环境工程专业英语复习(二)

1.Four characteristics of community structure(空间分布)physical appearance, species diversity or richness

（多样性）, species abundance（丰度）, niche structure（生态地位结构）.

2.Three major factors affect species diversity: latitude（纬度）in terrestrial communities（地球群落）; depth

in aquatic system; pollution in aquatic system（水环境）.

3.Where is most of the W orld’s Biodiversity Found?Tropical rain forests, coral reefs, the deep sea, large

tropical lakes.

4.What determines the number of species on island?Size and degree of isolation（隔离程度）.

5.Four types of species:

native species（本土物种）: normally live and thrive（繁衍）in a particular ecosystem; nonnative species: migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans;

indicator species（指示性生物）: serves early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem(Birds are excellent biological indicators because they are found almost everywhere and respond quickly to

environmental change.); keystone species（关键物种）: the roles of some species in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance or biomass suggests.

6.Five basic types of interaction between species: interspecific competition, predation（掠夺）, parasitism

（寄生）, mutualism（互利共生）, commensalism（共生）

7.Intraspecific competition: competition between members of the same species for the same resources.

Interspecific competition: competition between members of two or more different species for food, space, or any other limited resource.

8.What is the competitive exclusion principle?Sometimes one species eliminates another species in a

particular area through competition for limited resources.

9.How have some species reduced or avoided competition? One way this happens is through resource

partitioning，the dividing up of scarce（紧缺的）resources so that species with similar needs use them(1) at different times, (2)in different ways, (3)in different places.

10.Symbiosis: a relationship in which species live together in an intimate associatio n（密切联合）. Three types:

parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.

11.Parasitism: occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host（宿主）.

In this relationship, the parasite（寄生物）benefits and the host is harmed.

12.Mutualism: two species involved in a symbiotic relationship interact in ways that benefit both. Such

benefits include(1)having pollen and seeds dispersed for reproduction, (2)being supplied with food,

or(3)receiving protection.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8712940736.html,mensalism: a symbiotic interaction that benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the other

species much, if at all.

14.Tectonic plates: both convection currents and mantle plumes move upward as the heated material is

displaced by denser, cooler material sinking under the influence of gravity. These flows of energy and heated material in the mantle convection cells cause movement of rigid plates.

Plate tectonics（构造板块）: The theory explaining the movement of the plates and the processes that occur at their boundaries.

15.Mineral: an element or inorganic compound that occurs naturally and is solid.

16.Rock: any material that makes up a large, natural, continuous part of the earth’s crust.

17.Three major rock types and their characteristics: Igneous rock（火成岩）, sedimentary rock（水成岩）,

metamorphic rock（变质岩）.

18.Rock cycle: Rocks are constantly exposed to various physical and chemical conditions that can change

them over time. The interaction of processes that change rocks from one type to another.

19.Earthquakes: stress in earth’s crust can cause solid rock to deform until it suddenly fractures and shifts

along the fracture, producing a fault. The faulting or a later abrupt movement on an existing fault causes an

earthquake.

20.Risk: the possibility of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, economic loss, or

environmental damage. Risk is expressed in terms of probability: a mathematical statement about how likely it is that some event or effect will occur.

21.Risk assessment（评估）: （1）identifying a real or potential hazard, （2）determining the probability of its

occurrence, （3）and assessing the severity（严重程度）of its health, environmental, economic, and social impact. Risk management: ?serious it is compared to other risks, ?how much the risk should be

reduced, ?how such risk reduction can be accomplished, and ?how much money should be devoted to reducing the risk to an acceptable level.

22.What determines whether a chemical is harmful? Whether a chemical is harmful depends on ?the size

of the dose over a certain period of time,?how often an exposure occurs, ?who is exposed, ?how well the body’s detoxification systems work, an d?genetic makeup that determines an individual’s sensitivity to

a particular toxic.

23.Poison: a chemical that has an LD50 of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight.

24.Toxic chemicals: defined as substances that are fatal to more than 50% of test animals (LD50) at given

concentrations.

25.Mutagens: agents, such as chemicals and ionizing radiation, that cause random mutation, or changes, in the

DNA molecules found in cells.

26.Teratogens: chemicals radiation, or viruses that cause birth defects while the human embryo is growing and

developing during pregnancy, especially during the first 3 months.

