微软MSDN批处理文件编写教程(英文)

Using batch files

With batch files,which are also called batch programs or scripts,you can simplify routine or repetitive tasks.A batch file is an unformatted text file that contains one or more commands and has a.bat or.cmd file name extension. When you type the file name at the command prompt,Cmd.exe runs the commands sequentially as they appear in the file.

You can include any command in a batch file.Certain commands,such as for, goto,and if,enable you to do conditional processing of the commands in the batch file.For example,the if command carries out a command based on the results of a condition.Other commands allow you to control input and output and call other batch files.

The standard error codes that most applications return are0if no error occurred and1(or higher value)if an error occurred.Please refer to your application help documentation to determine the meaning of specific error codes.

For more information about batch file operations,see the following topics:?Using batch parameters

?Using filters

?Using command redirection operators

For more information about commands that you can use in batch files,click a command:

?Call

?Echo

?Endlocal

?For

?Goto

?If

?Pause

?Rem

?Setlocal

?Shift

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Using batch parameters

You can use batch parameters anywhere within a batch file to extract information about your environment settings.

Cmd.exe provides the batch parameter expansion variables %0through %9.When you use batch parameters in a batch file,%0is replaced by the batch file name,and %1through %9are replaced by the corresponding arguments that you type at the command line.To access arguments beyond %9,you need to use the shift command.For more information about the shift command,see The %*batch parameter is a wildcard reference to all the arguments,not including %0,that are passed to the batch file.

For example,to copy the contents from Folder1to Folder2,where %1is replaced by the value Folder1and %2is replaced by the value Folder2,type the following in a batch file called Mybatch.bat:

xcopy %1\*.*%2

To run the file,type:

mybatch.bat C:\folder1D:\folder2

This has the same effect as typing the following in the batch file:

xcopy C:\folder1\*.*D:\folder2

You can also use modifiers with batch parameters.Modifiers use current drive and directory information to expand the batch parameter as a partial or complete file or directory name.To use a modifier,type the percent(%) character followed by a tilde(~)character,and then type the appropriate modifier(that is,%~modifier).

combinations of modifiers and qualifiers that

The following table lists possible

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Note

The %*modifier is a unique modifier that represents all arguments passed in a batch file.You cannot use this modifier in combination with the %~modifier .The %~syntax must be terminated by a valid argument value.

You cannot manipulate batch parameters in the same manner that you can manipulate environment variables.You cannot search and replace values or examine substrings.However ,you can assign the parameter to an environment variable,and then manipulate the environment variable.

?In the previous examples,you can replace %1and PATH with other batch

parameter values.

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Using filters

Used in conjunction with the command redirection pipe character(|),a command filter is a command within a command that reads the command's input,transforms the input,and then writes the output.Filter commands help you sort,view,and select parts of a command output.

Filter commands divide,rearrange,or extract portions of the information that passes through them.The following table lists filter commands that are

To send input from a file to a filter command,use a less than sign(<).If you want the filter command to get input from another command,use a pipe(|).

Using the more command

The more command displays the contents of a file or the output of a command in one Command Prompt window at a time.For example,to display the contents of a file called List.txt in one Command Prompt window at a time, type:

more

One Command Prompt window of information appears,and then the--More--prompt appears at the bottom of the Command Prompt window.To continue to the next Command Prompt window,press any key on the keyboard except PAUSE.To stop the command without viewing more information,press CTRL+C. You can use the more command when you work with a command that produces more than one Command Prompt window of output.For example, suppose you want to view a directory tree on your hard disk.If you have more

directories than can be displayed in the Command Prompt window,you can use the tree command with a pipe(|)and the more command as follows:

tree c:\|more

The first Command Prompt window of output from the tree command appears, followed by the--More--prompt.Output pauses until you press any key on the keyboard,except PAUSE.

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Using the find command

The find command searches files for the string or text that you specify. Cmd.exe displays every line that matches the string or text that you specify in the Command Prompt window.You can use the find command either as a filter command or a standard Windows XP command.For more information about using find as a standard command,see Find

To use find as a filter command,you must include a less than sign(<)and the string or text on which you want to search.By default,find searches are case-sensitive.For example,the following command finds occurrences of the string "Pacific Rim"in the file Trade.txt:

find"Pacific Rim"

The output does not include any occurrences of"pacific rim."It includes occurrences of the capitalized"Pacific Rim"only.

To save the output of the find command rather than display it in the Command Prompt window,type a greater than sign(>)and the name of the file where you want to store the output.For example,the following command finds occurrences of"Pacific Rim"in the Trade.txt file and saves them in Nwtrade.txt: find"Pacific Rim"nwtrade.txt

Using the sort command

The sort command alphabetizes a text file or the output of a command.For example,the following command sorts the contents of a file named List.txt and displays the results in the Command Prompt window:

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sort

In this example,the sort command sorts the lines of the List.txt file into an alphabetical list and displays the results without changing the file.To save the output of the sort command rather than display it,type a greater than sign (>)and a file name.For example,the following command alphabetizes the lines of the List.txt file and stores the results in the Alphlist.txt file:

sort alphlist.txt

To sort the output of a command,type the command,type a pipe (|),and then type sort (that is,command |sort ).For example,the following command sorts the lines that include the string "Jones"(that is,the find command output)in alphabetical order:

find "Jones"maillst.txt |sort

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Using command redirection operators

You can use redirection operators to redirect command input and output streams from the default locations to different locations.The input or output stream location is referred to as a handle

The following table lists operators that you can use to redirect command input and output streams.

By default,you send the command input(that is,the STDIN handle)from your keyboard to Cmd.exe,and then Cmd.exe sends the command output(that is, the STDOUT handle)to the Command Prompt window.

The numbers zero through nine(that is,0-9)represent the first10handles. You can use Cmd.exe to run a program and redirect any of the first10handles for the program.To specify which handle you want to use,type the number of the handle before the redirection operator.If you do not define a handle,the defaultredirection output operator is one(1).After you type theoperator,you must specify where you want to read or write the data.You can specify a file name or another existing handle.

To specify redirection to existing handles,use the ampersand(&)character followed by the handle number that you want to redirect(that is,&handle#). For example,the following command redirects handle2(that is,STDERR)into handle1(that is,STDOUT):

1<&2

Duplicating handles

The&redirection operator duplicates output or input from one specified handle to another specified handle.For example,to send dir output to File.txt and send the error output to File.txt,type:

dir>c:\file.txt2>&1

When you duplicate a handle,you duplicate all characteristics of the original occurrence of the handle.For example,if a handle has write-only access,all duplicates of that handle have write-only access.You cannot duplicate a handle with read-only access into a handle with write-only access.

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Redirecting command input(<)

To redirect command input from the keyboard to a file or device,use the< operator.For example,to get the command input for the sort command from File.txt:

sort

The contents of File.txt appear in the Command Prompt window as an alphabetized list.

The

Note

?Zero is the default handle for the

Redirecting command output(>)

Almost all commands send output to your Command Prompt window.Even commands that send output to a drive or printer display messages and prompts in the Command Prompt window.

To redirect command output from the Command Prompt window to a file or device,use the>operator.You can use this operator with most commands. For example,to redirect dir output to Dirlist.txt:

dir>dirlist.txt

If Dirlist.txt does not exist,Cmd.exe creates it.If Dirlist.txt exists,Cmd.exe replaces the information in the file with the output from the dir command.

To run the netsh routing dump command and then send the command output to Route.cfg,type:

netsh routing dump>c:\route.cfg

The>operator opens the specified file with write-only access.As a result,you cannot read the file when you use this operator.For example,if you start a program with redirection>&0,all attempts to write handle1fail because handle0is initially opened with read-only access.

Note

?One is the default handle for the>redirection output operator.

