesman-sa lesperson;

(4)与阳性词对应的阴性词出现。在现代英语中,除了有许多消除性别特征的中性词出现外,英语中也出现了与其相对应的阴性词,如businesswoman, policewoman, congresswoman等。

3.3 习惯用语及谚语上的变化

(1)迫于女权主义者的压力以及现代社会文明的发展,一些

贬低女性的言语习语已经逐渐淡出人们的视线,而且随着女性在

社会生活的各个方面发挥着越来越重要的作用,英语中也逐渐出

现了赞美、尊重、的谚语。

(2)以往人们习惯用man代指整个人类,而现在则多用human race/human beings/humankind/people这类词来泛指人类。

(3)在现代公函中皆用Dear Madams and sirs 或Dear Customer/Friend这些形式来代替旧时的Dear sir这一性别单

一的称谓来称呼收件人。

3.4 创造新词汇

当今英语语言中有时用womyn或wimmin这个词来取代woman, 在该词中再也找不到“man”的影子,足见女性对摆脱男性阴影

的强烈渴望。而且在英语国家语料库里检索wimmin一词,能找到17个相关词条。随着男女社会分工上差异的逐渐减小,出现了househusband等词。

以上这些现象的出现从多角度反映了语言中性别歧视的发

展变化,并从侧面反映了社会生活中性别歧视现象的发展变化。

4 结语

随着社会的发展,英语中的性别歧视现象正在得到日趋改善,但是由于语言固有的滞后性以及传统观念的深刻影响,要想消除

英语中的性别歧视还需要一个长期演变的过程。本文通过揭示英语中的性别歧视的表现及其发展变化,希望有更多的人能注意到

语言的变化。除了日常的学习外,还应多学一些社会语言学知识,

多阅读最新的英语国家报刊杂志等读物,了解性别歧视在语言中的体现以及当代英语中一些减轻性别歧视的方法,尽量避免因语言变化速度缓慢所造成的学习滞后性。

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