2009年考研英语真题及详解

2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit files who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs bum longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.

Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Bums more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a gradual ____ - instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.

Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.

1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine

2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened

3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer

4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority

5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward

6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along

7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual

8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think

9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different

10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward

11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs

12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across

13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply

14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance

15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest

16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach

17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with

18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise

19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile

20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better still

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

Habit are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.

So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says, Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought .―Thi s breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M.J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will…‖ and Ms. Markova’s business partner. ―That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness Know ing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.

21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.

A. usual

B. familiar

C. mechanical

D. changeable

22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.

A. predicted

B. regulated

C. traced

D. guided

23. ―ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to__________.

A. tracks

B. series

C. characteristics

D. connections

24. Ms, Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _______?

A. prevents new habits form being formed

B. no longer emphasizes commonness

C. maintains the inherent American thinking mode

D. complies with the American belief system

25. Ryn most probably agree that_______.

A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind

B. innovativeness could be taught

C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

D. curiosity activates creative minds

Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for

paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.

More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing. Which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offe r to search for a family’s geographic roots.

Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing, All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing.‖ Says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers, This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s ________.

[A]easy availability

[B]flexibility in pricing

[C]successful promotion

[D]popularity with households

27. PTK is used to __________.

[A] locate one’s birth place

[B]promote genetic research

[C]identify parent-child kinship

[D]choose children for adoption

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to ________.

[A]trace distant ancestors

[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines

[C]fully use genetic information

[D]achieve the claimed accuracy

29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.

[A] disorganized data collection

[B]overlapping database building

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.

[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

[B] DNA testing and It’s problems

[C]DNA testing outside the lab

[D] lies behind DNA testing

Text 3

The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies, however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counter e pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, Non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only wi th broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

31. The author holds in paragraph I that the important of education in poor countries _______.

[A]is subject groundless doubts

[B]has fallen victim of bias

[C]is conventional downgraded

[D]has been overestimated

32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.

[A]challenges economists and politicians

[B]takes efforts of generations

[C]demands priority from the government

[D]requires sufficient labor force

33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _________.

[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive

[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

[D]the U.S workforce is more organize

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.

[A]when people had enough time

[B]prior to better ways of finding food

[C]when people on longer went hung

[D]as a result of pressure on government

35. According to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.

[A]results directly from competitive environments

[B]does not depend on economic performance

[C]follows improved productivity

[D]cannot afford political changes

The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England, According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual pursuits‖ According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding. Dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puri tans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely under stood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629. There were political leaders like john Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston, There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated, While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words. ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons

explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.

Mean while, many settles had slighter religio us commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. ―Our main end was to catch fish.‖

36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England _________.

[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.

[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.

[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _________.

[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World

[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life

[D]were obsessed with religious innovations

38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay __________.

[A]were famous in the New World for their writing

[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs

[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ____.

[A]influenced by superstitions

[B]troubled with religious beliefs

[C]puzzled by church sermons

[D]frustrated with family earnings

40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England _________.

[A]were mostly engaged in political activities

[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect

[C]came from different backgrounds.

[D]left few formal records for later reference

Part B

Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45),choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank, There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection . 41._________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s, Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42._________.

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas

developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, Which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.

43. ___________.

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.

44. ____________.

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.

45.___________.

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A]Other anthropologist believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adult hood.

[E]Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property. forms of government, technology. And systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W.J.Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 46 It may be said that association under which the word’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with

physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education –that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution‖ is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to

1)give your opinions briefly and

2)make two or three suggestions

You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―Li Ming‖ instead, You do not need to write the address.

Part B

52. Directions:

In your essay. You should

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)explain its intended meaning, and then

3)give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)

2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及解析

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are _____ the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies that were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly ______ to live shorter lives. This suggests that ____ bulbs burn longer, that there is an _____ in not being too terrifically bright.