Using the<&operator to redirect input and duplicate

To use the redirection input operator<&,the file you specify must already exist.If the input file exists,Cmd.exe opens it as read-only and sends the characters contained in the file as input to the command as if they were input from the keyboard.If you specify a handle,Cmd.exe duplicates the handle you specify onto the existing handle in the system.

For example,to open File.txt as input read to handle0(that is,STDIN),type:

To open File.txt,sort the contents and then send the output to the Command Prompt window(that is,STDOUT),type:

sort

To find File.txt,and then redirect handle1(that is,STDOUT)and handle2 (that is,STDERR)to the Search.txt,type:

findfile file.txt>search.txt2<&1

To duplicate a user-defined handle3as input read to handle0(that is,STDIN), type:

<&3

Using the>&operator to redirect output and duplicate

If you redirect output to a file and you specify an existing file name,Cmd.exe opens the file as write-only and overwrites the file's contents.If you specify a handle,Cmd.exe duplicates the file onto the existing handle.

To duplicate a user-defined handle3into handle1,type:

>&3

To redirect all of the output,including handle2(that is,STDERR),from the ipconfig command to handle1(that is,STDOUT),and then redirect the ouput to Output.log,type:

ipconfig.exe>>output.log2>&1

Using the>>redirection operator to append output

To add the output from a command to the end of a file without losing any of the information already in the file,use two consecutive greater than signs(that is,>>).For example,the following command appends the directory list produced by the dir command to the Dirlist.txt file:

dir>>dirlist.txt

To append the output of the netstat command to the end of Tcpinfo.txt,type: netstat>>tcpinfo.txt

Using the pipe operator(|)

The pipe operator(|)takes the output(by default,STDOUT)of one command and directs it into the input(by default,STDIN)of another command.For example,the following command sorts a directory:

dir|sort

In this example,both commands start simultaneously,but then the sort command pauses until it receives the dir command's output.The sort command uses the dir command's output as its input,and then sends its output to handle1(that is,STDOUT).

Combining commands with redirection operators

You can create custom commands by combining filter commands with other commands and file names.For example,you can use the following command to store the names of files that contain the string"LOG":

dir/b|find"LOG">loglist.txt

The dir command's output is sent through the find filter command.File names that contain the string"LOG"are stored as a list of file names(for example, NetshConfig.log,Logdat.svd,and Mylog.bat)in the Loglist.txt file.

To use more than one filter in the same command,separate the filters with a pipe(|).For example,the following command searches every directory on drive C:,finds the file names that include the string"Log",and then displays them in one Command Prompt window at a time:

dir c:\/s/b|find"LOG"|more

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By using a pipe (|),you direct Cmd.exe to send the dir command output through the find filter command.The find command selects only file names that contain the string "LOG."The more command displays the file names that are selected by the find command,one Command Prompt window at a time.For more information about filter commands,see Using filters Top of page

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Call

Calls one batch program from another without stopping the parent batch program.The call command accepts labels as the target of the call.Call has no effect at the command-line when used outside of a script or batch file.Syntax

call [[Drive :][Path ]FileName [BatchParameters ]][:label [arguments ]]Top of page

Parameters

[Drive :][Path ]FileName :Specifies the location and name of the batch program you want to call.The FileName parameter must have a .bat or .cmd extension.

BatchParameters :Specifies any command-line information required by the b

atch program,including command-line options,file names,batch parameters (that is,%0through%9),or variables(for example,%baud%).

:label:Specifies the label to which you want a batch program control to jump. By using call with this parameter,you create a new batch file context and pass control to the statement after the specified label.The first time the end of the batch file is encountered(that is,after jumping to the label),control returns to the statement after the call statement.The second time the end of the batch file is encountered,the batch script is exited.For a description of the goto :eof extension that allows you to return from a batch script,see Related Topics.

arguments:Specifies any command-line information that you pass to the new instance of the batch program that begins at:label,including command-line options,file names,batch parameters(that is,%1through%9),or variables (for example,%baud%).

/?:Displays help at the command prompt.

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Remarks

?Using batch parameters

Batch parameters can contain any information that you can pass to a batch program,including command-line options,file names,batch parameters(that is,%0through%9),and variables(for example,%baud%).For more information about batch parameters,see Related Topics.