27.Nontransmissible disease: not caused by living organisms and does not spread from one person to another.

Transmissible disease: caused by a living organism and can be spread from one person to another.

Risk analysis: ?identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks, ?ranking risks, ?

determining options and making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks, and ?informing decision makers and the public about risks.

28.Populations grow or decline through the interplay of three factors: births, deaths, and migration.

Population change: calculated by subtracting the number of people leaving a population from the number entering it during a specific period of time:

Population change= (Births + Immigration)-(Deaths + Emigration)

29.Factors affect birth rate and fertility rates:①importance of children as a part of the labor force; ②

urbanization; ③cost of raising and educating children; ④educational and employment opportunities for women; ⑤infant mortality rate（夭折率）, ⑥average age at marriage, ⑦availability（有效性）of private and public pension system（抚恤金体系）, ⑧availability of legal abortions; ⑨availability of reliable birth control methods; ⑩religious beliefs（宗教信仰）, traditions, and cultural norms（规范）.

30.Factor affects death rate: two useful indicators（指标）of overall health of people in a country or region

are (1)life expectancy and (2)the infant mortality rate.

31.age structure: the proportion of the population at each age level. Demographers typically construct a

population age structure diagram by plotting the percentages or numbers of males and females in the total population in each of three age categories: (1)prereproductive, (2)reproductive, and (3)postreproductive 32.Three system provide Us with food: (1)croplands（耕地）(mostly for producing grains, which provide

about 76% of the world’s food); (2)rangelands牧场(which supply about 17% of the world’s food);

(3)oceanic fisheries海洋渔业(which supply about 7% of the world’s food).

33.What plants and animals feed the world? Although the earth has perhaps 30,000plants species with parts

that people can eat, only 15plant and 8 terrestrial animal species supply an estimated 90% of our global intake of calories

Major types of food production: industrialized agriculture(high-input agriculture); plantation agriculture大垦

殖农业; Traditional subsistence agriculture传统温饱型农业; traditional intensive agriculture传统集约耕作.

34.Green revolution: most of the increase in global food production has come from increased yields per unit

of area of cropland in a process.

35.Three steps of green revolution: (1)developing and planting monocultures of selectively bred or

genetically engineered high-yield varieties of key crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; (2)producing high yields by using large inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water on crops;(3)increasing the number of crops grown per year on a plot of land through multiple cropping.

36.Undernutrition: people who cannot grow or buy enough food to meet their basic energy needs.

37.Malnutrition: people who are forced to live on a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet consisting only of

grains such as wheat, rice, or corn.

38.What are the environmental effects of producing food? Future ability to produce more food will be

limited by a combination of (1)soil erosion侵蚀, (2)desertification沙漠化, (3)salinization and waterlogging 水浸of irrigated lands, (4)water deficits and droughts, (5)loss of wild species that provide the genetic resources for improved foams of foods, and (6)the effects of global warming.

39.Important properties of water: (1)there are strong forces of attraction between molecules of water;

(2)water sexists as liquid over a wide temperature range because of the strong forces of attraction between

molecules; (3)liquid water changes temperature very slowly because it can store a large amount of heat without a large change in temperature; (4)it takes a lot of heat to evaporate liquid water because of the strong forces of attraction between its molecules; (5)liquid water can dissolve a variety of compounds;

(6)water molecules can break down into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, which help maintain a balance

between acids and bases in cells, as measured by the pH of water solutions; (7)the strong attractive forces between the molecules of liquid water cause its surface to contract and to adhere to and coat a solid;

(8)water filters out wavelengths of ultraviolet radiation that would harm some aquatic organism; (9)unlike

most liquid, water expands when it freezes

40.Surface runoff: precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation.

41.Groundwater: some precipitation infiltrates the ground and percolates downward through voids in soil and

rock.

42.Recharge area: any area of land through which water passes downward or laterally into an aquifer.

43.Natural recharge: aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soil

and rock in what is called ~

44.How can we increase freshwater supplies? Six ways to increase the supply of fresh water in a particular

area are to (1)build dams and reservoirs to store runoff, (2)bring in surface water from another area,

(3)withdraw groundwater, (4)convert salt water to fresh water, (5)waste less water, and (6)import food to

reduce water use.

45.Advantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)can be removed as needed year round, (2)is not lost by

evaporation, and (3)usually is less expensive to develop than surface water systems.

46.Disadvantages of withdrawing groundwater: (1)water table lowering, (2)aquifer depletion, (3)aquifer

subsidence; (4)intrusion of salt water into aquifers, (5)drawing of chemical contamination in groundwater toward wells, and (6)reduced stream flow.

47.Desalination: removing dissolved salts from ocean water or from brackish groundwater. Two major

disadvantages: it is expensive because it takes large amounts of energy; it produces large quantities of wastewater containing high level of salt and other minerals.

48.Floodplain: heavy rain or rapid melting of snow is the major cause of natural flooding by streams. This

causes water in a stream to overflow its normal channel and flood the adjacent area.

49.Methods of reducing flood risks: (1)straightening and deepening streams; (2)building levees; (3)building

dams; (4)restoring wetlands to take advantage of the natural flood control provided by floodplains;

(5)identifying and managing flood-prone areas.

50.Petroleum(crude oil): a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons along with small

amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities.

51.Advantage of nuclear: large fuel supply; low environmental impact; emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal;

moderate land disruption and water pollution; moderate land use; low risk of accidents because of multiple safety systems.

Disadvantage of nuclear: high cost; low net energy yield; high environmental impact; catastrophic

accidents can happen; no acceptable solution for long-term storage of radioactive wastes and

decommissioning worn-out plants; spreads knowledge and technology for building nuclear weapons.

52.Energy effects能源效应: the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversion device or system

that does useful work and is not converted to low-quality, essentially useless heat.

53.Advantage of use solar energy: moderate net energy; moderate environmental impact; no CO2 emissions;

fast construction; costs reduced with natural gas turbine backup.

Disadvantage: low efficiency; high costs; needs backup or storage system; need access to sun most of the time; high land use; may disturb desert areas.

54.Advantage of using solar cells: fairly high net energy; work on cloudy days; quick installation; easily

expanded or moved; no CO2 emissions; low environmental impacts; last 20-40years; low land use; reduces dependence on fossil fuels.

Disadvantage: need access to sun; low efficiency; need electricity storage system or backup; high land use could disrupt desert areas; high costs; DC current must be converted to AC.

55.Advantage of using large dams: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency(80%); low-cost electricity;

long life span; no CO2 emissions during operation; may provide flood control below dam; provides water for year-round irrigation of crop land; reservoir is useful for fishing and recreation.

Disadvantage: high construction costs; high environmental impacts; high CO2 emissions from biomass decay in shallow tropical reservoirs; flood natural areas; converts land habitat to take habitat; danger of collapse; uproots people; decreases fish harvest below dam; decreases flow of natural fertilizer to land below dam.

58. Advantage of using wind: moderate to high net energy; high efficiency; moderate capital cost; very low

environmental impact; no CO2 emissions; quick construction; easily expanded; land below turbines can be used to grow crops or graze livestock.

Disadvantage: steady winds needed; backup systems needed when winds are low; high land use for wind farm; visual pollution; noise when located near populated areas; may interfere in flights of migratory birds and kill birds of prey.

59. Advantage of burning solid biomass: large potential supply in some areas; moderate costs; no net CO2

increase if harvested and burned sustainably; plantation can be located on semiarid land not needed for crops; plantation can help restore degraded lands; can make use of agricultural, timber, and urban wastes;

Disadvantage: nonrenewable if harvested unsustainably; moderate to high environmental impact; CO2 emissions if harvested and burned unsustainably; low photosynthetic efficiency; soil erosion, water pollution, and loss of wildlife habitat; plantation could compete with cropland; often burned in inefficient and

polluting open-fires and stoves,

60.Advantage of using geothermal energy: very high efficiency; moderate net energy at accessible sites;

lower CO2 emissions than fossil fuels; low cost at favorable sites; low land use; low land disturbance;

moderate environmental impact.

Disadvantage: scarcity of suitable sites; depleted if used too rapidly; CO2 emissions; moderate to high local air pollution; noise and odor; cost too high expect at the most concentrated and accessible sources.

61.Atmosphere: we lived at bottom of a sea of air.

62.Troposphere对流层: ~, which expends延伸only about 17 kilometers above sea level at the equator赤道

and about 8 kilometers over the poles极地.

63.Air pollution: the percentage of one or more chemicals in the atmosphere in sufficient quantities and

duration to (1) cause harm to us, other forms of life, and materials or (2)alter climate.

