法律渊源 source of law普通法 common law
制定法 statute大陆法 continental law
判例法 case law; precedent罗马法系 Roman law system
普通法 common law衡平法 equity; law of equity
特别法 special law日尔曼法 Germantic law
固有法 native law; indigenous law教会法 ecclesiastical law
继受法 adopted law寺院法 canon law
实体法 substantial law伊斯兰法 Islamic law
程序法 procedural law民法法律规范 norm of civil law
原则法 fundamental law授权规范 authorization norm
例外法 exception law禁止规范 forbidding norm
司法解释 judicial interpretation义务性规范 obligatory norm
习惯法 customary law命令性规范 commanding norm
公序良俗 public order and moral
自然法 natural law民法基本原则 fundamental principles of
civil law
罗马法 Roman Law
平等原则 principle of equality
私法 private law
自愿原则 principle of free will
公法 public law
公平原则 principle of justice
市民法 jus civile
等价有偿原则 principle of equal value 万民法 jus gentium
exchange
民法法系 civil law system
诚实信用原则 principle of good faith
英美法系 system of Anglo-American law
行为 act
大陆法系 civil law system
作为 ac
不作为 omission原权 antecedent right
合法行为 lawful act救济权 right of relief
违法行为 unlawful act支配权 right of dominion
民事权利权利能力 civil right请求权 right of claim
绝对权 absolute right物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 相对权 relative right形成权 right of formation
优先权 right of priority撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
先买权 preemption
否认权 right of claiming cancellation专属权 exclusive right
解除权 right of renouncement非专属权 non-exclusive right
代位权 subrogated right人身权利 personal right
选择权 right of choice人权 human right
承认权 right of admission人格权 right of personality
终止权 right of termination生命健康权 right of life and health
抗辩权 right of defense姓名权 right of name
一时性抗辩权 momentary right of defense名称权 right of name
永久性抗辩权 permanent counter-argument肖像权 right of portraiture
right
自由权 right of freedom
不安抗辩权 unstable counter-argument
名誉权 right reputation
right
隐私权 right of privacy
同时履行抗辩权 defense right of
simultaneous performance私生活秘密权 right of privacy
既得权 tested right贞操权 virginity right
期待权 expectant right身份权right of status
亲权 parental power; parental right意思表示一致 meeting of minds; consensus 亲属权 right of relative完全行为能力 perfect capacity for act
探视权 visitation right限制行为能力 restrictive capacity for
配偶权 right of spouse
act
荣誉权 right of honor
准禁治产人 quasi-interdicted person
权利的保护 protection of right
保佐 protection
公力救济 public protection 自治产人 minor who is capable of administering his own capacity
私力救济 self-protection
无行为能力 incapacity for act
权利本位 standard of right
禁治产人 interdicted person
社会本位 standard of society
自然人 natural person
无责任行为 irresponsible right
公民 citizen
正当防卫 justifiable right; ligitimate
住所 domicile
defence
防卫行为 act of defence
居所 residence
自为行为 self-conducting act
经常居住地 frequently dwelling place 紧急避险 act of rescue; necessity
户籍 census register
自助行为 act of self-help
监护 guardianship
不可抗力 force majeure
个体工商户 individual business
意外事件 accident 农村承包经营户 leaseholding rural household
行为能力 capacity for act
合伙 partnership
意思能力 capacity of will
合伙人 partner
民事行为 civil act
合伙协议 partnership agreement
意思表示 declaration of intention
合伙财产 property of partnership
合伙债务 debt of partnership中外合作企业 Sino-foreign contractual
入伙 join partnership
enterprise
退伙 withdrawal from partnership
社团法人 legal body of mass organization 合伙企业 partnership business
财团法人 legal body of financial group establishment联营 joint venture
个人合伙 partnership法人型联营 association of legal persons 法人合伙 partnership of legal person合伙型联营 coordinated management in 特别合伙 special partnership
partnership
普通合伙 general partnership 协作型联营 cooperation-type coordinated management
有限合伙 limited partnership
合作社 cooperative
民事合伙 civil partnership
民事法律行为 civil legal act
隐名合伙 sleeping partnership; dormant
单方民事法律行为 unilateral civil legal partnership
act
私营企业 private enterprise;
双方民事法律行为 bilateral civil legal proprietorship
act
法人 legal person
多方民事法律行为 joint act civil legal 企业法人 legal body of enterprise act
企业集团 group of enterprise有偿民事法律行为 civil legal act with 关联企业 affiliate enterprise
consideration
个人独资企业 individual business 无偿民事法律行为 civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without
establishment
award
国有独资企业 solely state-owned
实践性民事法律行为 practical civil enterprise
legal act
中外合资企业 Sino-foreign joint venture
法律翻译公司
enterprise
诺成性民事法律行为 consental civil乘人之危 taking advantage of others’legal act precarious position
要式民事法律行为 formal civil legal act以合法形式掩盖非法目的 legal form 不要式民事法律行为 informal civil legal
