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朗文词典权威推荐-学术高频词汇表

Academic Word List

An Introduction to

the Academic Word

List

Averil Coxhead, Massey University, New Zealand

What is the Academic Word List

The Academic Word List (AWL) is a list

of 570 word families that are commonly found in academic texts. This list was selected by examining a large corpus (or collection) of written academic

texts and selecting the

words that occurred:

1In texts from all four academic faculty sections: Arts, Commerce,

Law and Science.

2Over 100 times in the corpus overall. 3At least 10 times in each

academic faculty section.

4Outside the 2000 most frequent

words on Michael West’s General

Service List (GSL). The GSL

includes everyday words such as I,

house and do.

These principles ensured that only words that occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of study areas were selected.

The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most often in written academic texts. These words also occur in newspapers but not as often as they do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic vocabulary, you need to make sure you read academic textbooks so that you encounter these words in context. How is the AWL organized

The AWL is organized into Word

Families. Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’and ‘f amily members’.Take for example the word maximise. Its family members include inflections of the verb such as maximised,

maximises and maximising as well as the noun maximum. The word family also

includes the British spelling of the noun maximisation, as well as maximization,

the US spelling.

to recognise other family members such as maximised when you encounter them

in your reading. These words are

closely related and the meaning is

likely to be the same or similar. When you are looking for words in this dictionary, think about other word

family members too.

Finally, there are some academic

words that do not have a word family. These words occur on their own and

do not have any inflections.

Examples include nonetheless, so-

called and behalf.

Why is the AWL important

The AWL is intended as a reference for students who are studying or preparing to study at a tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer,

I was aware of the difficulties that students had in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written

assignments. The AWL does not include

‘content’ vocabulary for particular subjects which students obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary that students of any discipline will need to master in order to produce coherently-structured written assignments.

The AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary covered in written academic texts. This means that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic textbook is

in the AWL. Look at the following

extract from an academic text:

EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental issues are truly

global. Many of the problems,

like the releasing of CFCs into

the atmosphere, have global

effects and require global action.

Some problems link to the

exploitation of global commons –

the resources shared by the

international community such

as ocean beds and the atmosphere.

Sometimes small local problems,

such as poisonous gases leaking

from landfills and water pollution,

are multiplied so many times in

any local contexts that they

become major world hazards.

The

environment is a global concern

requiring global policies.

If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able

The highlighted words are all on the AWL. This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL can help with decisions about which words are

important for you to learn if you are studying in an English-speaking country. Knowledge of academic vocabulary is

vital for students studying at an English-speaking university,

particularly for reading and writing.

If you compare estimates of how many words a native English speaker might know by the age of 18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and how many a learner who has had two or three hours

of schooling in English over

several years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words depending on the language background of the student), this gap is enormous. In order to read and write successfully you need to be able to recognize as many words as possible in your textbooks and use as many as possible in your essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you will be able to cope with the high reading and writing demands of your studies.

Academic writing tends to be quite formal in style. The vocabulary items that you use in your writing can affect the level of formality. Writers need to know whether a word can be used in a particular situation. Take for example consequent.

This is marked as formal. You would probably not choose to use this word when speaking with friends but you should use it in written English to

take your language to a higher level of formality. The AWL will help you to

focus on issues of formality. Look out for the formal label in this dictionary. Remember that the AWL covers approximately 10% of all vocabulary in

a piece of academic writing. You should aim to have roughly the same percentage in your own academic writing too. If your text into it and it will

highlight the AWL words for you. This

will enable you to see how many AWL words you are using overall and whether you repeat the same words many times in your writing.

When looking up words from the AWL in

this dictionary you should also focus

on the bold

How can the AWL help me with my academic studies

phrases that are highlighted. These show you the key grammatical patterns and collocations for that word.

Collocations are words that commonly occur together or near each other in a text, for example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases

are important because they help with fluency in writing and indicate that you are working at a higher level with academic vocabulary than just using a word from your own language and its

translation. The collocations in the following text have been highlighted in blue .

Remember that building your vocabulary takes time. You are not likely to learn everything you need to know about a word the very first time you see it. And don’t expect to remember everything about a word after looking it up in a dictionary once. Try some of these ideas to help you with vocabulary building: ?

Make the most of the information given in this dictionary to build up your knowledge of a word. Look at the bold phrases highlighted in the entry. These show important grammatical patterns and

collocations. Learn these rather than the word in isolation. ?

Even if you think you already

‘know’ a word, look it up in the dictionary to see if there is any

additional information that you don’t know. ?

Research has shown that

repetition helps people to remember things. Make sure you build

repetition into your learning. You could do this through using word

cards to test yourself or by keeping a vocabulary notebook.

What strategies can I use to help learn the AWL words

DECLINING BIODIVERSITY

Whatever the effects on this planet’s climate, rain -forest clearance has another undeniable impact . The disappearance of rain forests is a major factor eroding the earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply causing many thousands of species of plant and animal life to disappear forever. While

rain forests account for just seven percent of the earth’s surface ,

they are home to almost half of this planet’s living species. Estima tes of the total number of species of animals and plants range from million to as high as 30 million.

?Studying words ‘actively’ will help your learning. People do

learn words through reading but the

chances of remembering vocabulary

is higher when you focus on the

words and make a conscious effort

to learn them.

?Look out for common collocations, phrases and grammatical patterns of

words when you are reading academic

texts.

?Work with the AWL alongside you when you are writing. Try to use

words from the list that are relevant to your writing.

How is the AWL shown in this dictionary

The words on the AWL are marked with in this dictionary.

The AWL does not include the 2000 most frequent words used in general everyday English.

In this dictionary, however, the 3000 most frequent words in written English are also marked with

and and the 3000 most frequent words in spoken English are marked with and .

In some cases, these overlap with the AWL.

Academic Word List

The following is a list of the words from the Academic Word List that are highlighted in this dictionary. Words shown in bold are one of the ‘parent words’.

abandon v abandoned adj abnormal adj abstract adj abstract n abstract v abstraction n academic adj academic n academy n access n

access v accessible adj accommodate v accommodation n accompaniment n accompany v accumulate v accuracy n accurate adj achieve v achievement n acknowledge v acknowledgement n acquire v acquisition n adapt v n

adequate

adj

adjacent adj

adjust v

adjustment n

administration

administrative

adj adult n

adult adj

advocacy

advocate v

advocaten

affect v

aggregate n

aggregate adj

aggregate v

aid n

aid v

albeit

conj

allocate

allocati

on n

alter v

alterati

on n

alternative n ambiguity

n ambiguous adj amend

v amendment n

analogous adj

analogy n analyse v analysis n analyst n analytical adj analyze v annual adj anticipate v anticipation n apparent adj append v appendix n appreciable adj appreciate v appreciation n approach v approach n appropriate adj approximate adj approximate v approximation n arbitrary adj area n

aspect n assemble v assembly n assess v assessment n assign v assignment n assi

st v

assi

stan

ce n

assu

me v

assu

ming

conj

assu

mpti

on n

assu

ranc

e n

assu

atta

ch v

atta

chme

nt n

atta

in v

atta

inme

nt n

atti

tude

attr

ibut

able

adj

attr

ibut

e v

attr

ibut

e n

auth

or n

author v

authori

tative

adj

authori

ty n

authors

hip n

automat

e v

automat

ed adj

automat

ic adj

automa

ticall

y adv

automa

tion n

availa

ble

adj

aware

adj

awaren

ess n

behalf n beneficial

adj

beneficiary

n benefit n benefit v

bias n

bias v

biased

adj

bond n

bond v

brevity

brief ad

brief n

brief v

briefing

n briefly

adv bulk n bulky adj capabilit

y n

capable

adj

capacity

暖通空调专业词汇中英文对照表

暖通专业词汇中英文对照 air conditioning load空调负荷 air distribution气流组织 air handling unit 空气处理单元 air shower 风淋室 air wide pre.drop空气侧压降 aluminum accessories in clean room 洁净室安装铝材 brass stop valve 铜闸阀 canvas connecting termingal 帆布接头 centigrade scale 摄氏温度 chiller accessories水冷机组配件 chiller assembly水冷机组组装 clean bench 净化工作台 clean class 洁净度 clean room 洁净室无尘室 correction factor修正系数 dry coil units 干盘管 district cooling 区域供冷 direct return system直接回水系统 displacement ventilation置换通风 drawing No.图号 elevation立面图 entering air temp进风温度 entering water temp进水温度 fahrenheit scale 华氏温度 fan coil unit 风机盘管 ffu fan filter units 风扇过滤网组 flow velocity 流速 fresh air supply 新风供给 fresh air unit 新风处理机组 ground source heat pump地源热泵 gross weight 毛重 heating ventilating and air conditioning 供热通风与空气调节hepa high efficiency particulate air 高效过滤网 high efficiency particulate air filters高效空气过滤器horizontal series type水平串联式 hot water supply system生活热水系统 humidity 湿度 hydraulic calculation水力计算 isometric drawing轴测图 layout 设计图 leaving air temp 出风温度

朗文2200词汇(朗文字典基础词汇)

a ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according according to account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford Longman 2200 afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep

水泵名称中英文对照

1.4水泵性能 1.4.1水泵流量 pump capacity 单位时间内水泵的抽水量。 1.4.2水泵性能参数 pump performance parameter 用来表征水泵性能的一组数据，包括流量、扬程、轴功率、效率、转速、必需汽蚀余量或允许吸上真空高度、比转数和汽蚀比转数等。 1.4.3水泵扬程 pump head 单位重量的水从水泵进口到水泵出口所增加的能量。 1.4.4水泵轴功率 pump－shaft power 水泵轴从动力机获得的功率。 1.4.5水泵有效功率 active power of pump 水泵输出的功率。 1.4.6水泵配套功率 rated power of motive-power machine matching the pump 与水泵配套的动力机的额定（标定）功率。 1.4.7动力机功率备用系数 spare coefficient of motive-power machine 配套动力机的额定（标定）功率与水泵运行中可能出现的最大轴功率的比值。 1.4.8装机功率 installed power of pumping station 泵站动力机额定（标定）功率的总和。 1.4.9水泵效率 pump efficiency

水泵有效功率与轴功率的比值。 1.4.10水泵转速 pump（rotary）speed 水泵轴每分钟的转数。 1.4.11汽蚀余量 net positive suction head（NPSH）水泵进口处单位重量水所具有的超过汽化压力的富裕能量。 1.4.12临界汽蚀余量 critical NPSH 水泵开始产生汽蚀时的汽蚀余量值。 1.4.13必需汽蚀余量 necessary NPSH 为保证水泵正常工作、不产生危害性汽蚀的汽蚀余量必需值，其值规定为临界汽蚀余量加0.3m。 1.4.14吸上真空高度 suction vacuum lift 水泵工作时进口处的真空值。 1.4.15临界吸上真空高度 critical suction vacuum lift 在大气压力为101.3kPa、水温为20℃的标准状况下，水泵开始产生汽蚀时的吸上真空高度值。 1.4.16允许吸上真空高度 permitted suction vacuum lift 为保证水泵正常工作、不产生危害性汽蚀的吸上真空高度的允许值，其值规定为临界吸上真空高度减0.3m。 1.4.17水泵安装高度 installation height of pump 水泵基准面与设计最低下水位之间的垂直距离。 1.4.18水泵基准面 datum elevation of pump

朗文词典2000基础词汇border

朗文词典2000基础词汇 A ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep association at atom attack attempt attend attendance attention attract attractive aunt autumn average avoid awake away awkward B baby back background backward backwards bacteria bad bag bake balance ball banana band bank bar bare

建筑专业词汇中英文对照

建筑专业词汇《中英文对照》~~ 建筑专业词汇建设,建筑，修建to build, to con struct 建筑学architecture 修筑,建筑物building 房子house 摩天大楼skyscraper 公寓楼block of flats ( 美作:apartment block) 纪念碑monument 宫殿palace 庙宇temple 皇宫,教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂church 塔,塔楼tower 十层办公大楼ten-storey office block 柱colum n 柱列colonn ade 拱arch 市政town planning ( 美作:city planning) 营建许可证，建筑开工许可证building permission 绿地gree nbelt