64.Photochemical smog: a mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of sunlight.

65.Industrial smog: consisting mostly of (1)sulfur dioxide; (2)suspended droplets of sulfuric acid, and (3)a

variety of suspended solid particles and droplets.

66.Green effects: it occurs because molecules of certain atmospheric gases, warm the lower atmosphere by

absorbing some of the infrared radiation radiated by the earth’s surface.(CO2, CH4, N2O, CFOs, HCFCs, HFCs, Halons, Carbon tetrachloride)

67.Global warming: most climate scientists believe that increased inputs of CO2 and other greenhouse gases

from human activities will (1)enhance the earth’s natural greenhouse effect and (2)raise the average global temperature of the atmosphere near the earth’s surface.

68.Effects of warmer atmosphere: (1)less severe winters; (2)more precipitation in some dry areas; (3)less

precipitation in some wet areas; (4)increased food production in some areas; (5)expanded population and range for some plant and animal species adapted to higher temperature.

69.W ater pollution: any chemicals, biological, or physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on

living organisms or makes water unsuitable for desired uses.

70.Point sources: discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipes, ditches, or sewers into bodies of

surface water.

Nonpoint sources: cannot be traced to any single site of discharge. They are usually large land areas or airsheds that pollute water by runoff, subsurface flow, or deposition from the atmosphere.

71.Cultural eutrophication: near urban or agricultural areas, human activities can greatly accelerate the input

of plant nutrient to a lake, which results in a process.

72. Why is groundwater pollution such a serious problem?(1)storage lagoons, (2)septic tanks, (3)landfills;

(4)hazardous waste dumps, and (5)deep injection wells.

73.How can we protect groundwater? Contaminated aquifers are almost impossible to clean because of

their (1)enormous volume, (2)inaccessibility, and (3)slow movement.

74.Solid waste: any unwanted or discarded material that is not a liquid or a gas.

75.Hazardous waste: legally defined as any discarded solid or liquid material that (1)contains one or more of 39 toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic compounds at levels that exceed established limits,

(2)catches fire easily , (3)is reactive or unstable enough to explode or release toxic fumes, or (4)is capable of corroding metal containers such as tanks, drums, and barrels. Does not include: (1)radioactive wastes,

(2)hazardous and toxic material discarded by household, (3)mining wastes, (4)oil-and gas-drilling wastes, (5)liquid wastes containing organic hydrocarbon compounds, (6)cement kiln dust, produced when liquid hazardous wastes are burned in a cement kiln, and (7)wastes from the thousands of small businesses and factories that generate less than 100 kilograms.

76.Advantage of incinerating solid and hazardous wastes: reduced trash volume, less need for landfills, low water pollution.

Disadvantage: high cost; air pollution; produces a highly toxic ash; encourage waste producting.

77.Advantage of injecting liquid hazardous wastes: simple technology; safe method if sites are chosen carefully; wastes can be retrieved if problems develop; easy to do; low cost.

Disadvantage: leaks or spills at surface; leaks from corrosion of well casing; existing fractures or earthquakes can allow wastes to escape to groundwater; encourages waste production.