?Using pipes and redirection symbols

Do not use pipes and redirection symbols with call.

?Making a recursive call

You can create a batch program that calls itself,however,you must provide an exit condition.Otherwise,the parent and child batch programs can loop endlessly.

?Working with command extensions

With command extensions enabled(that is,the default),call accepts a label as the target of the call.The correct syntax is as follows:

call:label arguments

For more information about enabling and disabling command extensions,see cmd in Related Topics.

Examples

To run the Checknew.bat program from another batch program,type the following command in the parent batch program:

call checknew

If the parent batch program accepts two batch parameters and you want it to pass those parameters to Checknew.bat,use the following command in the parent batch program:

call checknew%1%2

Using batch parameters

Cmd

Goto

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Turns the command-echoing feature on or off,or displays a https://www.sodocs.net/doc/722111253.html,ed without parameters,echo displays the current echo setting.

Syntax

echo [{on |off }][message ]

Parameters

{on|off}:Specifies whether to turn the command-echoing feature on or off.message :Specifies text you want to display on the screen.

/?:Displays help at the command prompt.

Remarks

Examples

?The echo message command is useful when echo is turned off.To display a

message that is several lines long without displaying other commands,you can include several echo message commands after the echo off command in your batch program.

?If you use echo off ,the command prompt does not appear on your screen.To

display the command prompt,type echo on .

?To prevent echoing of a line,insert an at sign (@)in front of a command in a

batch program.

?To echo a blank line on the screen,type:

echo.

?To display a pipe (|)or redirection character ()when you are using

echo ,use a caret character immediately before the pipe or redirection character (for example,^>,^<,or ^|).If you need to use the caret character (^),type two (^^).

The following example is a batch program that includes a three-line message preceded by and then followed by a blank line:

echo off

echo.

echo This batch program

echo formats and checks

echo new disks

echo.

If you want to turn echo off and you do not want to echo the echo command, type an at sign(@)before the command as follows:

@echo off

You can use the if and echo commands on the same command line.For example:

if exist*.rpt echo The report has arrived.

Pause

Command-line reference A-Z

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Ends localization of environment changes in a batch file,restoring environment variables to their values before the matching setlocal command.

Syntax

endlocal

Parameters

/?:Displays help at the command prompt.

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Remarks

?You must use endlocal in a script or batch file.If you use endlocal outside

of a script or batch file,it has no effect.

?There is an implicit endlocal command at the end of a batch file.

?With command extensions enabled(that is,the default),the endlocal command restores the state of command extensions(that is,enabled or disabled)to what it was before the matching setlocal command was executed.For more information about enabling and disabling command extensions,see cmd in Related Topics.

Examples

You can localize environment variables in a batch file.For example:

@echo off

rem This program starts the superapp batch program on the network,

rem directs the output to a file,and displays the file

rem in Notepad.

setlocal

path=g:\programs\superapp;%path%

call superapp>c:\superapp.out

endlocal

start notepad c:\superapp.out

For

Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files.

Syntax

for{%variable|%%variable}in(set)do command[CommandLineOptions]

Parameters

{%variable|%%variable}:Required.Represents a replaceable parameter. Use%variable to carry out for from the command https://www.sodocs.net/doc/722111253.html,e%%variable to carry out the for command within a batch file.Variables are case-sensitive and must be represented with an alpha value,such as%A,%B,or%C. (set):Required.Specifies one or more files,directories,range of values,or text strings that you want to process with the specified command.The parentheses are required.

command:Required.Specifies the command that you want to carry out on each file,directory,range of values,or text string included in the specified (set).

CommandLineOptions:Specifies any command-line options that you want to use with the specified command.

/?:Displays help at the command prompt.

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Remarks

?Using for

You can use the for command within a batch file or directly from the

command prompt.

?Using batch parameters

The following attributes apply to the for command:

?The for command replaces%variable or%%variable with each text

string in the specified set until the command processes all of the files.