建筑物的三面图elevati on 设计图plan 比例尺scale 预制to prefabricate 挖土,掘土excavation 基foun dati ons, base, subgrade 打地基to lay the foundations 砌好的砖歹U course of bricks 脚手架scaffold, scaffolding 质量合格证书certificatio n of fitn ess 原材料raw material 底板bottom plate 垫层cushi on 侧壁sidewall 中心线center line 条形基础strip footing 附件accessories 型辛钢profile steel 钢板steel plate 熔渣slag 飞溅weldi ng spatter 定位焊tacking 弓I弧gen erati ng of arc 熄弧que nching of arc 焊道weldi ng bead 坡口beveled edges 夕卜观检查visual inspection 重皮double-sk in 水平方向弧度radia n in horiz on tai direct ion 成型moldi ng 直线度straightness accuracy 焊缝角变形welding line angular distortion 水平度levelness 铅垂度verticality

朗文词典2000基础词汇.doc

朗文词典2000基础词汇 a ability about above abroad absence absent accept acceptable accident accordance according account ache acid across act action active activity actor actress actual add addition address adjective admiration admire admit admittance adult advance advantage adventure adverb advertise advertisement advice advise affair afford afraid after afternoon afterwards again against age ago agree agreement ahead aim air aircraft airforce airport alcohol alike alive all allow almost alone along aloud alphabet already also although altogether always among amount amuse amusement amusing an ancient and anger angle angry animal ankle annoy annoyance another answer ant anxiety anxious any anyhow anyone anything anywhere apart apparatus appear appearance apple appoint approval approve arch area argue argument arm armor arms army around arrange arrangement arrival arrive art article artificial as ash ashamed aside ask asleep association at atom attack attempt attend attendance attention attract attractive aunt autumn average avoid awake away awkward b baby back background backward backwards bacteria bad bag bake balance ball banana band bank bar bare barrel base basket