环境工程专业英语汇总

专业英语 环境：environment 环境工程：environmental engineering 环境保护：environmental protection 环境意识：environmental consciousness/awareness 环境问题：environmental issue/problem 环境效应：environmental effect 环境污染：environmental pollution 环境要素：environmental elements 环境因子：environmental factors 环境化学：environmental chemistry 环境生态学：environmental ecology 环境质量：environmental quality 环境自净作用：environmental self-purification/self-cleansing 水环境：watershed 水体：water body 流域：watershed 水质：water quality 水资源：water resources 供水：water supply 废水：waste water 水处理：water treatment 物理性水质指标：physical indicate of water quality 水污染物：water pollutant 生物性水质指标：biological water-quality index 水质标准：water quality standard 化学性水质指标：chemical water-quality index DS：dissolved solids BOD：biochemical oxygen demand TDS：total dissolved solids COD：chemical oxygen demand TSS：total suspended solids DO：dissolved oxygen TOC：total organic carbon PH值： TN：总氮total nitrogen TP：总磷phosphorus Zn：zinc Cu：Copper As：arsenic Cd：Cadmium Cr：chromium Ni：Nickel Hg：mercury Pb：plumbum 物理处理：physical treatment 过滤：screening 生物处理：biological treatment 沉淀：sedimentation 化学处理：chemical treatment 气浮：flotation 物理化学处理：physical-chemical treatment 蒸发：evaporation 稀释：dilution 扩散：dispersion 吹脱：stripping 好氧处理：aerobic treatment 生物膜法：bio-membrane process 厌氧处理：anaerobic treatment 生物滤池：trickling filters 活性污泥法：activated sludge process 生物接触氧化：biological contact SBR：苯乙烯-丁二烯Styrene Butadiene Rubber UASB（流式厌氧污泥床）：Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket 活性污泥：activated sludge 改进型：modification 一级处理：primary treatment 二级处理：secondary treatment 三级处理：tertiary treatment 高级氧化处理：advanced treatment 生活污水：domestic wastewater 生产废水：industrial wastewater 城市生活污水：municipal wastewater 电镀废水：metalplating plants 印染废水：pulp and paper industries wastewater 浊度：turbidity 硬度：hardness 水质净化：water quality purifies 混凝沉淀：coagulate flocculating agent 活性炭吸附：activated carbon adsorption

环境科学与工程专业英语翻译

第二单元环境工程 这本书主要关于什么？ 这本书的目标是使工程和科学的学生了解学科间的研究环境问题：它们的起因，为什么它们被关注，我们怎么控制它们。这本书包括： ●描述环境和环境系统意味着什么 ●关于环境破坏基础原因的信息 ●理解环境问题本质和能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识 ●目前运用在水,空气,污染问题的环境控制技术的状况 ●我们目前在很多关于理解和控制人类活动、自然之间复杂相互作用的科学知识上存在着相当大的空白 ●很多环境问题能运用目前的技术消除或减少，但因为社会缺少意愿这么做或在很多例子中因为缺乏资源去这样做，这些环境问题没有被处理 一些重要的定义： 在这本书中，它们第一次被使用，定义被以大写或印刷成黑体字的形式展示 环境是围绕在我们周围的物质生命的栖息地，在这儿我们能看到,听到,触摸,闻到,和品尝到 系统依据韦氏字典,被定义为“一组或一系列能形成一个整体或者有机整体的相互关联的事物”，例如，太阳系统，灌溉系统，供应系统，世界和宇宙。 污染被定义为“在大气，水或土地中的物质的，化学的或生物的特性的不合意的改变，这一改变有害地影响人类或其它生物的健康，生存，或活动”。 当改进环境质量的目标被用来改进人类福利，“环境”一词扩展成包括所有的社会，经济和文化方面的内容。这一扩展在许多真实情况下是不可行的以及在一本被设计为一学期课程的教科书中也是不实际的。我们对环境问题的考察因此限于我们对“环境”的定义。 系统的相互作用 许多不同的环境问题都与水，空气或土地系统有关联。许多这些问题都只适用于这些系统中的一个，这为这些种类中的细目分类提供了充分的理由。这样的分类也更有用于及易于理解一个系统内的相关问题。而且，这样做是明智的，这是因为由于管理上的和行政上的原因，这些有关空气污染，水供应，废水处理和固体废物处理的子域通常由政府机构分别处理。 很遗憾的是，很多重要的环境问题不仅仅限制于空气，水或土地系统，还包括系统间的相互作用。现在举个例子，酸雨问题起源于从发电站烟囱，冶炼厂和汽车尾气中向大气排放的含硫二氧化物和氮氧化物。接着这些气体由气流运输到广阔的区域，降雨“将它们洗去”，产生了有害于水生生命，森林和农作物的酸雨。两个有关于系统间相互作用引起的环境问题有：空气中的二氧化碳的增加的全球问题，及通常具有地域性质的酸雨问题。 环境问题 许多对我们生活标准的主要改进能被归因于科学和技术的运用。这里举一些例子，你能想出其它例子吗？ ●生产更多及更好质量的食物 ●创造能避免极端环境的保护所和生存空间 ●快速和可靠的运输方法的建立 ●各种交流系统的发明 ●代替人类和动物体力的机器的发明 ●安全水的供应和废物处理 ●对很多传染疾病的消除