concealing illegal intention
act恶意串通 malicious collaboration
要因民事法律行为 causative civil legal重大误解 gross misunderstanding
act
显失公平 obvious unjust
不要因民事法律行为 noncausative civil
误传 misrepresentation
legal act
主民事法律行为 principal civil legal
代理 agency act
从民事法律行为 accessory civil legal
本人 principal act
附条件民事法律行为 conditional civil
被代理人 principal
legal act受托人 trustee
附期限民事法律行为 civil legal act with代理人 agent
term
本代理人 original agent
生前民事法律行为 civil legal act before
法定代理人 statutory agent; legal agent death
死后民事法律行为 civil legal act after
委托代理人 agent by mandate
death指定代理人 designated agent
准民事法律行为 quasi-civil legal act复代理人 subagent
无效行为 ineffective act再代理人 subagent
可撤销民事行为 revocable civil act转代理人 subagent
违法行为 illegal act; unlawful act代理权 right of agency
侵权行为 tort授权行为 act of authorization
欺诈 fraud授权委托书 power of attorney
胁迫 duress代理行为act of agency
委托代理 agency by mandate
本代理 original agency
复代理 subagency
次代理 subagency
有权代理 authorized agency
表见代理 agency by estoppel; apparent agency
律师代理 agency by lawyer
普通代理 general agency
全权代理 general agency
全权代理委托书general power of attorney
共同代理 joint agency
独家代理 sole agency
居间 brokerage
居间人 broker
行纪 commission; broker house
信托 trust
时效 time limit; prescription;
limitation
时效中止 suspension of
prescription/limitation
时效中断 interruption of
limitation/prescription
时效延长 extension of limitation 取得时效 acquisitive prescription
时效终止 lapse of time; termination of prescription
期日 date
期间 term
涉外民事关系 civil relations with
foreign elements
冲突规范 rule of conflict
准据法 applicable law; governing law
反致 renvoi; remission
转致 transmission
识别 identification
公共秩序保留 reserve of public order
法律规避 evasion of law
国籍 nationality
国有化 nationalization
法律责任 legal liability
民事责任 civil liability/responsibility
行政责任 administrative
liability/responsibility
刑事责任 criminal
liability/responsibility
违约责任 liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default
有限责任 limited liability无形损失intangible damage/loss
无限责任 unlimited liability财产损失property damage/loss
按份责任 shared/several liability人身损失personal damage/loss
连带责任 joint and several liability精神损失spiritual damage/loss
过失责任 liability for negligence;民事责任承担方式methods of bearing negligent liability civil liability
过错责任 fault liability; liability for
fault
单独过错 sole fault
共同过错 joint fault
混合过错 mixed fault
被害人过错 victim’s fault
第三人过错 third party’s fault
推定过错 presumptive fault
恶意 bad faith; malice
故意 deliberate intention; intention; willfulness
过失 negligence
重大过失 gross negligence
疏忽大意的过失 careless and inadvertent negligence
过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption
损害事实 facts of damage
有形损失 tangible damage/loss 停止侵害 cease the infringing act
排除妨碍 exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle
消除危险 elimination of danger
返还财产 restitution of property
恢复原状 restitution; restitution of
original state
赔偿损失 compensate for a loss;
indemnify for a loss
支付违约金 payment of liquidated damage
消除影响 eliminate ill effects
恢复名誉 rehabilitate one’ s reputation
赔礼道歉 extend a formal apology
物权 jus ad rem; right in rem; real right
物权制度 real right system; right in rem system
一物一权原则 the principal of One thing, One Right
物权法定主义 principal of legality of
right in rem
物权公示原则 principal of public summons of right in rem
物权法 jus rerem
物 property
生产资料 raw material for production
生活资料 means of livelihood; means of subsistence
流通物 res in commercium; a thing in commerce
限制流通物 limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物 res extra commercium; a thing
out of commerce
资产 asset
固定资产 fixed asset
流动资产 current asset; floating asset
动产 movables; chattel
不动产 immovable; real estate
特定物 res certae; a certain thing
种类物 genus; indefinite thing
可分物 res divisibiles;divisible things
不可分物 res indivisibiles; indivisible
things
主物 res capitalis; a principal thing 从物 res accessoria; an accessory thing 原物 original thing
孳息 fruits
天然孳息 natural fruits
法定孳息 legal fruits
无主物 bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods
遗失物 lost property
漂流物 drifting object
埋藏物 fortuna; hidden property
货币 currency
证券 securities
债券 bond
物权分类 classification of right in
rem/real right
自物权 jus in re propria; right of full ownership
所有权 dominium; ownership; title
所有权凭证 document of title; title of ownership
占有权 dominium utile; equitable ownership
使用权 right of use; right to use of
收益权 right to earnings; right t o yields 处分权 right of disposing; jus
dispodendi
善意占有 possession in good faith
恶意占有 malicious possession
按份共有 several possession
共同共有 joint possession
他物权 jus in re aliena
用益物权 real right for usufruct
使用权 right to use; right of use
土地使用权 right to the use of land
林权 forest ownership
采矿权 mining ownership
经营权 managerial authority; power of management
承包经营权 right to contracted management
相邻权 neighboring right; relatedright 地上权 superficies
永佃权 jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract
地役权 servitude; easement
人役权 servitus personarum; personal servitude
担保物权 real right for security 物的瑕疵担保 warranty against defect of
a thing
抵押权 hypotheca; hypothecation; right
to mortgage
抵押权的设定 creation of right to
mortgage
抵押人 mortgagor
抵押权人 mortgagee
抵押标的物 collateral; estate under mortgage
抵押权的效力 deffect of right to
mortgage
抵押权的次序 sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃 abandonment of right to mortgage
抵押权的让与 alienation of right to mortgage
抵押权的实现 materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭 extinction of right to
mortgageregistration of estate
under mortgage
抵押物登记 registration of estate under mortgage
抵押优先权 priority of mortgage
物的担保 security for thing留置权lien
一般留置权 general lien主债prime/principal obligation 特别留置权 special lien从债accessory obligation
质权 hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge单一之债single obligation
佃权 tenant right按份之债several obligation
连带之债 joint obligation
债权 jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor’s right
债权人 creditor
债务人 debtor
相对人 counterpart; offeree
给付 give; pay
债务 debt; liability; obligation
债务的偿还 payment of debt
债务的偿清 discharge of debt
债务的担保 guarantee of debt
债务的合并 consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期debt maturity
债务的免除 exemption of debt
债的分类 obligatio; obligation
法定之债 legal obligation
任意之债 voluntary obligation
简单之债 simple obligation
选择之债 alternative obligation 特定之债 certain obligation
种类之债 indefinite obligation
合同之债 contractual obligation
侵权行为之债 tort obligation
损害赔偿之债 obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages
人身损害 damage to person
精神损害 moral/mental/spiritual damage 医药费 hospital treatment expense
医疗费 medical charge
抚恤金 pension
慰问金 consolation money
产品瑕疵 defect of product
不当得利 unjust enrichment
无因管理 voluntary service
债的担保 guarantee of obligation
财产担保 property guarantee
信用担保 credit guarantee
让与担保 alienation guarantee
保证 guaranty
明示保证 express guaranty
默示保证 implied guaranty
保证人 guarantor
保证合同 contract of
guaranty/suretyship
保证金 guaranty bond; security deposit
押金 deposit; foregift
预付款 advanced payment
定金 earnest money; deposit
违约金 liquidated damages
法定违约金 liquidated damages by law
约定违约金 liquidated damages by agreement
债的履行 performance of obligation
实际履行原则 doctrine of specific performance
情事变更原则 doctrine of change of circumstances
不当履行 misfeasance
清偿 discharge; satisfaction
提存 debtor ’s submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority 抵销 setoff
知识产权 intellectual property
知识产权国际保护 international
protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则 doctrine of national treatment
优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine
自动保护原则 doctrine of automatic protection
特许权使用费 royalties
智力成果 intellectual property
著作权 copyright
版权 copyright
著作权人 copyright owner
创作 creation
作品 opus; product; work
著作人格权 right of personality of copyright
发表权 right of publication
署名权 right of authorship; right of paternity
修改权 right of modification; right of revision
完整性保持权 right to maintain integrity
不可侵犯权 inviolability新颖性 novelty
收回权 right of recall; right of创造性 creativity
retrieval
实用性 practicability
自费出版 publish a book at the author’
发明创造 invention and creation
s own expense
实用新型 utility model
著作财产权 property right in work
外观设计 design; industrial design
使用收益分享权 right to share usufruct
发明权 right of invention
利用权 right to make use of
发现权 right of discovery
获得报酬权 right to get payment
专利申请 patent application
重播权 right of rebroadcasting
专利异议 objection to a patent
录制权 right of fixation
专利公告 patent gazette
机械复制权 right of mechanograph; right
of mechanical reproduction专利续展费 renewal fee of patent
著作邻接权 neighboring right of专利许可协议 patent licensing agreement copyright
技术诀窍 know-how
剽窃 plagiary; plagiarism
专有技术 know-how
盗版 pirate
专利证书 certificate of patent
盗版 VCD pirated VCD
专利事务所 patent office
伪造 forge
专利代理 patent agency
工业产权 industrial property
中华人民共和国专利局 Patent Office of 专利权 patent right the People ’s Republic of China
优先权日 priority date商标权 trademark right
申请在先原则 prior application rule商标国际注册 international registration
of trademark
使用在先 priority of use
商品商标 commodity trademark
服务商标 service trademark重婚 bigamy
驰名商标 reputed trademark独生子女 only child
广告商标 advertisement trademark法律婚 legal marriage
近似商标 similar trademark非婚生子女 illegitimate child
商标评审委员会 trade review and夫妻共同财产 community property appraisal board
夫妻关系 conjugal relationship
商标审查 trademark examination
夫妻分居 divorce a mensa et thoro;商标侵权 trademark infringement divorce from bed and board
商标注册 registered trademark复婚 resumption of marriage
商标公告 trademark gazette感情破裂 incompatibility
注册商标使用许可 licensing of婚后财产公证 notarization of registered trademark postnuptial properties
注册商标转让 assignment of registered婚姻登记 marriage registration trademark
婚生子女 ligitimate child
商标使用许可协议 trademark licensing
计划生育 birth control
agreement
商标事务所 trademark office
结婚 marry
商标代理 trademark agency
离婚 divorce
买卖婚姻 mercenary marriage
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养 marriage, family,拟制血亲 blood relations in fiction of law
inheritance, adoption
婚姻法 marital law; marriage law 旁系血亲 collateral relation blood relation
包办婚姻 arranged marriage
涉外婚姻 marriage with foreign elements
财产分割 partition; dismemberment of
配偶 spouse
property
事实婚 de facto marriage subrogation
诉讼离婚 divorce by litigation世袭继承 hereditary succession
探视权 visitation right间接继承 indirect succession
同居 cohabitation转继承 subsuccession
晚婚 late marriage共同继承 joint succession
无效婚姻 void marriage单独继承 single succession
协议离婚 divorce by agreement继承人 heir; successor
一夫一妻制 monogamy第二顺序继承人 successor second in order 早婚 early marriage第一顺序继承人 successor first in order
直系血亲 lineal descent继承参与人 succession participant
自然血亲 natural blood relation遗产 inheritance; heritage
收养法 adoption law遗产继承人 heir to property; inheritor
收养协议 adoption agreement遗言 last will and testament
收养人 adoptive parent遗书 last words
送养人 person or institutionplacing out遗赠 bequest; legacy; devise
a child for adoption
遗赠抚养协议 legacy-support agreement
涉外收养 adoption with foreign elements
继承法 inheritance law; law of
会计法 accounting law
succession
税法 tax law; taxation law
法定继承 legal seccession
反不正当竞争法 anti-unfair competition
遗嘱继承 intestate succession
law
遗赠继承 succession by devise
消费者权益保护法 consumer ’s interest
自然继承 natural succession protection law
代位继承 representation; succession by产品责任法 production liability law
消费者权益法 consumer rights and company
interests law
募集设立 incorporation by stock
公司法 company law; corporate law floatation
公司 company; corporation发起人 floater; initiator
有限责任公司 limited liability company公司名称 name of company
股份有限公司 company limited by shares公司住址 domicile of company
无限公司 unlimited company出资 contribution; capital subscription
股份两合公司 joint stock limited现金出资 investment in cash
liability partnership
实物出资 investment in kind
两合公司 joint liability company
工业产权出资 investment in industrial
控股公司 holding company property right
集团公司 group company非专有技术出资 investment in non-patent 合资公司 joint venture company
technology
联营公司 associated company; affiliated
劳务出资 investment in labor
company高新技术成果出资 investment in hi-tech 国营公司 state-own company
achievements
国有公司 state-owned company
注册资本 registered capital
民营公司 civilian-run company
实缴资本 paid-in capital
本国公司 national/domestic company
验资报告 capital verification report
外国公司 foreign company 会计师事务所 certified public accountants
上市公司 listed company
注册会计师 certified public accountant 母公司 parent company
资本三原则 three doctrine of capital
子公司 subsidiary
资本确定原则 doctrine of capital
皮包公司 briefcase company; fundless determination
资本维持原则 doctrine of capital股本 stock capital
maintenance
股东 shareholder
资本不变原则 doctrine of unchanging
股东大会 shareholders ’ meeting capital
最低资本额制度 minimum capital system 股东大会决议 resolution of shareholders ’ meeting
公司章程 articles of association;
股东大会议事规则 rule of procedure of articles of incorporation; bylaw
shareholders ’ meeting
公司登记 incorporation; corporate
表决权 voting right; right to vote registration
公司存续 existence of company
董事 director
公司合并分立 merger and split of company
董事长 president/chairman of the board 公司并购 corporate merger and
首席执行官 chief executive officer(CEO)
acquisition首席运营官 chief operation officer(COO)
公司管理 corporate governance; company执行董事 executive director management
常务董事 managing director
公司法律顾问 corporate counsel
董事会 board of directors
公司整顿 company rectification
董事会领导下的经理负责制
公司歇业 closure of business responsibility system of the chief
公司和解 company composition executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors
公司解散 company dissolution
经理独立负责制 manager independent 公司清算 company liquidation responsibility system
公司清理 company winding-up监事 supervisor
竞业禁止 non-commpete; competition监事会 board of supervisors prohibition
股 share; stock
招股章程 prospectus
普通股 common stock
特别股 special stock证券交易所 stock exchange
资格股 qualification stock证券商 securities dealer
优先股 preferred stock证券公司 securities company
劣后股 inferior stock证券承销商 consortium of underwriters
表决权股 stock with voting power证券承销合同 underwriting contract
溢价股 premium stock证券经纪人 securities broker
折价股 converting stock披露制度 disclosing system
国家股 state-owned share交割日 closing date
集体股 collective share 法人股 corporate风险投资基金 venture capital fund
share
上海证券交易所 Shanghai Stock Exchange
企业股 enterprise share
深圳证券交易所 Shenzhen Stock Exchange
个人股 individual share
证券监督委员会 securities supervision
股息 dividend committee
红股 bonus stock; dividend stock票据法 law of negotiable instrument
法定公积金 legal accumulation fund票据 notes; bills; commercial
instruments
资本公积金 capital accumulation fund
商业票据 bill; commercial instrument
盈余公积金 surplus accumulation fund
远期票据 time bill;; long-dated bill
任意公积金 optional accumulation fund
到期票据 matured bill
公司犯罪 corporate crime
即期票据 sight bill
记名票据 bill payable to order; note to
证券法 securities law
order
证券发行 issuance of securities
不记名票据 bearer instrument
证券上市 list securities;float an issue
本票 promissory note
支票 cheque再追索人 renewed recourser
汇票 bill of exchange前手 remote holder
发票日 ticket day后手 subsequent endorser
出票日 date of draft/issue票据权利 right of bill
发票地 place of draft/issue票据期限 term of bill; tenor
票据到期日 bill to mature票据债务人 debtor of commercial 票据金额 sum of bill
instrument
票面价额 face value
追索权 right of recourse
票据出票人 drawer
票据抗辩 exception to bill
票据持票人 bill holder
票据丧失 loss of bill
票据承兑人 bill acceptor
票据时效 prescription of exchanges 票据行为 act on commercial paper
票据贴现 discount of bill
承兑票据 honor a bill
再贴现 rediscount of bill
票据议付 negotiation
恩惠期间 term of benevolence
拒付票据 protest a bill 票据代理 agency for
notes/bills/commercial instruments
票据付款人 drawee
票据支付人 payer on commercial
海商法 maritime law
instrument
票据收款人 bill collector
船舶国籍证书 certificate of registry;
certificate of ship’s nationality
票据背书人 endorser/indorser of a bill
船棋国 flag country
被背书人 endorsee
船舶所有权证书 certificate of ship 票据保证人 bill guarantor ownership
票据被保证人 bill pledgee/warrantee船舶检验 register of ship
船舶保险 insurance on hull共同海损优先权 priorityclaim to general 船舶保险单 hull insurance policy
average
船舶登记证书 certificate of registry
服务优先权 priority claim to service
船舶丈量 tonnage measurement of ships 货物损害优先权 priority claim to cargo damage
船舶进港费 groundage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权
船舶抵押 ship mortgage priority claim to ship credit and goods 船舶租赁 ship chartering
credit
船舶转租 ship subchartering
海运合同 shipping contract
船舶所有人责任限制 limitation of
提单 bill of lading(B/L)
liabilities of ship owners空舱费 dead freight
船舶碰撞 ship collision租船费 charterage
船舶遇难 maritime distress租船合同 charter-party contract of
海上灾难 perils of the sea
affreightment
海上拖航 marine towage
期租船合同 time charter-party; time CP 船舶扣押 detention of ship
航次租船合同 voyage charter-party
船舶债权 ship ’s credit
定期租船合同 time charter-party
船级社 classification society 光船租船合同 bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP
船级证书 certificate of class
包租运输合同 shipping charter-party
海上留置权 maritime lien
海上旅客运输合同 contract for carriage 船舶留置权 maritime lien of passengers by sea
船舶抵押权 maritime mortgage远洋拖带合同 contract of ocean towage 海上优先请求权 priority claim to港内拖带合同 contract of port towage
seagoing ships
海难救助合同 salvage contract
救助优先权 priority claim to salvage
海事报告 master ’ s protest;;sea protest 海事声明书 sea protest
海事争议 maritime dispute
海事法院 maritime court;; admiralty
court
海事诉讼程序 maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权 civil jurisdiction of sea collision
船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权 criminal jurisdiction of sea collision
海事争议的审理 hearing/trial of
maritime disputes
海事诉讼保全措施 measures for maritime attachment