学英语必须掌握14700个单词

想象一下，我们说汉语这么多年，才会多少个汉字？我打开汉语字典，以上都不认识？但是，这不耽误我交流？所以，英美国家用于交流地词汇也太多？另外，英语中除了人名和地名外，以上地词汇是外来语，这些外来语来自于拉丁语系地词汇，也有来自于德语，背过词汇地人感觉自己很厉害了，地出题范围是美国人认可地主流单词（以韦氏字典为准）总数，若去除词性转变和不可能考地单词地话，还有习语、俚语、行话、等大约有万个，可是英语到底有多少单词？说出来吓你一大跳？万千百个，这是一个叫做组织发布地.但这些单词里地单词是永远也用不到地，就算你把地单词都背地滚瓜烂熟，也没有什么用，因为那些单词也就是考试中能用到，在日常生活中是用不到，所以，当你长时间不用那些单词地话，随着年龄地增长也就慢慢遗忘了. 中国单词量最大地学者，应该是新东方集团地董事长俞敏洪老师，词汇书就是他编写地，我听过他地访谈节目，他词汇量最大地时候，达万多，一本朗文字典和一本牛津字典全部背完，但是，他声称由于许多单词在日常生活中都用不到，慢慢地就剩一两万了，这个例子就说明，花了年地时间，花大量努力所背地单词，除了日常地单词以外，其他不经常用地将全部忘掉，我们背，托福，雅思这么难地单词就是为了考试，而不是为了和外国人交流.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习如果你用那些词汇跟外国人交流地话，老外可能都听不懂，英美人士也就用千个词汇来交流，他们不会花时间背那么多地单词来考试，大家想一下，谁花过时间来背汉语地新华字典，为了在语文考试中取得高分呢？所以，我地观点是，除非你背大量地单词就是为了参加出国留学地考试，要不然一点用都没有，否则，如果你能灵活地掌握个词汇都够用于和外国人流利地日常交流啦！其实，英语中最核心地词汇就万多个，如果你能掌握这一万多个词汇，你地英语水平走到哪里都够用了！文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习由亿多词地世界上最大地英语语料库产生地，个常用词为英语地核心词汇，参照著名地英语教学语料库（），选定这，个单词为英语中最核心重要地词汇，这些单词主要收录于世界上最权威地英语字典，在词典中出现频率最高地单词地后面会由五个菱形地符号来表示，菱形越少，表示单词使用地频率越低，，总共有个五个菱形地词汇，个四个菱形地词汇，个三个菱形地词汇，个二个菱形地词汇，个一个菱形地词汇，单词后面没有菱形地词汇，就是一些地名，学名，专业术语或根本不重要，没有必要掌握地词汇，所以根据这本字典便可以知道哪些词汇必须掌握，哪些不用掌握，五个菱形地词汇就是必须灵活掌握地，他们在英语中地使用频率达到，一个菱形地词汇就是可会可不会地词汇.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习所以，我地理论焦点就是，只要掌握这个单词，英语能力就可以说一辈子都够用了，走到世界任何地方都可以得到施展了，但是掌握这些单词并不是一件容易事，可能一提到单词，大家就联想背，因为传统教育地唯一方法就是背，即使我把这个核心词汇全列举出来，够你背几年地,等你背完最后一个单词地时候，前面背地都忘记了，因为英语能力地提高绝对不是靠背地.文档收集自网络，仅用于个人学习我们违背大脑记忆地规律，一味地背下去，只会使大脑越来越疲惫，对英语地怠慢性越来越严重，所以，很多英语学习者在尝试很多方法后，如果还没成功地话，将会彻底放弃对英语地继续学习，因为我们学习地机制就是离不开死记硬背，如果你能从今天就不再死记硬背地话，你就成功一半了，英语不是攻读地对象,而是熟悉地对象,在我学习<<千万别学英语>>地时候,我才真正了解这个理论,作者说,英语是,也就是说英语不是靠硬学硬背地,而是靠不断地熟悉和接触，从而触类旁通或潜移默化掌握地，绝对不是背地，我认为《千万别学英语》是我学过最好地学习法，但连第一阶段都没通过，所以，我不能评论这个方法，但是，我在《千万别学英语》地理论基础上进行创新，并且融合了位英语界权威人士地理论，才创造出我自己地理论，我这本书很大层次上可以说是《千万别学英语》地升级版本，不管怎么样，

汉英泵常用词汇

泵pump 安全注射泵safety injection pump 备用泵stand-by pump 长轴深井泵broehole shaft driven Pump 船用泵marine pump 船用泵ships pump 单级泵single stage pump 单吸泵single suction pump 低加疏水泵drainage pump for low pressure heater 电磁泵electromagnetic pump 分段式泵segmental type pump 分段式多级泵stage casing(chamber) pump 隔膜泵diaphragm(disc)pump 工程用泵building site pump 管道泵pipeline mounted pump 锅炉给水泵boiler feed pump 化工用泵chemical pump 混流泵semi-axial flow pump 活塞泵piston pump 计量泵metering pump 离心泵centrifugal pump 立式/卧式泵vertical/horizantal pump

流程泵process pump 螺杆泵screw pump 耐酸泵acid pump 泥浆泵filter pump 凝结水泵condensate pump 排水泵draining pump 喷淋泵injection(jet) pump 屏蔽泵canned motor pump 前置泵booster pump 潜水深井泵borehole submerged pump 清水泵clean water pump 取暖用泵heating pump 热水循环泵hot water circulating pump 深井泵borehole pump 双吸离心泵double suction centrifugal pump 通用泵ordinary pump/universal pump 污水泵effluent pump/sewage pump 消防泵fire pump 循环泵circulating pump 叶片泵rotodynamic pump/turbo pump/vane pump 叶片可调式混流泵mixed flow pump with adjustable blades 油泵oil pump

(完整版)朗文英语常用词汇-词频排前1000-2000-3000分列

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