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国际贸易经典案例三:Levi Strauss

国际贸易经典案例三:Levi Strauss
国际贸易经典案例三:Levi Strauss

国际贸易经典案例三:Levi Strauss

Facing Business Challenges at Levi Strauss

Can a company be socially responsible and successful?

Levi Strauss & Company chairman and chief executive officer Bob Hass had some problems on his hands. After taking over leadership of the world-famous blue-jeans maker in 1984, Haas had worked hard to revitalize the company's long-standing commitment to ethical and socially responsible behavior. However,changes in consumer tastes and stiff competition from rival clothing manufacturers were hitting the company hard on all sides. In order to remain competitive, Hass would have to make some tough decisions that could threaten the company's principles.

The original Mr. Levi Strauss had a simple business mission—make and sell quality work pants for San Francisco's gold-rush miners. However, Strauss also demonstrated a strong social conscience and commitment to employees early on. During the Great Depression , workers were paid to lay a new floor in the factory until business picked up. By the 1960s, the company had become a vocal advocate for racial integration and a leader in corporate diversity programs.

However, by the time Bob Haas (great-great-grand-nephew of Levi Strauss) took over in 1984, the company seemed to have lost its social conscience. Levi's had expanded aggressively into product lines that were ultimately unprofitable. The company was bloated , profits were falling, and management was more concerned with numbers than with values. Haas believed that public shareholders and stock analysts had blurred the company's vision by demanding short-term profit gains over long-term goals. So with the help of friends and family, Haas bought up the remaining public stock and set out to turn the company around.

Haas began to streamline the company, which meant taking the painful step of cutting the work force by a third. To reward and motivate those who remained, he developed an aspirations statement with companywide goals based on ethics,diversity, environmental stewardship , teamwork, trust, and openness. He backed up his statement by training employees in leadership, diversity, and ethical decision making and also by linking employee compensation to performance in these areas. “A company's values —what it stands for, what its people believe in—are crucial to its competitive success,” Haas exhorted . “Indeed, values drive the business.” Levi's also spent large sums to reduce the impact of its operations on the environment. At the same time, the company shed unprofitable clothing styles and refocused on traditional jeans and the new casual “Dockers” products. With revitalized company values, soaring staff morale, and revamped product lines, Levi Strauss enjoyed double-digit gains in sales revenues and profits.

However, the 1990s brought new crises. First, reports of widespread human rights abuses in some Asian countries led the company to question the ethics of its operations there. Second, Levi's discovered that some of its suppliers in Asia were making Levi's products with child labor. And third, Levi's own failure to spot new clothing trends,modernize its production facilities, and keep retailers happy resulted in declining jeans sales. The situation worsened as new competitors undercut Levi’s pricing by

manufacturing the majority of their products overseas. (Levi's still made half of its products in the United States)。 With demand shrinking, Levi's again found it had too many plants and employees in the United States. But large-scale layoffs could undermine the social values that had once again become synonymous with the Levi's name. Haas had to find a way to ensure the company’s long-term profitability while standing by Levi's principles.

If you were Bob Haas, how would you balance your company's economic needs with its goals for ethics and social responsibility? How would you deal with suppliers who don't adhere to your company's values? Would you take a stand against human rights abuses? How would you handle the problem of excess capacity and employees?

Meeting Business Challenges at Levi Strauss

Bob Haas knew that Levi Strauss & Company faced an uphill battle . The company had uncovered violations of its ethical standards among its Asian suppliers. Meanwhile, consumer tastes had shifted while Levi's looked the other way , and competitors were beating Levi's on price and service. But Haas determined to tackle these problems by refocusing on the original company strengths: strong commercial instincts and a commitment to social values and to the work force.

In the early 1990s, Haas developed global guidelines addressing specific workplace issues, such as length of work periods, fair wages, respect for the environment, and prohibitions against child labor. To add muscle to these guidelines,the company began sending inspectors around the world on surprise visits to look for violations. It was during one of these global audits that Haas discovered some manufacturing contractors in Asia employed underage workers, a clear violation of the guidelines. However, most of the children were significant contributors to family incomes, and losing their jobs would force them into more inhumane ways of earning money. Wanting to retain Levi Strauss as their customer, the factory owners asked Levi's management what to do. Some companies with strong values confronting this issue might simply instruct contractors to discharge underage workers. But Levi Strauss devised a unique solution with positive benefits for everyone.

The contractors agreed to suspend underage workers but still pay their salaries and benefits. For its part,Levi Strauss paid for school tuition and other education-related expenses with no obligations. When the children reached working age, they were all offered full-time jobs in the manufacturing plants. Everyone gained. The children were able to continue their education and their family income contributions, the contractors kept their good customers, and Levi Strauss retained its quality contractors while protecting company values.

