高一英语重点语法总结

高一英语重点语法总结

直接引语和间接引语

1. 直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。

eg: He said :"I broke your CD player." (一般过去时改成过去完成时)

He told me he had broken my CD player.

Jenny said, "I have lost a book."

(现在完成时改成过去完成时)

Jenny said she had lost a book.

Mum said,"I'll go to see a friend."

(一般将来时改成过去将来时)

Mum said she would go to see a friend.

过去完成时保留原有的时态

He said, "We hadn't finished our homework."

He said they hadn't finished their homework.

注意直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。

2．在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：

Mary said, :"My brother is an engineer."

Mary said her brother was and engineer.

3．直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if 引导的宾语从句。如：

He said,"Can you run, Mike?"

He asked Mike whether/if he could run.

4. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) + (not) to do sth."句型。如：

"pass me the water, please."said he.

He asked him to pass her the water.

5. 直接引语如果是以"Let's"开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用"suggest+动名词或从句"的结构。如：

She said, "Let's go to the cinema."

She suggested going to the cinema.

或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.

现在进行时表将来的动作

现在进行时表将来的动作，谓语通常为瞬间动词。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。这些动词的进行时后不能再接具体的时间。

（1）用现在进行时表示将来，指的是近期的，按计划或安排要发生的动作。

（2）现在进行时表示将来与表示正在进行的动作的区别在于：前者通常用瞬间动词（有时一些常用动词也可以这样用如：do）如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持续性动词。

He is reading a novel.

他在看小说。

The train is arriving soon.

火车就要进站了。

（3）用现在进行时表示将来的时间，在句中或上下文中通常有表示将来时间的状语。

（4）现在进行时与一般现在时表示将来动作的区别在于：前者表示的将来的动作往往是可以改变的，而后者则是根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作或事情，因此往往是不可改变或不可随便改变的。

What are you doing next Friday?

下星期五你们打算干什么？

The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.

飞机今晚七点半起飞。

限定性定语从句

1、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词有关系代词that, which, who ( 宾格whom, 所有格whose)和关系副词where, when，关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，

同时又作定语从句的一个成份。

The man who lives next to us sells vegetables. 住在我的隔壁的人是卖菜的。

在该句中the man 是先行词，who 是关系代词，引导定语从句who lives next to us.在定语从句中，who 作主语。

2、由关系代词who, whom, which, that引导的限定性定语从句。

1)如果先行词是人，则用关系代词who/that; 如果先行词是物，则用关系代词which/that。The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

无家可归的人多达25万。

It sounded like a train that was going under my house.

它听起来就像是在我的房子下行驶的一列火车。

2）关系代词who, whom, which, that既起联系作用，引导定语从句，使之同它句中的某个名词/代词发生关系，同时又充当定语从句的一个成份。（如作从句中的主语或宾语）。当它们在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略。

The boy(who/whom/that)we saw yesterday was John's brother.

我们昨天见到的那个男孩是约翰的兄弟。

The car (which/that)my uncle just bought was destroyed in the earthquake.

我叔叔刚买的那辆汽车在地震上毁坏了。

说明：

关系代词whom用来指人，是宾格，常用在书面语中作定语从句的宾语。在口语和非正式文体中，常用who/that来代替whom或省略，如例句4。

3）当关系代词that或which修饰事物，作介词宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which(不能省)而不用that。

The tool with which he is working is called a saw = The tool(that/which)he is working with

is called a saw.他干活的那个工具叫锯子（不说"with that"）

The factory in which his father used to work was closed last month = the factory

(that/which) his father used to work in was closed last month.

他父亲以前工作过的那家工厂上个月关闭了。

说明：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。

Is this the watch (which/that)you are looking for? 这是你正在找的那块手表吗？

The babies(whom/that)the nurses are looking after are very healthy.

那些护士正在照顾的宝宝们非常健康。

定语从句（the Attributive Clause）

1. 描述特定时间的特征---- 由when或介词+which引导定语从句：

This was the moment when / at which Spielberg's career really took off.

2. 描述特定地点的特征---- 由where或介词+which引导定语从句：

Chuck survives the air crash and lands on a deserted island where / on which there are no people.