?For variable names are case-sensitive,global,and no more than52total can be active at any one time.

?To avoid confusion with the batch parameters%0through%9,you can use any character for variable except the numerals0through9.For simple batch files,a single character such as%%f works.

?You can use multiple values for variable in complex batch files to distinguish different replaceable variables.

?Specifying a group of files

The set parameter can represent a single group of files or several groups of files.You can use wildcards(that is,*and?)to specify a file set.The following are valid file sets:

(*.doc)

(*.doc*.txt*.me)

(jan*.doc jan*.rpt feb*.doc feb*.rpt)

(ar??1991.*ap??1991.*)

When you use the for command,the first value in set replaces%variable or %%variable,and then the specified command processes this value.This continues until all of the files(or groups of files)that correspond to the set value are processed.

?Using the in and do keywords

In and do are not parameters,but you must use them with for.If you omit either of these keywords,an error message appears.

?Using additional forms of for

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英语双学位（17班---26班）2009－2010第二学期课表（周日上课） 第一次上课时间: 2010年3月7号（第二周周日）上课地点: 东九教学楼（上午8：30----11：40，下午2：00----5：10） 请同学们第一次上课时于7：50以前到达上课地点，以便有充足的时间购买教材；请仔细阅读课表下方的有关通知 注：第一次上课时间：2010年3月7号（第二周周日） （2010年3月6号为第一周周六，2010年3月7号为第二周周日，3月13号为第二周周六，3月14号为第三周周日，以此类推。）上课周次：（17---28班）：2---4周、6 ---12周、14周、16周 除按课表已安排的周次正常上课外，本学期节假日（如清明节、五·一节、端午节）均安排补课。

实用英语写作大纲

VII. 实用英语写作 一、课程基本情况 1．学分： 1 学时：16 （理论学时：16 实验学时：0 ）2．课程类别：限选课 3．适用专业：非英语专业本科 4．适用对象：非英语专业本科三年级学生（第五学期） 5．先修课程：大学英语 6．教材与参考书目： 教材：教师讲义 参考书：《新世纪实用英语写作》，张玉娟，陈春田，外语教学与研究出版社，2003 《英语应用文写作大全》，《英语应用文写作大全》编写组，社会科学出文献出 版社 《英语应用文写作》，杨晓钰，重庆大学出版社 《英语写作系列-英汉应用文手册》，傅似逸，北京大学出版社 《英语常用应用文写作》，韩铁椿、陈汉华，上海财经大学出版社 《实用英语写作教程》，李予军编著，国防工业出版社，2008年 《研究生英语写译教程》，杨若东、袁锡兴，中国人民大学出版社，2004 《英语论文写作》，石坚、帅培天，四川人民出版社，2005 《高级英语写作教程》，马红军、毛卓亮，中国对外翻译出版公司，2006 二、课程介绍 1．实用英语写作作为一种国际商贸动作和国际事务交往过程中必不可少的交际工具, 对贸易的缔结和双边关系的保持起着举足轻重的作用。随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展,国际商务交往日益频繁，为了增强学生在国际商务活动中的交际能力,培养复合型人才,本课程向学生提供了一个选材广泛和能体现各种商务情景的优秀范文资料库,帮助学生了解涉外英语中最常见的和最常用的各种信函的用途,使学生在学习各种信函的同时,不仅能够熟悉各种信函的英文表达法,而且能够广泛增加有关商务活动的知识,从而提高他们运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2．本门课是专业教学计划中的普通教育必修课，与先前英语基础课的关系是其后续的专业英语课。 3．本课程的教学目的：旨在使学生掌握各类英语书信的语言特点及篇章结构；了解便条及卡片、社交信函、求职、求学申请信的起草方法和各类信件的写作方法；熟悉各类涉外证件、商务信函、对外经济贸易中的技术交流合同、保险、外贸业务相关的各类电传以及广告、产品使用说明及产品维护等信函的写作技巧等。

高级英文写作教程Paraphrase the following selected sentences

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