高考英语新题型---概要写作讲解

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概要写作也是2016年《普通高等学校招生统一考试考试说明》中最新推出的高考综合改革试验省份试用的两种新型写作形式之一,将与另一种写作题型读后续写于不同考次不定期交替使用。

1.考试要求

提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。概要写作或读后续写,两种形式在不同考次不定期交换使用。

2评分标准

(1)评分原则

①本题总分为25分,按5个档次给分。

②评分时,先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次,最后给分。

③词数少于40的和多于80的,从总分中减去2分

④评分时,应注意要从以下四个方面考虑。

◆对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;

◆应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;

◆上下文的连贯性;

◆对各要点表达的独立性情况。

⑤拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。

⑥如书写较差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。

概要写作属于限制性写作。主要考查考生凝缩大段阅读文字的概括能力,如考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。同时,考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对

文章整体结构的把握能力。

4.选材特点

(1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内;

(2)所选材料体裁没有限制,以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

5.题型特点

简言之,概要写作就是对所读过的文章简要概括,写出文章的中心大意,也可称之为摘要。写概要时,读者要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来,而不是抄袭文章的原句,更不是把细节性信息作为中心,而是要通过对文章中的单词词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括,再用合适的语言表述出来。

因此,概要写作基于阅读理解和书面表达,是二者的有机结合体,是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

6.概要写作解题策略和技巧

写作步骤

(1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文,掌握文章的主旨和结构,明确各段的大意。

(2)弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要,不是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点。

(3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。

7.注意事项

(1)概要应包括原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。

(2)安排好篇幅的比例,概要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容。

(3)注意要点之间的衔接,要用适当的关联词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语,以免显得生硬。

(4)不排斥用原文的某些词句,但不要照搬原文的句子,如果不能完全用自己的话语表达,至少对原文的句子做一些同义词替换,如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。

(5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求。

8.应对方法

概要写作的应对方法常见的主要有以下五种:

速读语言材料

弄清文章寓意

概要写作应对方法整合分层信息

牢记词数要求

运用已有知识经验

(1)速读语言材料,即弄清文章体裁、明确文章旨大意,采集分层信息点。

(2)弄清文章寓意,即采用适当的词法、句法等语言知识确定写作任务的点睛句,提高表达层次。

(3)整合分层信息,即采用构词法、上下文措辞技巧对文章信息整合再造,分层概括表述。

(4)牢记词数要求,即明确写作词数的上下限、采用高级或精简句式浓缩多信息点于一句中,高度概括文章所给的内容。

(5)运用已有的知识经验,即弄清写作任务中的人称和时态,准确、地道地表达,充分展示语言的表现力,让语言真正为交流服务

9.高分技巧

根据考生在概要写作中出现的常见错误及评卷要求,我们不难总结出“四条”行之有效的高分技巧。即速读归纳中心→从who,what,how等看问题、提炼分层要点→从以点睛句式概括、具体信息概括和相异要点概括角度入手、经验成就辉煌→选好词汇、选好句式、切忌摘要原句→采用同义异构、整合再造等方法。

如图所示:

when where who

速读归纳中心 what why

how result

点睛句式概括

提炼分层要点具体信息概括

相异要点概括

概要写作高分技巧概括性词汇

好词汇总结性词汇

构词法拓

经验成就辉煌逻辑承接词

地道句式短语

好句式精炼句中句

非谓语动词短语

切忌摘要原句同义异构

整合再造

10.文章分类

议论文

议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论三部分。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。若文中有一分为二的观点，两种观点都要概括。

记叙文

记叙文的概要一般要包括记叙文的六个要素：when, where, who, what, why, how。有时候还要指出故事给人的启示，此时，概要是要加上作者的态度、看法或感悟。

说明文

说明文通常会有中心句，写概要时要注意找出中心句，抓住关键词，然后重组文章的信息，用自己的话表述。说明文概要写作的结构通常有三种：

(1)描写某事物的性质功能。即“对象+性质功能+利弊”

(2)针对某问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”

(3)介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象+原因+结果”

在概要写作前,我们要通读短文,确定其内容是属于那种类型,然后选择恰当的结构。注意:不要关注一些次要的细节却遗漏重要的要点,尽量少使用原文语句,多用自己的概括性的语言。

11.常用方法及词汇

语言

同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语

（例 improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）

句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等

衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词

替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,

转折关系 but, instead, however, on the other hand

省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。

增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词

firstly…, secondly…, finally…; and…, moreover…, furthermore…; but, ins tead,

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