Intelligence, it _____ out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep. Burns more fuel and is slow _____ the starting line because it depends on learning – a ____ process - instead of instinct. Ple nty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to _____.

Is there an adaptive value to ______ intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance _____ at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real ____ of our own intelligence might be. This is ______ the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.—

Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would _____ on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, _____ , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. We believe that ____ animals ran the labs, they would test us to ______ the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain, They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really ______, not merely how much of it there is. ______. They would hope to study a _____ question; Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?_____ the result are inconclusive.

1. [A]Suppose [B]Consider [C]Observe [D]Imagine

2. [A]tended [B]feared [C]happened [D]threatened

3. [A] thinner [B]stabler [C]lighter [D]dimmer

4. [A]tendency [B]advantage [C]inclination [D]priority

5. [A]insists on [B]sums up [C]turns out [D]puts forward

6. [A]off [B]behind [C]over [D]along

7. [A]incredible [B]spontaneous [C]inevitable [D]gradual

8. [A]fight [B]doubt [C]stop [D]think

9. [A]invisible [B]limit [C]indefinite [D]different

10. [A]upward [B]forward [C]afterward [D]backward

11．[A]features [B]influences [C]results [D]costs

12．[A]outside [B]on [C]by [D]across

13．[A]deliver [B]carry [C]perform [D]apply

14．[A]by chance [B] in contrast [C]as usual [D]for instance

15．[A]if [B]unless [C]as [D]lest

16．[A]moderate [B]overcome [C]determine [D]reach

17．[A]at [B]for [C]after [D]with

18．[A]Above all [B]After all [C]However [D]Otherwise

19．[A]fundamental [B]comprehensive [C]equivalent [D]hostile

20．[A]By accident [B]In time [C]So far [D]Better still

1. B 本题考查动词，后面的宾语是―the fruit-fly experiments described…‖，suppose假设，observe观察，imagine想象，consider考虑，代入文中表示―考虑已经被描述出来的实验‖，符合语境。

2. A happen to碰巧，fear to唯恐，be threatened to被恐吓。tend to do表示―有…倾向，往往‖，文中表示比较聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。

3. D lighter更轻的，thinner更瘦的，stabler更稳定的，dimmer比较暗淡的，本句是前一句推出的结论，即由―果蝇越聪明寿命越短‖推出―灯泡越暗使用时间越长‖。

4. B 由前半句―灯泡越暗使用时间越长‖推出―这是不特别亮的灯泡的一个优点‖。tendency 倾向，advantage优势，inclination倾向，priority优先权。

5. C turn out证明是，insist on坚持，sum up总结，put forward提出。

6. A 本题考查介词，off表示离开。代入文中表示离开起点时。

7. D incredible难以置信的，spontaneous自发的，inevitable不可避免的，gradual渐进的。学习是一个渐进的过程，所以选gradual。

8. C 大量的物种会学习，但它们首先学会的是知道什么时候停止学习，与上文的例子灯泡呼应。四个选项中，fight表示斗争，doubt表示怀疑，stop表示停止，think表示思考，正确答案为C。

9. B invisible看不见的，indefinite不确定的，这两个选项意思不符合，排除。different不同的，limited有限的。因为所有物种的智力都是有限的，所以limited符合文意。

10. D cast a glance backward―回顾‖，固定搭配。

11. A feature特征，influence影响，result结果，cost代价。这里的意思是动物们想知道人类的intelligence有什么特征，如下文所提到的limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain等等。

12. B on the mind of―在…思想上‖，by the mind―通过思考‖，outside和across不与mind的搭配。

13. C 选项中perform能与experiments 搭配，表示―做实验‖。deliver递送，carry运送，apply 应用。

14. D 前一句提到experiments，本句提到一个具体的实验，所以选for instance例如。by chance偶然，in contrast相反，as usual照常。

15. A 由后半句中they would test us to可推测本句使用了虚拟语气，选项中if可以引导虚拟条件句。unless除非，as正如，lest唯恐。

16. C 本题考查动词。所填动词表明实验的目的，并且所填动词的宾语是limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain，选项中determine―确定‖符合题意，并与下文的decide相呼应。moderate适中的，overcome克服，reach达到。