Levi's faced more ethical problems in China, where widespread abuses of human rights clashed directly with the company's ethical principles. So Haas decided to phase out most of Levi's operations in that country over a period of several years. Although some critics argued that the move was just a public relations stunt, and that losing its $50 million annual business in China was small compared to the favorable publicity the company would receive, Levi’s maintained that its only objective was to uphold its own ethical standards. “Our hope is that conditions will change and improve so that we can revisit our decision at some time in the future,”

stated one Levi's executive.

The company could turn to its established ethical guidelines to handle the challenges it faced in Asia, but the another challenge would be harder to deal with. Demand for Levi's products was sagging, so the company had far more manufacturing capacity than it needed. The problem had several causes:(1) The company had failed to notice certain fashion trends that competitors recognized early (such as teenagers' preferences for extra-baggy jeans),(2) the company had no consistent marketing message (which resulted in its blue jeans being perceived as “preppy”or for older generations),(3) the company's slow product-delivery and restrictive pricing policies angered many retailers and prompted some to carry more competing brands, and (4) many competitors produced the majority of their products overseas using more advanced production technology and thus requiring fewer employees, which enabled them to undercut Levi’s prices.

To overcome these threats, Haas began a new campaign to listen to the needs of consumers, cut production costs, improve relations with retailers, and refocus its marketing message. Unfortunately, the situation required Hass once again to face the difficult task of laying off large numbers of workers. In early 1997 the company laid off 1,000 management and clerical employees to save $80 million in costs. Nine months later the announcement was made that Levi's would close 11 U.S. plants and lay off nearly 6,400 production workers, a full one-third of its U.S. work force. The decision was not an easy one, but Haas and the rest of Levi's senior managers saw it as necessary in order to keep the company profitable in the years ahead. Nevertheless, Haas was not about to let employees just walk out into an uncertain future. Some had been with Levi's for many years. So true to the company’s high standards for social responsibility, Levi's spent $200 million on severance pay and additional benefits.

Under the generous plan, each laid-off worker received 8 months' paid notice before the job cuts took effect; up to 3 weeks of additional pay for every year of service with the company; a $500 bonus upon finding a new job; paid health benefits for 18 months; and a $6,000 allowance for relocating, retraining, or starting a new business. In addition, Levi's provided career counseling to employees for up to 6 months, and the Levi Strauss Foundation gave $8 million in grants to assist communities affected by the plant closings.

Conventional wisdom holds that the costs of these progressive solutions placed Levi Strauss at a competitive disadvantage. But Bob Haas believes that decisions emphasizing costs alone do not serve a company's best interests. And Haas has taken action on this belief time and again.

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文件编号:TP-AR-L3691 Written Materials Signed By Both Parties Or Several Parties In Order To Protect Their Respective Legitimate Rights And Interests After Reaching An Agreement Through Mutual Consultation, So As To Maximize Their Interests (示范文本) 编制:_______________ 审核:_______________ 单位:_______________ 国际贸易合同经典版正 式样本

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国际贸易合同违约金条款案例(doc 6页)

国际贸易合同违约金条款案例(doc 6页)

国际贸易合同违约金条款案例 Case:中国某进出口公司与新加坡某公司签订了1亿条沙包袋出口合同,交货期限为合同成立后的3个月内,价格条款为1美元CIF新加坡,违约金条款为:如合同一方在合同履行期内未能履行合同规定的义务,则必须向另一方支付合同总价3.5%的违约金。中方公司急于扩大出口,赚取外汇,只看到合同利润优惠,未实际估计自己是否有能力履行合同,便与外商签订了合同。而实际上中方公司并无在3个月内加工1亿条该类沙包袋的能力。合同期满,能够向港方交付的沙包袋数量距1亿条相差很远。中方无奈,只有将己有的沙包袋向外方交付并与之交涉合同延期,外方态度强硬,以数量不符合同规定拒收,并以中方公司违约而要求支付违约金。双方协商未果,最后中方某进出口公司只得向对方支付违约金300多万美元,损失巨大。这是一起以合法手段掩盖非法目的,利用合同违约金条款欺诈的较为典型的案例。 案例评点:在与外商签订合同时,一定要正

确认识自己的生产能力、交货时间,不打无把握之仗,尤其是但涉及到违约金问题时,更要慎重再慎重。此外这里需要我们注意的是:由于各国法院对违约金性质的不同认定,当事人在合同中约定违约金条款所产生的法律后果就会因适用不同国家的法律而有所不同。 违约金是双方当事人在合同中约定或根据有关法律规定,一方违约时应支付给对方一定数额的违约金。在发生违约时,该条款是保证索赔顺利进行的有效手段,也是对违约方承担责任的一个限制。利用违约金条款进行欺诈的方式一般比较巧妙,表面看起来欺诈方毫无不法行为,一切都只是按合同规定行事。而实际上,欺诈方总在订约时充分了解了对方的实际履行能力,然后利用对方急于成交的心理,与之订立超出对方实际履行能力的大宗贸易合同,合同价值巨大,履约期限又短得足以让对方无论如何也无法履约义务,同时又订有可观的违约金额。这样一来一旦对方无法履约,设套的人便可理直气壮地适用违约金条款而凭空取得好处。