海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书
application/petition for
maritime attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime
action/proceedings
涉外海事诉讼管辖权 jurisdiction of
maritime action involving for elements
强制变卖被扣押船舶 compulsory realization of the distrained ship
海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure
保险法 insurance law
自愿保险 voluntary insurance
强制保险 compulsory insurance
商业保险 commercial insurance
财产保险 property insurance
人身保险 personal insurance
人寿保险 life insurance
健康保险 health insurance
意外保险 accident insurance
社会保险 social insurance
养老保险 endowment insurance
医疗保险 medical insurance
失业保险 unemployment insurance
信用保险 credit insurance
保证保险 guaranty insurance
保险合同 insurance contract
保险人 insurer; underwriter
被保险人 the insured
受益人 benificiary
投保人 applicant for insurance;; policy holder
一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee ?p??li: 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁) 裁决书verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation 调解书mediation 二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书legal opinions 法律援助legal aid 法律咨询legal counseling 法庭division; tribunal 法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws) 法学会law society 法学课程legal courses 法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws) 法学系faculty of law; department of law 法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws) J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士) 法学院law school 法院公告court announcement 反诉状counterclaim 房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer 非合伙律师associate lawyer 非诉讼业务non-litigation practice 高级合伙人senior partner 高级律师senior lawyer 各类协议和合同agreements and contracts 公安局Public Security Bureau 公司上市company listing 公诉案件public-prosecuting case 公证书notarial certificate 国办律师事务所state-run law office 国际贸易international trade 国际诉讼international litigation 国内诉讼domestic litigation 合伙律师partner lawyer 合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law office 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client 会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect 兼职律师part-time lawyer 监狱prison; jail 鉴定结论expert conclusion 缴纳会费membership dues 举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi 决定书decision
一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书 award(用于仲裁) 裁决书 verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions
法律英语实用单词讲解 accord释义:accord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 acquire释义:acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire的名词acquisition和merger 的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 act释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear 相对应。如:Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from action释义:act在普通英语中的含义是行动,在法律英语中则理解为诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 adopt释义:adopt的最常见含义是采用,通过,如adopt a law通过一项法律,adopt a proposal 采纳一个建议等,这种用法在法律英语中也较为常见。另外,adopt在法律英语中可能会用到一个含义是收养,如adopt an orphan according to law根据法律规定收养孤儿。 admission释义:admission是admit的名词,在普通英语中的含义是承认或接纳。在法律英语中,则通常是法律程序中的一个用语,意思是采纳,采信(证据),如The defendant challenged the admission of the evidence by the court on the ground that the evidence was irrelevant.被告以证据没有相关性为由反对法院对其予以采信。 affect释义:affect是普通英语中最常见最普通的单词之一,意思是影响,通常用在口语和非正式的场合中。但在法律英语,affect(本义没有改变,仍然是影响),确实非常正式的用法,通常不能用influence 等单词替换。如The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款,并在不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。 affiliate释义:affiliate是法律英语的常见单词之一,意思是关联方,关联公司,也可以associate或connected person表示。如“Affiliate” means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party,including a Party's parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party.“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方(包括其母公司或子公司)或受一方直接或间接控制,或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。 agent释义:agent也是法律英语中常见单词之一,意思是代理人,代理商,通常指商业代理,如果指非商业性质的代理,如替别人出席会议等,则可用proxy。 例句:Nothing in this Agreement or in the performance of any of its provisions is intended or shall be construed to constitute either party an agent, 1egal representative, subsidiary,joint venturer,partner,employer,or employee of the other for any purpose whatsoever. 参考译文:本协议的任何内容或本协议任何条款的履行,无意表示、亦不应被理解为任何一方为任何目的可以充当另一方的代理人、法定代表、子公司、合营方、合作伙伴、雇主或雇员。
法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号:[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