(完整版)环境工程专业英语考试重点词汇

Environmental quality 环境质量Acid rain酸雨 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氧化氮Automobile exhausts汽车尾气Infectious diseases传染病Waterborne diseases通过水传播的疾病 Carbon dioxide二氧化碳Environmental disturbance环境破坏 Aquatic life 水生物 Detection limits 检出限Qualitative 定性的Quantitative定量的Characterization 表征性能描写Unpleasant odors 难闻的气味Trace l level 痕量微量Carbon oxide碳化物 Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳Sulfur oxide 硫化物 Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 Sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫Nitrogen oxide 氮化物 Nitrous oxide一氧化二氮 Nitric oxide一氧化氮 Nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮Ethane 乙烷 Propane 丙烷Photochemical oxidants 光氧化剂 Ozone臭氧 Aldehydes 乙醛 Sulfate salts硫酸盐 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢Ammonia氨气 Sulfur acids 硫酸 Nitric acid 硝酸 Primary air pollutant一次污染物Second air pollutant二次污染物Biofiltration生物过滤 Volatile organic compounds挥发性化合物Trickling filter滴滤器 Municipal sewage treatment plant市政污水处理厂 Wastewater treatment plant污水 处理厂 Rendering plant 炼油厂 Ethanol 乙醇 Biodegradation 生物降解 Bioremediation 生物治理 Suspended solid（SS）悬浮颗粒 物 Volatile suspended solid(VSS) 挥 发性悬浮颗粒物 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)生化需氧量 Heavy mental重金属 Domestic sewage 生活废水 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量 Sewage 污水、废水 Microorganism微生物 Microbe微生物 Bacteria(复数) Bacterium(单数)细菌 Oxidizer氧化剂 Oxidant氧化剂 Dissolved oxygen溶解氧 Residence time 停留时间 Eutrophic lake富营养化的湖泊 Sanitary sewage 生活污水 Aeration tank 曝气池 Sedimentation tank 沉淀池 Eutrophication 富营养化 Adsorption 吸附 Activated carbon 活性炭 Activated sludge活性污泥 Coagulation 絮凝、凝固 Flocculation 混凝 Sedimentation 沉淀、沉积 Hydrophilic 亲水的、吸水的 Oxidizing agent 氧化剂 Reverse osmosis 反向渗透 Membrane膜 Groundwater地下水 Surface water 地表水 Aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝 Screening （用拦污栅）隔离 Turbidity 浊度，浑浊性 Colloidal胶体 Chlorine dioxide 二氧化氯 Ultraviolet light 紫外线 Limestone 石灰石 Incinerator 焚烧炉 Hazardous waste 危险废物 Refuse垃圾、废物 Environmental protection agency 环保部 Hydrogen sulfide 硫化物 Decontamination 净化，消 除……的污染 Aerobic 需氧的 Anaerobic 厌氧的 Decibel meter 分贝仪 Subsonic 亚声速的 Supersonic 超声速的 Muffler消声器 Ecological disruptions 生态破坏 Aquatic ecosystem 水环境系统 Environmental impact assessments环境影响评价 Kinetics 动力学 Steady-state 稳态的 Point source discharge点源排放 Receiving water收纳水体 Nitrogen oxide 氮氧化物 Photochemical oxidant 光化学氧 化剂 Carbon monoxide一氧化碳 Coliform bacteria 大肠杆菌

环境工程专业英语期末试卷标准卷

晓庄学院期末考试试卷 （ 07 级 环境工程 专业2010 ～2011 学年度 第 一 学期） 课程名称 环境工程专业英语 A 卷 考试形式 闭卷 考核类型 考试 本试卷共 六 大题，卷面满分100分，答题时间120分钟。 一、 请根据缩写写出单词全称：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. VOC ：Volatile Organic Compounds 2. APC ：Air Pollution Control 3. SS ：Suspended Solids 4. COD ：Chemical Oxygen Demand 5. EIA ： Environmental Impact Assessment （评分标准：每小题中单词全部写对，不论大小写，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 二、 请写出下列术语的英文表达：（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分） 1. 城市污水：municipal wastewater 2. 废水处理：wastewater disposal 3. 沉降池:sedimentation tank 4. 消毒:disinfection