17. B 本题考查介词，四个选项中for表示表示目的，这个句子的正常句序是intelligence in humans is really for what。

18. A 本题考查逻辑关系。这个句子位于段末，显然起到总结性的作用。四个选项中，above all最重要，after all毕竟，however然而，otherwise否则，故选above all。

19. A 本题考查形容词，修饰question 。fundamental基本的，comprehensive全面的，equivalent相等的，hostile敌对的。由句后问题的内容可推出这是一个最基本和重要的问题，所以选fundamental。

20. C 本题考查副词。空前说―想研究这个问题‖，空后说―结果还不确定‖。四个选项中，by accident―偶然‖，i n time―及时‖，s o far―到目前为止‖，b etter still―更好的是‖，只有so far符合语意。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts, Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

Habit is a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―N ot choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a negative connotation.

So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways; analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M.J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will…‖ and Ms. Markova’s business partner. ―That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. K nowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.

21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being_______.

A. usual

B. familiar

C. mechanical

D. changeable

21.C 文章第二句中提到我们在无意识的状态下就能形成，使人们的头脑处于自动导航，放松地进入一种无意识的惯性当中。从这个表述中可以看出习惯的形成过程完全是一种无意状态下的机械活动。

22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be________.

A. predicted

B. regulated

C. traced

D. guided

22.D 第二段第二句当中指出当人们有意识的培养新的习惯时，我们就创造出一种相关的轨迹，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这可以使我们的思想进入一个创新的轨道上。由此可见研究人员认为习惯的形成是可以被引导的。

23. ―Ruts‖ (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to__________.

A. tracks

B. series

C. characteristics

D. connections

23.A tracks痕迹, series系列, characteristics特点, connections联系。原文提到不要试图摆脱你的旧习惯；一旦这个过程进入大脑，它们就会留在脑中。根据上下文逻辑最合上下文语境的为A选项。

24. Ms, Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing _______?

A. prevents new habits form being formed

B. no longer emphasizes commonness

C. maintains the inherent American thinking mode

D. complies with the American belief system

24.A 文章最后一段提到standardized testing意味着很少人inherently用创新思维。选项

B、C、D正好跟文章意思相反，故选A选项。

25. Ryn most probably agree that_______.

A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind

B. innovativeness could be taught

C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

D. curiosity activates creative minds

25.A 最后一段提到知道你擅长什么然后多做就能做得很好。A选项轻松的思维才能产生好的想法是意思最相近的。

Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least co nfirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.

More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.

Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists- and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.

Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by peop le claiming the y are doing ancestry testing.‖ s ays Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers, This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by so me companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s ________.

[A]easy availability

[B]flexibility in pricing

[C]successful promotion

[D]popularity with households

26.A 从第一二段文章表明PTK很容易买到。文中第一二段有多处体现，首段最后一句话―只需花30美元在地方药房作亲子鉴定……‖。第二段第一句我们可以看到―自从去年不需要处方即购可买之后，己经超过6万人购买了PTK‖。甚至从第二段整段我们可以看出：B项关于鉴定价格浮动只在第二段最后一句有所体现。C项文中未提到。D项属过度推断。

27. PTK is used to __________.

[A]locate one’s birth place

[B]promote genetic research

[C]identify parent-child kinship

[D]choose children for adoption

27.C PTK是用来鉴定亲子关系的。从文中第三段可以看到―被收养的孩子可以通过亲子鉴定找到他具有血缘关系的亲属‖。A选项比较具有迷惑性，从第三段后半句我们可以看出―PTK最近惹怒了很多谱系学家，他们支持用PTK来探寻一个家族的祖藉‖。可以看出PTK 没有主要被用来寻找一个人的出生地。选项B，D文中未提及。

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to ________.