一、 action 诉讼 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb. 向某人提起诉讼,到法院告某人 defendant 被告 appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 cause of action 案由 transaction 交易 to join sb. as plaintiff/defendant 与某人共同起诉、把某人作为第三人被告合并起诉to make a complete determination of a controversy彻底解决争端 to be liable 负有责任 to rest on 依靠,依赖 adversary 敌手,对手;敌对的 adversary system 抗辩制 advocate 用户,提倡;拥护者,辩护者 produce 拿出,出示 evidence 证据 inquisitorial 纠问的 civil law tradition 大陆法传统 presentation 介绍,陈述 intervene 干涉,介入 safeguard 预防措施,保证条款;保护 prevalence 流行,盛行 manifold 多种多样的 contest 比赛 interested 有利害关系的 resolution 解决 to bear the burden of 承担 to reduce... to 把.....降为,把......归纳为 unbiased 无偏见的 satisfy 满足,符合 critic 批评者 merit 事实真相,是非曲直 phase 阶段 reside 属于,归于 affirmative 肯定的,积极的 join 合并 to be liable to sb. for sth. 因某事对某人负有责任 to rest on 依靠 to reside in/with 属于 二、 allege 声称 allegation 声称 injury 伤害
法律英语常用词汇大全
法律英语常用词汇大全 一、律师部分 案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件) 被上诉人appellee 被诉人respondent; defendant 本案律师councel pro hac vice 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定) 裁决书award(用于仲裁) 裁决书verdict(用于陪审团) 采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests 查阅法条source legal provisions 产权转让conveyancing 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange
法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译 Ξ 李 丽 (三峡大学外国语学院教师 香港中文大学翻译系博士生 香港沙田) 摘 要 法律文件的英汉翻译在中国发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从四个方面归纳法律英语词汇的特点,即专业性、正式性、客观性及准确性,并进一步探讨具体的法律词汇翻译的方法和对策。关键词 法律翻译 法律词汇特点 翻译方法 翻译策略 Abstract Translation of legal documents is now playing an ever -increasing role in China.This paper first surveys four primary characteristics of legal vocabulary ,namely ,professionalism ,formalism ,objectivity and exactitude ,followed by a presentation and discussion of s pecific strategies and methods of translating legal vo 2cabulary between English and Chinese. K ey Words Legal translation characteristics of legal vocabulary translation methods translation strate 2gies 随着中国加入WTO ,世界经济一体化,中国与世界的交往和联系越来越多。法律文件的翻译将会在社会生活中扮演很重要的角色。要做好法律文件的英汉翻译,我们必须了解法律英语的一些特点。所谓法律英语,“是指法律界通用的书面英语(包括法律、法规、条例、规章、协定、判定和裁定等),尤其是指律师起草法律文件(合同、章程、协议、契约等)惯常使用的语 言。”[1] 法律英语在词汇、句式等方面都有它自己的特点。本文尝试归纳出法律英语在词汇方面的四大特点,并进而探讨一些具体的翻译方法和策略。1 专业性 “法律语言部分地是由具有特定法律意义的词组成,部分地是由日常用语组成。具有特定法律意义的词,在日常用语中即使有也很少 使用,如预谋、过失、非法侵害等。”[2] 除了具有特定法律意义的词之外,很多在日常生活中普遍应用的词汇,一旦到了法律文本中,便具有了区别于日常意义的法律意义。这也就是我们常 说的法律词汇的“专业性”。下表列举部分英语单词的普通意义和法律意义: 英语单词 日常意义法律意义adverse 相反的非法的battery 电池伤害、人身攻击condemn 谴责判刑、定罪declaration 声明、宣言申诉书exhibit 展出物证hear 听见听审immunity 免疫力豁免权leave 离开休庭proceed 进行起诉report 报告揭发sentence 句子判决undo 解开勾引、诱奸vacation 假期休庭期warrant 保证拘捕令 除了这些普通词汇所具有的专业意义之外,法律英语中还保留了一些外来词和旧体词,这也是法律词汇专业性的一个体现和标记。 外来词:现代法律词汇中保留一些来自拉文的词汇,如: ad hoc 专门地bona fide 真诚地 de facto 事实上的inter alia 除了别的因素以外in re 关于 mutatis mutandis 已作了必要的修订pari passu 按相同比例per se 自身pro bono 为了公益pro rata 按比例 第18卷3期2005年8月 中国科技翻译CHIN ESE SCIENCE &TECHNOLO GY TRANSLATORS JOURNAL Vol.18.No.3 Aug.2005 收稿日期:2005—03—09/14
t h e i e 法律英语 法律渊源 source of law 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange
法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law; precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law; indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity; law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice 等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange
常用法律英语词汇 Ab initio 从开始形容事件由开始时的状态,例如合约从开始便已经无效,称为“The contract was void ab initio”。 Accused 被告Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。 Acquittal 罪名不成立刑事案件经审讯后,被告罪名不成立被释放,称为“The accused is acquitted”。Acquittal是名词。 Adjourn 休庭,押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟,称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审,称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。 Affidavit 誓章以宗教仪式发誓后签署的书面证供称为Affidavit,而以真诚发誓所签署的证供称为Affirmation,两者的格式用词有些分别,但主要作用相同。 Allegation 声称诉讼陈词中未经证实的声言,例如:The Plaintiff alleged that his loss was due to the Defendant’s breach of contract,原告声称他的损失是被告违约所引致。Allegation是名词。Assault 殴打,侵犯以武力侵犯他人的行为,称为Assault,一般性质的殴打,称为“Common Assault”;严重者称为Aggravated Assault;未经许可触摸他人身体,可以被控非礼,称为Indecent Assault。As is 现状“As is”常用于物业买卖的合约中,指物业的现状。“The prop erty is and will be sold on an “as is” basis …”即物业将会以其现状出售。 Bail 保释刑事案中的疑犯或被告,可以暂时被释放。保释可以是有条件的,也可以是无条件的。保释的条件包括缴交指定金额的保释金、提供人事担保及定时向警署报到等。 Balance of Probabilities 可能性较高者这是民事案件中举证的标准,法庭对原告和被告所提出的证据,认为那一方的可信性较高,便会判处该方胜诉。相对刑事案而言,民事案中败诉的后果一般都只是经济利益,所以法庭对举证的要求,相对也较刑事案为低。 Beyond reasonable doubt无合理疑点这是刑事案件中举证的标准,控方向法庭提出的证据,必须是在合理的情况下并无疑点,法庭才会判处被告有罪。刑事罪的后果对被告而言,较为严重,举证标准的要求也因此而较民事案严格,如果法庭认为证据有任何疑点,都会将疑点的利益“benefit of doubt”归于被告。 Binding 有约束力的“binding”通常的解释是连结一起,但法律上则多用作有约束力的,例如:This provisional agreement is a binding contract。这份临时协议是有法律约束力的。 Body Corporation