5. 絮凝作用:flocculation （评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态正确，得2分；错一个单词得1分；错两个及以上单词，得0分。） 三、 请根据下列英文解释写出相应的英文词汇：（本题共4小题，每题2分，共10分） 1. The physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us. Environment 2. A natural gas which is formed from decaying matter and burns easily, sometimes causes explosions in mines. Methane 3. Too many people in a given area, too high a population density. Overpopulation 4. The process by which water passes through a membrane that is impermeable to dissolved ions. Osmosis 5. A kind of chemical which can speed up/down a chemical reaction rate. Catalyst （评分标准：每小题中所用单词意思基本吻合，单词拼写正确，且单词词态正确，得2分；否则得0分。） 四、阅读理解：（本题共20分，每小题2分） Passage1 A growing number of these attractions now allow customers to print e-tickets at home with large discounts off the gate price, in part to spur attendance that has declined in recent years. After boom times in the late 1990s, theme park attendance began to decrease, with an overall decline of about 4% over the past few years at North America’s 50 most- visited establishments, says James Zola, editor of Amusement

环境科学与工程专业英语

1环境工程与科学 Environmental Engineering and Science 2环境监测与评价 Environmental monitoring and assessment 3温室气体 greenhouse gases 4地表水 the surface water 浅层水 the subsurface water 地下水 the ground water 5环境影响评（EIA ）environmental impact assessment 6臭氧层减少 ozone depletion 7沙漠化 desertification 8点源 point sources 非点源 nonpoint sources 9初级污染物 primary pollutant 次级污染物 secondary pollutant 10光化学烟雾 photochemical smog 11室内污染 indoor air pollution 12固体及有害废弃物污染 solid and hazardous waste pollution 13生物多样性减少biodiversity loss 14传统决策 traditional decision making 15原生环境 primary environment 次生环境 secondary environment 16不可再生资源 nonrenewable resources 17生态示范区 ecological demonstrate area 18保护林 protection forest 19环境危机 environmental crisis 20环境预测environmental forecasting 21环境效应environmental effect 22环境承载力environmental capacity 23环境演化evolution of environment 24草地退化 grassland degeneration 25水中悬浮物 suspended solids 26孔隙水 void water 27岩溶水 karst water 28流域保护 water basin protection 29淡水 fresh water 海水 salt water 30降雨量 amount of precipitation 降雨强度 intensity of precipitation 31 海洋倾倒 ocean dumping 32水力工程 hydro-engineering 33水环境功能区 function district of water environment 34土壤肥力 soil fertility 33土壤酸碱度 soil acidity and alkalinity 36土壤盐渍化 soil salination 37土壤酸化 soil acidification 38缓冲能力 buffer capacity 39盐基饱和度 base saturation percentage 40污水灌溉 wastewater irrigation 41事后评价 afterwards assessment 42大气扩散 atmospheric diffusion 43而授限度 limits of tolerance 44生命周期评价 life cycle assessment 45慢性毒性实验 chronic toxicity test 46生物富集 bioaccumulation 47生物浓缩 bioconcentration 48生物放大 biomagnification 49边缘效应 edge effect 5总悬浮颗粒物 total suspended particulates(TSP) 51化学需氧量 chemical oxygen demand (COD) 52生物化学需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 53总有机碳 total organic carbon （TOC ） 54活性碳 active carbon 55萃取剂 extracting agent 56有机高分子絮凝剂 organic pdymer flocculant 57固定大气污染源 stationary sources of air pollution 移动大气污染源 mobile sources of air pollution 5环境优先污染物environmental priority pollutant 59回归分析 regression analysis 相关分析 correlation analysis 60相关系数 correlation coefficient 61系数误差 systematic error 62随机误差 random error 63土壤修复 soil-remediation 64绝对湿度 absolute humidity 相对湿度 relative humidity 65热辐射 thermal radiation 湍流扩散 turbulent diffusion 6煤的综合利用 comprehensive-utilization of coal 67清洁生产 cleaner production 68采矿排水 mining drainage 69分子筛吸附NOx 化物过程 control of NOx by adsorption process with molecular sieve 70公害 public nuisance 71涡流 eddy current 72富营养化废水 eutrophic wastewater 73富营养化 eutrophication 74中度营养湖泊 mesotrophic lake 75贫营养湖泊 oligotropic lake 76腐殖质化 humification 77土壤质地 soil texture 78海水淡化 desalination of seawater 79检出限 detection limit 80生态位 niche 81生态型 ecotype 82表面活性剂 surfactant 83光催化作用 photo catalysis 84催化作用 catalysis 85格栅 grill 86筛网 grid screen 87气浮池 floatation basin 88微电解法 micro-electroanalysis 89微生物合成代谢 micro-organism synthetic metabolism 90杀菌 sterilization 除味 taste removal 91紫外光消毒 disinfection with ultroviolet vays 93脱臭 odor removal 94脱色decoloration 95污泥浓缩sludge thickening 污泥硝化sludge digestion 污泥脱水sludge dewatering 污泥干燥sludge drying 96陆地填埋landfill 97焚烧incineration 98渗滤液处理leachate treatment 99最大允许浓度maximum permissible concentration 100理境伦理学environmental ethics 101环境适宜度environmental suitability 102排放总量控制total discharge control of pollutant 103谁污染谁治理pollutant-treats 104谁开发谁保护explorer-protects 105国家级生态示范区national ecological demonstration area 106环境管理信息系统information system for environmental management I07环境标记物environmental label 108外部经济性external economics 外部非经济性external diseconomics 109生态足迹the ecological footprint 110代际公平equality between generation 111公众参与public participantion 112回收水系统water reuse system 113绿化用水greenbelt sprinkling 114自然沉降plain sedimentation 115过程水process water 116未预见用水量unforeseen water demand 117絮凝沉淀coagulation sedimentation 118垃圾处理sewage disposal 119居民生活垃圾domestic sewage 居民生活污水 domestic water 120市政垃圾municipal sewage 121水体自净self-purification of waterbodies 122一级处理primary treatment 二级处理secondary treatment 生物处理biological treatment 123活性污泥处理activated sludge process 124污泥焚烧sludge incineration