[A]trace distant ancestors

[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines

[C]fully use genetic information

[D]achieve the claimed accuracy

28.D 持怀疑态度的观察者认为祖先鉴定没有达到声称的准确性。从题干信息我们可以将它定位到文中第五段第一句我们可以看出：那些正在做祖先鉴定的人们所宣扬的(祖先鉴定)精确度其实是错的。这句话是对这一段的概括，ABC三个选项都只是它的细节之一。因此，D选项正确。

29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _________.

[A]disorganized data collection

[B]overlapping database building

29.A 最后一段中商业基因鉴定面临的一个问题是数椐收集的紊乱。从最后一段第二句我们可以看出―一些公司使用的数据库并不依赖于系统的数据收集而是把不同研究机构收集的信息合在一起。这就意味着处理数据的公司不同，所用DNA数据库也会不同。‖文中并未提及数据是否重合，B无根椐。C、D文中没有体现。

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be _______.

[A] fors and againsts of DNA testing

[B] DNA testing and its problems

[C] DNA testing outside the lab

[D] lies behind DNA testing

30.B 本文最合适的题目应是DNA测试及它存在的问题。A选项中―DNA测试的赞成与反对‖从文中我们看不到作者有明显赞成DNA测试的倾向，C选项，文中没有特别强调实验室内外的问题。D选项―DNA测试背后的谎言‖，作者只是客观地提出了DNA测试存在的不准确性问题，但并没有指明是哪些人的谎言。

Text 3

The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies. However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is

because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.

Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counter e pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite th e complexity of the building industry’s work.

What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

As education improved humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance, Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.

31. The author holds in paragraph I that the important of education in poor countries _______.

[A]is subject groundless doubts

[B]has fallen victim of bias

[C]is conventional downgraded

[D]has been overestimated

31.D 在第一段作者认为在贫困国家教育的重要性被高估了。作者在首段指出―传统的观点认为在贫困国家对促进经济的快速发展而言，教育是极应优先考虑的要素之一，这是种错误的看法。‖教育的优先性和教育的重要性实际上是一个意思，而既然文中说优先教育是种错误的看法，由此可推出教育的重要性被过度的重视了即被高估了，因此D正确。

32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _________.

[A]challenges economists and politicians

[B]takes efforts of generations

[C]demands priority from the government

[D]requires sufficient labor force

32.B 第一段表明建立新的教育体系需要几代人的努力。在第一段作者主要谈论了靠优

先发展教育来促进经济发展是错误的看法，而世界各国的工人经过了劳动培训可以获取高产量进而带来更高的生活水平。解答细节题时同样明显背离中心的选项可首先排除，即先可排除A、C。在依据第一段的倒数第二句可知：通过教育体系来使足够多的人能提高经济能力将需要两三代人。由此可知建立教育体系在当前是不可能，而这种建立需要几代人的努力才能实现。

33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _________.

[A]the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

[B]the Japanese workforce is more productive

[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

[D]the U.S workforce is more organize

33.B 日本和美国劳动力的主要区别是日本的劳动力更多产。解答本题可用运排除法。依据文章的第二段，美国劳动力受教育程度差遭到嘲笑并被认为是其经济表现差的原因之一。美国工人接受了职业培训后，本田、丰田的美国公司才达到了日本95%的产量，由此可知日本工人的生产力比美国工人的生产力高。从文中可知，美国劳动力受教育程度差是个事实也是美国经济表现差的重要原因，由此可排除不符合文意的C选项;而A、D的信息在文中未提及，由此可得出只有B正确，而依据文意，既然日本保持了汽车产量的全球领先地位，自然日本的劳动力比美国的劳力更多产也验证了B为正确答案。

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _______.