法律英语专业词汇大全 一、律师部分案件受理费court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂important and complicated case 案由cause of action 案子case 包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人respondent; defendant 本地律师local counsel 毕业证diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词defense; pleadings 辩护律师defense lawyer 辩护要点point of defense 辩护意见submission 财产租赁property tenancy 裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条source legal provisions 出差go on errand; go on a business trip 出国深造further study abroad 出具律师意见书providing legal opinion 出示的证据exhibit 出庭appear in court 传票summons; subpoena 答辩状answer; reply 代理词representation 代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁agency for arbitration 代写文书drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述statement of the parties 第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence 调解mediation 调解书mediation 二审案件case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件send e-mail 法律顾问
法律英语高频词汇 发回重审 remand a lawsuit for a new trial 发货人 consignor, shipper 发生法律效力 be legally effective 发现 discovery 发行审核委员会 the Issuance Examination Commission 发展规划 development plan 罚款 Fin 法案 bill 法定部门 statutory machinery 法定代表律师 Official Solicitor 法定代表人 legal representative 法定代理人 legal agent 法定继承 legal inheritance 法定继承人 legal heir 法定监护人 legal guardian 法定期限 time limit provided by law 法定义务 legal duty 法定语言 legal language 法定主管当局 statuory authority
法官法 judges law 法官考评委员会 committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规 laws and regulations 法纪 Law and Discipline 法纪监督 supervision over legal discipline 法理背景 jurisprudential background 法理背景 jurisprudential base 法理学 jurisprudence 法令 decree 法律程序文件 written process 法律冲突 conflict of laws 法律服务所 Legal Service Office 法律概念 legal concept 法律顾问处 Legal Consultant Office 法律后果 legal effect 法律解释权 power of law interpretation 法律面前人人平等 equality before the law 合法的 legitimate 法律上的财产处分 legal disposition of property
考研改变命运法律渊源source of law 制定法statute 判例法case law;precedent 普通法common law 特别法special law 固有法native law;indigenous law 继受法adopted law 实体法substantial law 程序法procedural law 原则法fundamental law 例外法exception law 司法解释judicial interpretation 习惯法customary law 公序良俗public order and moral 自然法natural law 罗马法Roman Law 私法private law 公法public law 市民法jus civile 万民法jus gentium 民法法系civil law system 英美法系system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系civil law system 普通法common law 大陆法continental law 罗马法系Roman law system 衡平法equity;law of equity 日尔曼法Germantic law 教会法ecclesiastical law 寺院法canon law 伊斯兰法Islamic law 民法法律规范norm of civil law 授权规范authorization norm 禁止规范forbidding norm 义务性规范obligatory norm 命令性规范commanding norm 民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality 自愿原则principle of free will 公平原则principle of justice
A Ab initio Ab initio是拉丁文,其意思是“自开始之时”或“从头开始”,可以直接翻译为“自始”。在法律英语中,ab initio的使用频率较高,比较常见。如:ab initio mundi(有史以来),void ad initio(自始无效)等。 Accord accord在普通英语中的含义是符合,一致,在法律英语中则表示和解或和解协议,指指债务人和一个债权人达成的、以偿还部分债务免除全部债务责任的协议。如reach an accord达成和解协议,accord and satisfaction和解与清偿等。 Accused 被告 Accused通常指刑事案件的被告,民事诉讼的被告称为Defendant;而申索案件中的被索偿的一方称为Respondent(答辩人)。 acquire acquire在普通英语中的含义是获得,获取,而且通常指通过后天的努力获得。在法律英语中通常指对公司的购买,收购,我们通常所说的M&A,即是acquire 的名词acquisition和merger的缩写。如The foreign investor has acquired more than 10 PRC domestic enterprises engaging in related industries within a year. 外国投资者一年内并购中国境内关联行业的企业超过10个。 Act act在普通英语中的含义是行动,行为,在法律英语中通常理解为作为,与不作为forbear相对应。如:Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the Minister may, on the recommendation of the Commission, direct the Commission to act or forbear from。 Action act在普通英语中的含义是行动,在法律英语中则理解为诉讼,相当于suit或lawsuit,如initiate an action提起诉讼,win an action在诉讼中获胜,defend oneself in an action在诉讼中为自己辩护等。 Adjourn 休庭,押后法庭在聆讯途中暂时休庭30分钟,称为“adjourned for 30 minutes”。如要将聆讯押后再排期重审,称为“adjourned to a date to be fixed”。