国际贸易专业英语单词

国际贸易专业英语 Unit 1 mercantilism重商主义;export出口;import进口;precious metal贵金属;restrain import限制进口;encourage export鼓励出口; early(late)mercantilism早期(晚期)重商主义;bullionism重金主义; favorable balance of trade; positive trade balance; trade surplus贸易顺差; trade deficit; unfavorable balance of trade; negative trade balance贸易逆差; balance of bargains贸易差额论 barter; barter trade易货贸易; hard currency硬通货; physiocrat重农主义者;physiocracy重农主义;laissez-faire自由主义; monopoly垄断;tariff关税;quota配额; prohibition禁令;skilled labor熟练劳动力;manufactured goods制成品 port duty入港税; country of origin原产地; The wealth of Nations国富论; positive-sum game正和游戏;

zero-sum game零和游戏; specialization专业化;economies of scale规模经济; welfare福利; 1 free-market economics自由市场经济 classical economist古典经济学家; oversupply供大于求;过度供给; inflation通货膨胀;Industrial Revolution工业革命; free trade policy自由贸易政策; protectionism保护贸易主义; international monetary system国际货币体系; gold standard金本位;exchange rate汇率; international price国际价格;devaluation贬值; depreciation贬值;appreciation升值; revaluation升值;the Great Depression大萧条; Keynesian凯恩斯主义者; countercyclical policy反周期政策; centrally planned system中央计划体制; economic affair经济事务; bilateral trading agreement双边贸易协定; foreign exchange外汇; foreign exchange control外汇管制; The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划; The Bretton Woods agreement布雷顿森林协定;

国际贸易实务案例(4)

国际贸易实务案例分析题 第一章国际贸易术语与价格 1.按CIF贸易术语出口,卖方按照合同的规定装船完毕取得包括提单在内的全套装运单据.但是,载货船舶在启航后第二天就触礁沉没.买方闻讯后提出拒收单据、拒付货款.试问,卖方应如何处理?为什么? 买方必须收取单据,并支付货款。 因为以CIF术语达成交易,货物风险和费用的划分点在装运港船舷,买方承担越过船舷以后的风险。 CIF贸易术语下交货属象征性交货,卖方凭单据交货,买方凭单据付款。只要卖方提交的单据齐全且正确,卖方无权拒收拒付。 2.有一份CFR合同,甲公司出口卡车500辆,该批货物装于舱面.这500辆卡车中有40辆是卖给某国的乙公司的.货物运抵目的港后由承运人负责分拨.航行途中遇到恶劣气候,有50辆卡车被冲进海中.事后甲公司宣布出售给乙公司的40辆卡车已在运输途中全部损失,并且因为货物已经越过船舷,甲公司未履行交货义务,要求赔偿损失.请叛别孰是孰非?为什么? 第二章商品的品质,数量与包装 1.中方某公司与国外某客商成交龙井茶一批,合同要求二级茶叶.卖方实际交货时发现二级茶叶库存已罄,便在未征得买方同意情况下,以一级茶叶抵充二级茶叶交货,并电告买方“一级茶叶仍按二级茶叶计价,不另外收费”。问:卖方这种做法是否妥当?为什么? 中方公司的这种做法不妥当. 因为在合同达成后,卖方交货品质低于合同的要求是违约行为.未经买方允许,擅自将品质高于合同规定的货物交付买方同样也构成违约.尽管中方所交茶叶适用于原来的用途,并且在价值上还高于二级茶叶的价值,但卖方已经违约,在市场行情的变化不利于买方,或由于卖方交货品质高于合同的规定使买方在办理进口清关手续中遇到麻烦时,往往会成为买方拒收货物并要求赔偿损失的借口. 2.合同中数量条款规定“10 000M/T 5% MORE OR LESS At SELLER'S OPTION.”卖方正待交货时,该货物国际市场价格大幅度上涨,问(1)如果你是卖方拟实际交付多少数量?为什么? (2)如果站在买方立场上,磋商合同条款时,应注意什么? 答:(1)可交付9500公吨,作为卖方,此时尽可能在合同允许范围内少装货物, 因为该商品国际市场价格大幅度上涨,使订约时合同价格对卖方不利,多交 意味着多损失。 (2)作为买方,为了避免卖方利用市场行情的变动获得额外的利润,在磋商 合同时,可在合同中规定,溢短装部分的货价按装运时的市场价格计算。

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