[A]when people had enough time

[B]prior to better ways of finding food

[C]when people on longer went hung

[D]as a result of pressure on government

34.A 推理判断题。意为：作者引用了我们祖先的例子来表明当人们有了充裕的时间时，教育才出现。依据文章倒数第二段的最后两句可知，作者举出了我们祖先的例子是来论证最后一句话得出的观点：只有当人们有了更高产的获得食物的方式时，人们才有时间做其它事情。由此可推知，教育是获得食物以外的其它事情，而受教育的前提是人们有剩余时间，由此可知A为正确答案。

35. According to the last paragraph, development of education _____________.

[A]results directly from competitive environments

[B]does not depend on economic performance

[C]follows improved productivity

[D]cannot afford political changes

35.C 教育的发展受约于产量的提高。文章在最后一段针对上文讨论的教育和生产的关系做出了总结。在本段作者明确指出缺乏正规的教育并不能限制发展极大提高产量的世界劳动力，而反之，对提高产量的限制得以解释了为什么教育发展得没有那么快。由此可见，提高产量优先于发展教育，故C为正确答案。而A,D的表达不符合文章的中心;B项的意思和原文相反。

Text 4

The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much important attached to intellectual

pursuits‖. According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders establis hed the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding Dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans’ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to new world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England, besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629. There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston, There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated while few crafts men or farmers let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words, ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be y our God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.

Mean while, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion. ―Our main end was to catch fish.‖

36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England _________.

[A]Puritan tradition dominated political life.

[B]intellectual interests were encouraged.

[C]Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

[D]intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

36.B 文章第一段提到殖民时期的美国没有哪个地方像新英格兰一样有so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits，新英格兰政府在精神生活中建立themes and preoccupations，故B为正确选项。A选项为原文的篡改。C选项从原文的表述中无法推出。D选项文章中没有提到―对于知识的追求享有自由的环境‖。

37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders _________.

[A]experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

[B]brought with them the culture of the Old World

[C]paid little attention to southern intellectual life

[D]were obsessed with religious innovations

37．B 第二段中暗示出新到达英格兰的人带着旧世界的文化，B为正确选项，第二段第二句提到，we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture……，选项中

的New Englanders对应文中的Puritans, brought with them the culture of the Old World对应该文章中的carriers of European culture，故此选项为此句中的同义替换。

38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay __________.

[A]were famous in the New World for their writing

[B]gained increasing importance in religious affairs

[C]abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

[D]created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

38.D 早期到达马萨诸赛海湾的牧师和政治领导人为新英格兰创造了新的知识环境。对应第三段中的最后一句话There men wrote and published extensively… giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. A选项中in the new world缩小了原文所表述的范围，B 选项在文章中没有提到，C选项不够全面。帮D为正确答案。

39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often ____.

[A]influenced by superstitions

[B]troubled with religious beliefs

[C]puzzled by church sermons

[D]frustrated with family earnings

39.A 由文章第四段可知，观点为their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality，所以在四个选项中只有A选项和文章的观点最为符合。

40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England _________.

[A]were mostly engaged in political activities

[B]were motivated by an illusory prospect

[C]came from different backgrounds.

[D]left few formal records for later reference

40.C 从文章中可以看出到新英格兰的早期的定居者有政客、牧师、裁缝,由此可见早期的定居者背景多种多样。故选项C正确。

Part B

Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

(10 points)

Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41._________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s, Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 42._________.

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas

developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.

43. ___________.

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.

44. ____________.

Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.

45.___________.

Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture-known as functionalism-became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A]Other anthropologist believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.

[B]In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

[C]He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eve ntually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.

[D]They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

选项D的关键词是important rituals重要的礼仪和initiation ceremonies和一些典礼，我们在文章中并没有发现有这方面的内容，所以暂且搁置。

[E]Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.

选项F我们可以看到一个关键词functioning，这个词在第6段出现过，所以，我们暂且搁置不管。

[G]For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

41. C

选项C的意思是，人类的进化有这样一个特征，就是―survival of the fittest‖适者生存，并且解释了种族和社会的适者生存观念。因为第一段讲的是Herbert Spencer的―生物和文化进化理论‖。并且出现了Charles Darwin，我们都知道Charles Darwin提出了生物界的适者生

存，而这里说人类社会的进化也有适者生存这一特征，所以，我们可以首先确定41的答案是选项C。

42. E

选项E说，在他看来，不同方面的文化diverse aspects of culture，例如……，随着社会的进化都改变了。我们在读文章的时候，一定要把每一段的关键词划出来，以利于和选项中的关键词对应。读第二段的时候，文章说，在他的作品里，他尽量说明了how aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. 这跟选项E的内容不谋而合。所以，我们可以断定，42题的答案为选项E。

43. A

选项A主要介绍了什么叫―diffusionism‖，即它认为文化的革新有一个唯一的起源，并且在社会之间传递。因为第5段出现了diffusionism，所以我们可以判断，选项A肯定出现在44题之前。而且other anthropologists的出现提示，前文可能出现了anthropologist这一词，那我们回到原文中找各个人的职业，就可以看到整篇文章提出的4个主要理论家中，只有Lewis Henry Morgan和Franz Boas的职业是anthropologist，所以选项A是43题的答案。

44. B

选项B的大体意思是：为了尽可能全面的了解特殊的文化，(particular cultures是关键词)，他对语言学和身体人类学都很熟悉。回到文章，我们在第3段找到了the uniqueness of all cultures, 我们可以断定，这个选项中的he指的就是Franz Boas。那Boas在第3段和第4段都出现过，所以44题选B选项。

45. G

选项G是一个例子，如果是答案的话应该是用来补充说明前面的观点的，它说，由于信息缺乏，这两位人类学家提出农耕等这些都是起源于古埃及，并且传播到世界各地。事实上，所有这些文化发展在世界不同地方的不同时期都曾分别出现过。通过分析这个例子，我们可以知道，这是两种不同的观点的比较。在第五段我们除了看到―历史特殊论(historical particularism)‖外，还看到一种―diffusionism‖理论和―diffusionists‖这一种人。正好是两种理论的对比，所以我们可以把45题的答案轻松的定位到选项G。

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese, Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness

and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

46.参考译文：可以说，任何社会制度的价值在于它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是它原来的目的的一部分。

47.参考译文：一种制度的副产品，只是逐步被注意到的，而这种效果被视为实施这种制度的一个指导性因素更加缓慢得多。

48.参考译文：在和他们(年轻人)接触的时候，虽然容易忽略我们的行动对他们性格的影响，但是也不像与成年人打交道那么简单。

49．参考译文：既然我们的主要任务在于使年轻人参与共同生活，我们禁不住考虑我们是否在形成获得这种能力的力量。

50.参考译文：因此，我们可以在上面所考虑的广阔的教育过程之内区别出一种比较正规的教育，即直接的教导或学校教育。在不发达的社区，我们几乎找不到正式的教学与训练。这些社区主要依靠在成人忠于社区的社会里，向青年人灌输所必需的性格。

翻译分析：

46. 本句考点是宾语从句，of 短语作定语，代词指代，but引导并列句。句子主干是：It may be said that…, but this effect…。Its effect及its original motive中it在句中指代social institution。

47. 本句考点是强调句，分词结构作后置定语, 省略。强调句的正常语序是：The by-product…noted…, and this effect …was only still more gradually (noted). Considered as…the institution作this effect的后置定语。

48. 本句考点是比较状语从句，动宾分隔。本句主干是while引导的一个比较状语从句。In our contact with作为一个插入成分，分隔了ignore和它的宾语the effect of…。

49. 本句考点是since引导的原因状语从句，代词指代，宾语从句，宾语从句嵌套定语从句。本句主干是Since… we cannot help considering…。其中whether or not we are forming…this ability作cannot help considering的宾语，which will secure this ability作为嵌套定语从句修饰the powers。

50. Within the broad …considering 作为插入语，which we…considering为定语从句修饰process。That…schooling与a more formal kind of education是同位语关系。Upon…their group 这个介词短语翻译时前置。

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