环境工程专业英语汇总

专业英语 环境：环境工程： 环境保护：环境意识： 环境问题：环境效应： 环境污染：环境要素： 环境因子：环境化学： 环境生态学：环境质量： 环境自净作用： 水环境：水体： 流域：水质： 水资源：供水： 废水：水处理： 物理性水质指标：水污染物： 生物性水质指标：水质标准： 化学性水质指标： ：： ：： ：： ：值： ：总氮：总磷 ：： ：： ：： ：： 物理处理：过滤： 生物处理：沉淀： 化学处理：气浮： 物理化学处理： 蒸发：稀释： 扩散：吹脱： 好氧处理：生物膜法： 厌氧处理：生物滤池： 活性污泥法：生物接触氧化： ：苯乙烯-丁二烯 （流式厌氧污泥床）：活性污泥：改进型：一级处理： 二级处理：三级处理： 高级氧化处理：生活污水： 生产废水：城市生活污水： 电镀废水： 印染废水：浊度： 硬度：水质净化： 混凝沉淀：活性炭吸附：

隔油池：中和池： 调节池：生物反应池： 加药设备：沉淀池： 初沉池：二沉池： 絮凝剂：混凝剂： 生物降解：生物累积： 飘尘：可吸入颗粒物： 能见度：酸雨： 一次污染物： 二次污染物：氮氧化物： 硫氧化物： 硫化氢：碳氧化物： 硝酸：盐酸： 硫酸：二氧化硫： 除尘工艺： 吸收：吸附： 静电除尘：重力除尘： 臭氧： 光化学烟雾：喷淋（洗涤）： 土壤：热污染：噪声：放射性： ： （计算机辅助设计）： 大气污染控制工程： 水污染控制工程： 固体废物污染控制工程： 污染源： 同化作用：固体废物： 危险废物： 化学污泥： 生物污泥： 工业固废：分选处理：矿业固废：破碎处理： 农业固废：压实处理： 污泥脱水：？ 污泥浓缩： 带式压滤： 离心脱水： 筛分： 堆肥和堆肥化： 沼气和沼气化： 热解与焚烧： 生物转化作用： 热化学转化作用： 固化和稳定化作用：资源化： 减量化： 无害化： 固体废物全过程控制：固体废物污染控制： 固体废物处理： 处置： 物质回收：物质转化：能量回收：能量转化： 1., , , .（2页） 环境工程学是环境工程的分支学科，其研究内容包括①保护环境免受人类活动改造形成的潜在和不利影响②保护人类免受不利环境因素的影响③持续改善环境质量，以造福于人类健康与福祉。 2. a .（2页）

环境工程专业英语钟理_翻译

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