3. 描述特定原因或理由的内容---- 由why或介词+which引导定语从句:

The reason why / for which Steven Spielberg could not go to the Film Academy was that his grades were too low.

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

定语从句分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，归纳起来，二者有以下几点不同：

一、作用不同

限制性定语从句与先行词的关系非常密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语，它所修饰的词代表一个（些）或一类特定的人或物如果删去，全句的意思就会变得不明确。而非限制性定语从句在意义上是先行词的一个附加修饰语，对先行词只起进一步补充说明的作用；若把它去掉，全句意思仍然清楚。例如：

The girl who stood in the corner just now is my younger sister．

刚才站在角落里的那个姑娘是我的妹妹。

Mary Smith，who is in the corner，wants to meet you．

玛丽·史密斯在那个角落里，她想见你。

第一个例句中的定语从句指明作为主语的“姑娘”不是任何一个，而是在角落的那个。如果去掉定语从句，表达的意思就不明确。第二个例句已经表明主语是谁，定语从句只不过是补充说明一点情况而已。若去掉从句，句子意思仍然完整。

二、形式不同

非限制性定语从句与先行词之间通常有逗号而限制性定语从句与先行词之间则无逗号。例如：

He’s the man who lives next door．

他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（从句不可少，从句前无逗号。）

His wife，whom you met at my house，is a teacher．

他的妻子是一位老师，你在我家曾见过她。（从句可有可无，从句前有逗号。）

三、含义不同

限制性定语从句有涉他性；非限制性定语从句有唯一性。例如：

In the class there are ten students who speak English very well．

这个班上有十名英语说得好的学生。（暗示班上不只是十个学生。）

In the class there are ten students，who speak English very well．

这个班上有十名学生，他们英语说得很好。

（非限制性定语从句，表明班上只有十个学生。）

四、译法不同

在把限制性定语从句译成汉语时，通常在从句的末尾加?°的?±字，放在它所修饰名词的前边。而在把非限制性定语从句译成汉语时，一般译成一个单独的句子。请看下面例句：The film that we saw yesterday was very interesting．

我们昨天看的电影非常有趣。

Beijing，which is the capital of China，is a very beautiful city．

北京是中国的首都，它是一座非常美丽的城市。

被动语态

结构:1.行为动词的被动语态: 助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词.

be有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样.

一般现在时am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词

一般过去时was/were +及物动词的过去分词

一般将来时will +be +及物动词的过去分词

现在完成时have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词

2.情态动词的被动语态: 情态动词+ be +及物动词的过去分词

否定式:是在助动词be 或情态动词后加not构成

疑问式:是把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成.

被动语态主要的用法

1）我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁（这时都不带由by引起的短语）。

The book is written for teachers. 这种书是为教师写的。

2）动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有by引起的短语）。

The shop is run by a young man.这家商店是由一个年轻人经营的。

3）出于礼貌措辞等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁。

It is generally considered not advisable to smoke here.一般认为在这儿吸烟是不妥当的。

4）被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。

Liu Dehua appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.刘德华在台上出现，观众给予了热烈的掌声。

5）在汉语中被动结构的句子是很多的，有些带有?°被?±、?°受?±、?°由?±等词，译成英语时较易想到用被动结构。

￠ù他被选为我班班长。He was elected monitor of our class.

但在更多情况下却不带这类标记，这种情况值得特别注意。

运动会什么时候开？When will the sports meet be held?

注意点：1.只有及物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词不能构成被动语态.

2.某些不及物动词与介词.副词搭配构成短语动词,带有宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中的介词,常用的有look after,take care of,cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等

eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl.

?úThe little girl is always taken care of by Carherine.

3.有些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不要再加by 短语,常用的有

be covered with be surprised at

be interested in be worried about

be made of/from be known to

4.某些动词形式是主动语态,但含有被动的意思.

eg. This dictionary sells well.

This kind of car drives fast.

The woolen sweater costs $ 88.

5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系

主动句: 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语

(动作执行者) (动作承受者)

被动句: 主语+谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者

(动作承受者)

高一第一学期英语知识要点语法要点及易错点

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