山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题

Passage Four（2004年6月）

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.

Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.

As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.

With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. . Bancorp collected a share of

the revenues.

Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.

The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, . Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.

And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.

You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transac tion and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?

Take . Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then

it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know. 36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s

privacy ________.

A) is practiced exclusively by the FBI

B) is more prevalent in business circles

C) has been intensified with the help of the IRS

D) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping

37. We know from the passage that ________.

A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect

private information

B) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of

private businesses

C) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy

protection

D) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire

into customers’ buying habits

38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without

notice for a product or service if ________.

A) you happen to reveal your credit card number

B) you fail to cancel it within the specified period

C) you fail to apply for extension of the deadline

D) you find the product or service unsatisfactory

39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts

as private because ________.

A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informati on

unprotected by law

B) it has always been considered an open secret by the general public

C) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulation

D) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current

protection policy

40. We can infer from the passage that ________.

A) banks will have to change their ways of doing business

B) “free trial” practice will eventually be banned

C) privacy protection laws will soon be enforced

D) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded

1997年6月

Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they

are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”

The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye

contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.

36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.

A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas

B) something through which one can see a person’s inner world

C) of considerable significance in making conversations interesting

D) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate

37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.

A) whose front view is fully perceived

B) whose face is covered with a mask

C) whose face is seen from the side

D) whose face is free of any covering

38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their

conversation partner’s neck because ________.

A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker

B) they need not communicate through eye contact

C) they don’t think it polite to have eye contact

D) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact

in babyhood

39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break

down due to ________.

A) one temporarily glancing away from the other

B) eye contact of more than one second

C) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contact

D) constant adjustment of eye contact

40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the

participants ________.

A) not to wear dark spectacles

B) not to make any interruptions

C) not to glance away from each other

D) not to make unpredictable pauses

1998年1月

A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical

assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career.

A woman should always try to look her best.

Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.

Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.

Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the

higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.

In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.

21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing

a career as a manager ________.

A) a person’s property or debts do not matter much

B) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualification

C) women should always dress fashionably

D) women should not only be attractive but also high minded

22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that

________.

A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s best

B) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid well

C) good looking women aspire to managerial positions

D) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not

23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate

individuals on certain attributes ________.

A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deep

B) they do not usually act according to the views they support

C) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratings

D) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’s accomplishments

24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that

________.

A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobs

B) good looking women always get the best of everything

C) being attractive is not always an advantage for women

D) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial

positions

25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.

A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive

women are

B) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite

well

C) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually

get along quite well

D) good looks are important for women as they are for men

2000年6月

Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.

Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the

company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.

In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.

Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.

36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes

to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.

A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different

age groups

B) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoes

C) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative image

D) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices

37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the

quality of i ts distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.

A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store

selling it

B) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors

C) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it

D) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by

high-quality stores

38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.

A) its supply of products fell short of demand

B) too many distributors would cut into its profits

C) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market

D) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products

39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its

orders, it ________.

A) does not want to further expand its retailing network

B) still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores

C) is still particular about who sells its products

D) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products

40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?

A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.

B) A company should not limit its distribution network.

C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.

D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the

market.

Passage 8（2001年考研英语）

The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.

In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.

In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media

select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report

this year which said that self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.

39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained

in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.

The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.

"Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges,"

he said.

Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court

to 50 guilty verdict.

31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D]

such as

32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening

33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft

34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper

35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity

36.[A]since [B] if [C] before [D] as

37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed

38.[A]present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate

39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure

40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash

41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration

42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than

43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turns

44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining

45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified

46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by

47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue

48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told

49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that

50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guarantee

31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]

36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]

41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C] 46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]

山东大学普外科博士入学考试历年考题整理

1998年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1.食管切除的并发症? 2.尿道损伤的并发症? 3.直腿抬高实验的方法及意义? 4.甲状腺大部切除术的适应症? 5.改良乳腺癌根治术的适应症? https://www.sodocs.net/doc/843267463.html,e手术适应症? 7.病例分析：肝内8.4cm包块超声示强光团为何病变? 1999年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、休克的监测及诊断? 2、乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径? 3、甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查? 4、肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法? 5、尿道损伤的并发症? 6、ct发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查? 7、肝癌的定性诊断？? 8、孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则? 2000年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 1、食管切除术的并发症? 2、高钾血症的治疗原则? 3、乳腺良恶性病变的钼靶x线表现? 4、甲状腺结节的处理原则? 5、急性尿储留的常见类型? 6、脊柱周围脓肿的流注途径? 7、肝外伤的手术处理原则? 8、急性胰腺炎的病理生理改变? 9、胆总管囊肿的分型? 10、手外伤的处理原则? 2001年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词 1.微小胃癌 2.Tipps 3.重症感染 4.瓷胆囊 二、休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些? 三、肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法? 四、一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明? 五、结肠癌的早期诊断? 六、梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些? 七、肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法? 八、气胸的分类及治疗? 九、骨盆骨折的并发症有哪些? 十、后尿道损伤的临床表现及治疗? 2004年山东大学医学院外科学（博士） 一、名词解释 二、问答每个10分 1、骨折功能复位的标准 2、右半结肠癌与左半结肠癌的临床表现的不同点 3、什么是“不可切除的乳腺癌”如何治疗 4、原发性肝癌的手术指征禁忌症 5、对于创伤病人的影响愈合的因素如何处理 6、食管胃底静脉曲张普破裂出血的特点 三、论述20分 恶性肿瘤的关键的生物学特性 2005年山东大学医学院普通外科学（博士） 一、名词解释（2分/个） 1.胃肠间质通 2.炎症反应综合症 3.壶腹癌 4.ACST 5.Glisson鞘 二、问答题（10分/个） 1.胃癌的手术发式 2.肝移植的适应症和手术方式 3.甲状腺结节的处理原则 4.闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指 标 三、论述题（20分/个） 1.针对乳癌高发率世界著名的临床实验NSABP B-04经过长期观察得到哪些重要结论 2.作为合格的外科医生，随着外科治疗的进展，除掌握手术治疗方法外，还有哪些综合治疗方法 四、多选题（5分/个）共两个题干和选项都是英文1．手术病人最低的血小板数 2．低血容量性休克 每个题后写着：The answer is____,and why?

山东大学考博试题(记忆版,来自dxy)

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2014年山东大学英语语言文学考博真题

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山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题 Modified by JACK on the afternoon of December 26, 2020

Passage Four（2004年6月） Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what’s going on, consider . Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits. With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged