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英文介绍中医2

QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY

气、血、津液的相互关系

Despite their differences in nature, form and function, qi, blood and body fluid have something in common with each other. They are the basic materials that constitute the human body and maintain life activities; they all derive from cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on each other for existence and restrain and utilize each other; they, pathologically, act upon each other and have causality between them. 尽管气、血、津液的

性状及其功能各不相同，但它们却有许多共同之处。三者均为构成人体和维持人体生命活动的基本物质。它们均来自水谷精气。在生理上，它们相互依存、相互制约、相互为用；在病理上，它们相互影响，互为因果。

Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the "commander" of blood, and blood is the "mother" of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing, qi is the motive power for blood formation, or rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come from food and water. All these cannot be separated from the functions of qi. Blood circulation depends on the propelling function of heart-qi. For another, qi controls blood and keep it flowiing in the blood vessels without extravasation. This function of qi is performed by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to control blood, thus leading to hemorrhage. Blood is referred to as the mother of qi because, on the one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the other, blood provides adequate nutrients for qi. Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist without its"mother", blood. 气血紧密相关。气为

血之帅，血为气之母。气为血帅，一方面因为气是血液形成的原动力；另一方面是由于气可生血。血由营气和津液形成，后两者都源于水谷。而以上这些都离不开气的作用。血液循行依赖气的推动功能，另一方面，气摄血，维持血行于脉中不致外溢。气的此项功能由脾气来执行。气虚不能摄血可导致出血。所谓“血为气之母”，是因为，一则，血以载气；二则，血为气提供充足的营养。因此，如无气之母－血，则气也不可能存在。

The relationship between qi and body fluid is rather similar to that between qi and blood. This is shown in the following four aspects. First, qi produces body fluid. The formation, distribution and excretion of body fluid depend upon all the movements of qi and its warming, promoting and controlling functions. The existence of qi in the body not only depends upon blood, but on body fluid which is formed from food essence by the functions of the stomach and spleen. So, whether body fluid is adequate or inadequate depends upon the conditions of spleen-qi and stomach-qi. 气和津液的关系与气

和血的关系非常相似。这可以从以下四方面表明。第一，气生津。津液的形成、分布和排泄依赖气的运动和温煦、推动和固摄功能。人体气的存在不仅依赖血，也依赖脾运化的水谷精微所形成的津液。因此，津液的充足与否依赖脾胃之气的状态。第二，气推动津液的运行。气的

Second, qi promotes the transportation of body fluid. The movements of qi are the motivity for the transportation, and distribution of body fluid, and the excretion of sweat and urine. Therefore, In case of deficiency of qi or dysfunction of qi, disturbance of body fluid in transportation, distribution and excretion will occur. Thereby leading to the stagnation of body fluid. Third, qi controls body fluid. Qi may control the excretion of body fluid and maintain the balance of the metabolism of body fluid, In case qi fails to control the excretion of body fluid some of body fluid will run off. Fourth, body fluid is a carrier of qi .（Qi resides in body fluid, Body fluid serves as a carrier of qi ） That is, body fluid carries qi. Qi cannot exist without body fluid. This is the reason why the loss of body fluid often damages qi. If qi fails to attach to body fluid, qi-deficiency and even qi prostration will ensue. So the medical book Prescriptions of the Golden Cabinet says:"No one has perfect qi after hidrosis , vomiting etc." Examples in point

are:hidrosis, polyuria, enormous vomiting and

diarrhea cause great loss of body fluid, which,

in turn, gives rise to qi colapse.

运动是津液运行分布和汗尿液排泄的原动力。因此，气虚或气的功能失常，就会发生津液运行、分布和排泄的紊乱，使津液停滞。第三，气固摄津液。气可以控制津液的排泄，维持体液代谢平衡。如气无法控制津液的排泄，便会导致津液的横溢。第四，津液是气的载体。这就是津能载气。如果没有津液，气就无法存在。这就是为什么伤津就会耗气。如气无法依托于津液，则气虚甚则气陷就会随之发生。这就是《千金翼方》所说的：“汗吐之后无完气。”过汗、大汗、大泻使津液丢失从而导致气脱就是一个例子。

Blood and body fluid are liquids and, what's more, they both perform the nourishing and moistening functions. Body fluid will become and important component of blood when infiltrating into the blood vessels. As blood and body fluid originate from the essence of food and water, they are known as "body fluid and blood are derived from a common source." Recurrent or severe bleeding may do damage to body fluid, resulting in thirst, scanty urine and dry skin. And severe consumption or loss of body fluid will affect the source of blood, leading to the exhaustion of both blood and body fluid. For this reason, it is not advisable to use diaphoretics for haemorrhagic patients, and the methods of breaking blood or pricking blood should be avoided in treating patients with the inadequate of body fluid and hidrosis. Miraculous Pivot states:" The patients lost bolld should avoid perspiring; while the 血和津液都是液体，而且它们都有滋养功能。津液进入脉中就会成为血液的重要组成部分。因为血和津液都源于水谷津液，因此被称为“津血同源”。周期或严重出血会损伤津液导致口渴、尿少和皮肤干燥。严重的津液耗损和丢失会影响血源，导致津液和血液的枯竭。因此，对于出血的患者不宜用汗法，破血或活血法不宜用于津液不足或汗证的患者。《灵枢》指出：“夺血者无汗，夺汗者无血。”并说：“形肉已夺，是一夺也；大夺血之后，是二夺也；大出汗之后，

patients lost perspiration should avoid Losing blood." And "the first contraindication refers to emaciated patients; the second to patients lost blood; the third to patients after severe

perspirationl;the fourth to patients after

severe diarrheal and the fifth to patients of

postpartum hemorrhage. Purgation is

contraindicated in all these cases."

是三夺也；大泄之后，是四夺也；新产及大血之后，是五夺也。此皆不可泻。” To sum up, the close and complicated relationships between the three are often shown in physiology and pathology, and are of great importance in TDS. 总之，三者的关系是紧密复杂的，这常在生理和病理上体现，对于辨证论治非常重要。

Unit Eleven

Text

MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY(1)

经络—人体联络的通道(1)

The meridian-collateral theory is

concerned with the physiological functions

and the pathological changes of the meridian-collateral system, and their relationships with zang-fu organs. It is an important component of the theoretical system of TCM. And it is considered as a theoretical basis of all clinical subjects of TCM, especially that of acupuncture, moxibustion, tuina and qigong. Besides, it guides the clinical practice of other

branches of TCM.

经络理论是有关经络系统的生理功能和病理变化以及和脏腑之间关系的理论。它是中医理论系统的重要组成部分，被认为是所有中医临床学科特别是针灸、推拿和气功的理论基础。另外，它还指导其它分支学科的临床实践。 The meridians and collaterals are pathways

along which qi and blood circulate through

the whole body. The meridians are the major trunks of the meridian-collateral system and run longitudinally within the body, while the collaterals are the branches of the meridians and are reticularly distributed over the whole body. Hence, the meridians and collaterals, connecting the zang-fu organs with extremities, the upper with the lower

and the internal with ihe external portions

of the body, make all the body's organs and

经络是气血循行全身的通道。经是经络系统的主干，纵行于人体，而络是经的分支，呈网状分布于全身。因此，经络沟通人体脏腑肢节，上下内外，使人体的脏腑组织成为一个有机整体。

tissues an organic whole.

The Composition of the Meridian-Collateral

System

经络系统的组成 The meridian-collateral system consists of

meridians and collaterals as well as their subsidiary parts. This system, internally, links the zang-fu organs and, externally, joins the tendons, museles and skin. 经络系统由经和络互补而

成。这个系统在内联络脏腑组

织，在外沟通筋骨肌肤。

The meridians are classified into three

categories: the regular meridians and the

extra meridians and the divergent meridians.

There are twelve regular meridians, namely

the three yin meridians as well as the three

yang meridians of the hands and feet. They are known collectively as "the twelve regular meridians", which are the main passages for qi and blood circulation and start and terminate at given seats, run along fixed routes and meet indefinite orders. They are directly connected with the relevant zang-fu organs. The eight extra meridians are composed of Du,Ren, Chong, Dai, Yinqiao, Yangqiao, Yinwei and Yangwei meridians. They are interlated with the twelve regular meridians and perform the functions of dominating, connecting and adjusting the twelve regular meridians. And they are not directly related to the internal organs in addition, the twelve divergent meridians are the extensions of the twelve meridians. They originate from the limbs, run deeper into the zang-fu organs and emerge from the shallow neck. Their action is to enhance the Links between every pair of meridians exteriorly-interiorly related in the twelve meridians and complement the organs and bodily areas to which the regular meridians can not get. 经可以分为三类：正经、

奇经和经别。有十二正经即手足三阴三阳经。它们被总称为“十二正经”，是气血循行的主要通道，有固定的起止点，按照一定的路径循行并按一定顺序交接。它们与相对应的脏腑直接相连。奇经八脉由督、任、冲、带、阴蹻、阳蹻、阴维和阳维脉组成。它们与十二正经相互联系，并行使控制、联系和调节十二正经的功能。另外，它们不与脏腑直接相关。十二经别是十二正经的延续。它们起于四肢，深入脏腑，浅出于项部。它们的作用是加强十二正经表里两经的联系，并补充十二正经所不能到达的脏腑和身体区域。

The collaterals are the branches of the meridians. They are divided into three groups: the divergent collaterals, superficial collaterals and tertiary collaterals. The divergent collaterals are 络是经的分支，可分为三

类：别络、浮络和孙络。起源于十二正经和任督二脉的别络和脾之大络统称为“十五别络”。它们的作用是加强表里

the larger and main collaterals. The divergent collaterals originate from the twelve meridians as well as Du and Ren meridians respectively. Together with a large splenic collateral, they are

altogether "fifteen divergent collaterals".

Their chief task is to strengthen the links

between every pair of meridians

exteriorly-interiorly related on the body

surface. The superficial collaterals are

ones that run through the surface layer of the

human body, and often emerge on the surface.

And the tertiary collaterals refer to the

smallest and the thinnest ones of the whole

body.

两经在体表上的联系。浮络循行于人体的表层并常出于体表。孙络是整个人体中最细小的络脉。

In addition, there are the subsidiary parts

of the meridian system, including the twelve

skin zones and twelve musculature zones . Therefore, they are the parts that connect the twelve meridians with the superficial portions and the muscular portions of the body respectively. Considering the important place of the twelve meridians and the eight extra meridians in the meridian-collateral system. we are going to take them as the main

subject for discussion.

此外，尚有经络系统的附属部分包括十二皮部和十二经筋。因此，它们是分别连接人体浅表和肌肉的部分。考虑到十二正经和奇经八脉是经络系统的重要组成部分，我们将以其为主题进行讨论。 Tab. 2 The Nomenclature and Classification of the Twelve Meridians

表2.十二正经的命名和归类 Tab.2 shows that every meridian consists of three parts. 表2说明了每条经都由三部分组成。

1 ) Hand or foot: （1）手或足

The meridians starting or terminating at

the hand are named "Hand", while those starting or terminating at the foot are named "Foot". So the twelve meridians are divided into four groups: three yin meridians of hand, three yang meridians of hand, three yin meridians of foot, and three yang-meridians of foot. Each of the meridian is named according to the medial or the lateral aspect of hand or foot, the names to which zang and

fu pertain, and the nature of yin or yang.

经脉起于或止于手者命名为“手”，起于或止于足者命名为“足”。所以，十二正经可分为四组：手三阴经，手三阳经，足三阴经，足三阳经。每条经都是根据其所在手足的内外面的位置、脏腑归属和阴阳性质命名的。 2 ) Yin or yang: （2）阴或阳

The meridians going in the medial aspect

of the limbs are named "yin", whereas those

in the lateral aspects are named "yang". The medial aspect of the limbs is subdivided into the anterior border, midline and the posterior border. And the yin meridians running through these parts are named Taiyin,Jueyin and Shaoyin respectively. The lateral surface of the limbs is also subdivided into the anterior border, the midline and the posterior border. And yang

meridians are termed "Yangming","Shaoyang",

and "Taiyang".

循行于四肢内侧的经脉命名为“阴”，而循行于外侧者为“阳”。四肢内侧又可分为前、中、后三部，阴经循行于该部分的分别称为太阴、厥阴和少阴。四肢外侧同样可以分为前、中、后三部。阳经循于此者分别为阳明、少阳和太阳。 3) Zang or fu: （3）脏或腑

The nomenclature of zang or fu is

determined in the light of the nature to which zang or fu pertains. For example, the meridian pertaining to the kidney is named the kidney meridian, and the rest may be deduced by analogy.

脏或腑的命名是根据脏或腑的归属决定的。例如，属于肾的经脉命名为肾经，其余由此类推。

To sum up, it is quite evident that there is no name that does not involve hand or foot, yin or yang, zang-organ or fu-organ in the twelve meridian.(To Be Continued)

总之，很显然十二正经中没有不以手足、阴阳、脏腑命名的。 MERIDIANS AND COLLATERALS-THE PATHWAYS TO LINK THE WHOLE BODY

经络—人体联络的通道

Courses, Connections, Distributions, Exterior-lnterior Relations and Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的起源、交接、分布、表里关系和走行规律

1. The Coursing and Connecting Law of the Twelve Meridians 1.十二正经的起源和交接规律

The coursing and connecting law of the twelve meridians is: the three yin meridians of the hand travel from the chest to the end of the fingers where they connect with the three yang meridians of the hand; the three yang meridians of the hand go up from the end of the fingers to the head on which they connect with the three yang meridians of the foot; the three yang meridians of the foot descend from the head to the the end of toes where they join the three yin meridians of the foot; the three yin meridians of the foot ascend from the 十二正经的起源和交接规律是：手三阴经起于胸部行至手指端，在此与手三阳经交接；手三阳经由手指端上行至头，在此与足三阳经相交接；足三阳经由头向下行至脚趾头处，在此与足三阴经相交接；足三阴经由脚趾头处上行至胸腹部，在此与手三阴经相交接。这

toes to the abdomen and chest in which they meet the three yin meridians of the hand. Thus, the twelve meridians are connected with each other, forming a circle like pathway along which yin and yang smoothly circulate without terminus. See the

following diagram.

样，十二正经彼此联系，形成了一个阴阳畅通循行的通道，如环无端。见下表。

Fig. 5 Flowing direction and Connecting Law of the Twelve Meridians 表5.十二正经循行方向及交接规律

It is clearly seen from fig. 5 that the three yang meridians of the hand terminate at the head from which the three yang meridians of the foot start. The three yang meridians of the hand and the foot meet at the head So, TCM says:"The head is the junction of all yang meridians" 从表5可以清楚的知道手三阳经止于头而足三阳经起于头，手足三阳经在头部相会。因此，中医云：“头乃诸阳之会”。

2. Distributions and Exterior-Interior Relations of the Twelve Regular Meridians1) Distributions 2.十二正经的分布和表里关系

The twelve meridians are distributed symmetrically on the left and right sides of the body and run along their fixed courses. Distribution in the limbs: The medial aspect of the limbs attributes to yin, the lateral to yang. Each limb is distributed by Taiyin and Yangming meridians are on the anterior border, Shaoyin and Taiyang meridians are on the posterior border, and Jueyin and Shaoyang meridians are on the midline. 十二正经对称的分布于人体的左右两边，并按一定的路径循行。在四肢的分布是：阴经分布于四肢的内侧面，阳经分布于四肢的外侧面。太阴和阳明分布于肢体的前部，少阴和太阳分布于后部，厥阴和少阳分布于中部。 Distribution on the head and face: Yangming meridians run through the face and forehead, Taiyang meridians run through the cheek, vertex and occiput of the head and Shaoyang meridians run through both sides of the head.

头面的分布：阳明经行于面额部，太阳经行于颊部、头顶及枕部，少阳行于头的两侧。 Distribution in the body trunk: The three yang meridians of hand run through the scapular part. Among the three yang meridians of foot, Yangming meridians run in the front of the trunk (thoracico-abdominal aspect), Taiyang meridians along the back (the dorsal aspect) , and Shaoyang meridians along the sides. All the three yin meridians of the hand come out of the axillae without exception, all the three yin meridians of foot run along the ventral aspect. The meridians running through the ventral aspect from the medial to the lateral are, in turn, termed Foot-Shaoyin, Foot-yangming, Foot-Taiyin and Foot-Jueyin(note: 在躯干部的分布：手三阳经行于肩胛部。足三阳经当中，阳明经行于前腹部，太阳经沿背部循行，少阳行于两侧。所有的手三阴经无一例外的起于腋窝部，所有的足三阳经沿腹部循行。沿腹部循行的经脉由内至外的顺序是：足少阴经、足阳明经、足太阴经和足厥阴经。（注释：在双下肢，踝上8寸（24厘米）以下

as regards the medial sides of the two lower limbs, at 8cun (24cm) above the medial malleoli, Jueyin is located in theanterior, Taiyin in the middle

and Shaoyin in the posterior part.)

为厥阴在前，太阴在中，少阴在后。） The Exterion-Interior Relations between the

Twelve Meridians 十二正经的表里关系 The twelve regular meridians, connected with

each other by the divergent meridians and

divergent collaterals, form six pairs of

exterior-interior relationships. Their exterior-interior relationships are as follows: the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-yangming and the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin; the Tri-energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang and the Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin; the Small intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang and the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin; the Stomach Meridian of Foot-yangming and the spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin; the Gallbladder Meridian of foot-Shaoyang and the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin; and the Urinary Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang and the Kidney meridian of Foot-Shaoyin. The Taiyang meridianand Shaoyin meridian of foot are exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the Shaoyang meridian and the Jueyin meridian of foot,and the Yangming meridian and Taiyin meridian of foot. These are called the"yin and yang of foot"; while the Taiyang meridian and the Shaoyin meridian of hand are exteriorly-interiorly related, and so are the

Shaoyang and the Jueyin meridians, and the

Yangming and the Taiyin meridians of hand. These

are called the"yin and yang of hand".

十二正经通过经别和别络彼此联系，形成了六对表里关系。它们的表里关系如下：手阳明大肠经和手太阴肺经；手少阳三焦经和手厥阴心包经；手太阳小肠经和手少阴心经；足阳明胃经和足太阴脾经；足少阳胆经和足厥阴肝经；足太阳膀胱经和足少阴肾经。足太阳和足少阴经相表里，足少阳和足厥阴经相表里，足阳明经和足太阴经相表里。这些称为“足阴阳经”。而手太阳经和手少阴经相表里，手少阳和手厥阴经相表里，手阳明经和手太阴经相表里。这些称为“手阴阳经”。 The exterior-interior relationship of the

twelve meridians not only strengthen the connection between each specific pair of meridians with exterion-interior relationship, but also promote each pair of zang-fu with the exterior-interior relationship to coordinate each other physiologically and influence each other pathologically. In treatment, acupoints of the two meridians with the exterior-interior relationship may be alternatively used.

十二正经的表里关系不仅加强了表里两经的联系，而且加强了每对相表里脏腑之间的联系使它们在生理上相互协调，在病理上相互影响。在治疗上，表里两经的穴位可以相辅为用。

3) The Flowing Order of the Twelve Meridians 十二正经的走行规律The circulation of qi and blood inside the

Twelve meridians is like the circular movement endlessly. Their circulation starts from the lung meridian of Hand-Taiyin, runs to the liver meridian. 十二正经中气血的

循行如环无端。它们起于

肺经通往肝经。

THE CAUSES TO INDUCE DISEASES——ETIOLOGY

疾病产生的原因—病因学

Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors

that cause diseases. As TCM sees it, etiology mainly

includs the six exogenous pathogens, pestilence,

（epidemic pathogenc factors ） the seven emotions, emotional frustration, improper diet, overwork, maladjustment between work and rest, traumatic injuries, insect or animal bites, phlegm retention, blood stasis, etc. Zhang ZhongJing of the Eastern Han Dynasty pointed out: "Despite numerous diseases, they would not exceed three categories". Up to the Song Dynasty, Chen Wuze put forward the theory of the three categories of etiologic factors i. e., exogenous pathogenic factors, endogenouspathogenic factors and

non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. To be more specific, six pathogenic factors invading the body from the outside pertain to exogenous pathogenic factors; the seven emotions directly involving the internal organs are attributed to endogenous pathogenic factors; other pathogenic factors, such as improper diet, overwork, traumatic injury, insect and animal bites, etc. , are said to be non-endo-exogenous pathogenic factors. "The theory of the three categories of etiologic factors" caused strong repercussions in later ages and promoted the research into the etiology. 病因学的定义是造

成疾病的各种原因。在中医看来，病因主要有六淫、疫气、七情、饮食不节、劳逸失度、外伤、痰饮、瘀血等。东汉时期的张仲景指出：“千般灾难，不越三条”。到宋代，陈无择提出三因学说，即：外因、内因、不内外因。更具体的说，六淫自外侵犯人体属于外因；七情直接伤及内脏属于内因；其它如饮食不节、过劳，外伤、虫害等属于不内外因。三因学说在后世产生了强烈的反响并促进了病因学的研究。

In discerning etiology, besides having a sound knowledge of the objective conditions that possibly lead to illness, TCM centers attention on the clinical manifestations of diseases, and inquires into the etiology through analyzing the symptoms and signs so that a basis for treatment and medications may be is provided. This method is called "seeking cause of disease through 辨别病因除了要对

可能导致疾病的客观环境有全面的认识外，还要注意疾病的临床表现，从分析症状中寻求病因，从而为药物治疗提供依据。这种方法叫“辨证求因”。六淫是

differentiation of syndromes ."The six exogenous factors are a general term for wind, cold, summer-heat, damp, dryness and fire. Under normal conditions, they are six climatic factors. TCM calls them the "six qi." They are not harmful to human beings but rather are the essential conditions of the growth of all living things in nature. Thus, the six qi will not cause diseases normally. However, when the six qi become too excessive or deficient, or when the body's resistance is too weak to adapt itself to the abnormal changes, the six qi will be changed into the pathogenic factors to attack the human body and cause diseases. They, as such, are known as "six exogenous pathogens" (liu yin). Of the six exogenous pathogens the five result from the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs rather than the exogernous factors invading the body from the outside though they also have the symptoms similar to wind, cold, dampness, dryness and fire.（Of...是介词短语提前。前置同倒装等一样，是强化信息的重要手段之一。有如：a. Of the two the latter is far better than the former. b. Of the 100 cases treated

with this therapy, 60 are male and 40 female. ) In

order to distinguish them from the six exogenous

pathogens, they are termed the "five endogenous

pathogens", i.e., the endogenous wind,endogenous

cold, endogenous dampness, endogenous dryness and

endogenous fire.

风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火的总称。正常情况下，它们是六种气候因素，中医称为“六气”。它们对人体无害，而是自然界万物生长的必要环境。因此，正常情况下六气不导致疾病。然而，当六气太过或不足、人体的抵抗拉太弱不能适应异常变化时，六气就会变成病因侵犯人体，导致疾病。在六淫中，有五种是由于内脏功能失调所引起，并非外邪自外侵犯人体，虽然它们也有类似风、寒、湿、燥、火的证候。为了将它们与六淫区别，把它们称为“内生五邪”即内风、内寒、内湿、内燥、内火。

The pathogenic features of the six exogenous

pathogens are as follows. 六淫的病理特征如下： (l) The six exogenous pathogens have close relationships with the seasonal changes and living environment. For example, diseases caused by wind-pathogen mostly occur in spring; summer-heat diseascs usually appear in summer; damp diseases often happen in later summer , dry diseases arise most often in autumn and cold diseases are often seen in winter. And the people who live in damp circumstances are susceptible to damp diseases, while the people living under a high temperature are liable to contract fire or dryness diseases. （1）六淫与季节变化和生活环境有密切关系。例如，风邪致病多在春季；暑邪致病通常在夏季；暑邪致病通常发生在夏至后；燥邪致病多在秋季；寒邪致病见于冬季。生活在潮湿环境的人易感受湿邪，而生活在高温环境下的人则易感染火邪或燥邪。

(2) The six exogenous pathogens may singly invade （2）六淫可以单独侵犯

the body by a single pathogen and simultaneously and invade the body by more than two pathogen. For example, common cold results frequently from pathogenic wind and cold; diarrhea is caused by pathogenic dampnese and heat; bi-syndrome (arthralgia) is causcd by pathogenic wind, cold and dampness and so on.

人体也可两种以上同时侵犯人体。例如，普通感冒通常由风寒之邪所致；泻泄由湿热之邪所致；风寒湿夹杂而致痹症等。

(3) They may be transformed into each other. Examples are: pathogenic cold in the body may be transformed into heat and prolonged summer-heat dampness may bring about dryness and fire to impair yin.

（3）六淫之间可以互相转化。例如，体内寒邪可化热，暑湿可以化火化燥伤阴。 (4) The last featurc of the six exogenous pathogens is that they invade the human body via the body surface or from the mouth and nose or through both concurrently. This is known as"affection resulting from six exogenous pathogens."

（4）六淫的最后一个特点是它们可以由体表或口鼻或同时侵犯人体。这就是“外感六淫”。 The seven emotions refer to the human mental activities. In TCM, they are classified into seven classes: joy, anger, melancholy, anxiety, grief, fear and terror.They are the different responses to the environmental stimuli in the human body in general circumstances, they belong to the normal physiological activities and will not cause diseases. When sudden, strong,long or protracted （prolonged ）emotional stimuli go beyond the body's adaptability and endurance, the emotional stimuli will become pathogenic factors, which cause dysfunction of qi, blood and the zang-fu organs and imbalance of yin and yang, hence leading to diseases. This is known as "internal injury caused by the seven". 七情指的是人的精神活动。中医把它们归为七类：喜、怒、哀、思、悲、惊、恐。在正常情况下，它们是人体对环境刺激的不同反应，属于正常的生理活动，不会致病。当突然、强烈、持久的精神刺激超出了人体的适应力和忍受力，情感刺激就会成为致病因素，引起气、血和脏腑的功能失调和阴阳失衡，从而导致疾病。这就是“内伤七情”。

The seven emotions are different from the six exogenous pathogens in causing diseases. The six exogenous pathogens, as mentioned ahove, usually invade the body through the skin, mouth and nose, and it is mostly exterior syndromes at the early stage of the onset. The seven emotions, however, directly affect the corresponding zang-fu organs to bring on diseases because a certain zang-fu organ is closely related to a certain emotional activity. （不定式短语 to bring on ... 在句中作结果状语。又七情致病与六淫不同。正如以上所提及的，六淫通常由肌肤口鼻侵犯人体，在早期多属于表证。而七情致病，则是直接影响相应的脏腑而发病。因为某一脏腑与某一情志活动有密切关系。所以中医云：“怒伤肝；喜伤心；忧伤肺；

如：a. Arthur returned home to be struck by another blow. b. What have I done to deserve so much? c. He made a long speech only to show his ignorance of the subject. ）So TCM says, "Anger impairs the liver; excessive joy impairs the heart; grief or melancholy impairs the lung, anxiety impairs tbe spleen, and fright or fear impairs the kidney", The abnormal emotions mainly influence qi activity of the internal organs, so as to cause the dysfunction in ascending and descending of qi. Concretely speaking, "Anger causes the qi (to the liver)to ascend: joy makes the qi (of the heart) sluggish ; sorrow makes the qi (of the lung) consumed; fear induces the qi (ofthe kidney) to dissipate; fright

causes the disorder of the qi (of the heart) ; and

anxiety brings about the depression of the qi (of

the spleen)." As concerns other pathogenic factors

such as pestilence, improper diet, maladjustment of

work and rest, parasites, surgical trauma, phlegm

retention, blood stasis, etc,we have to, though

they are of equal importance, give them upon account

of limited space.

思伤脾；惊恐伤肾”。异常情绪主要影响内脏气的活动，导致气的升降失常。具体的说“怒则气上；喜则气缓；悲则气消；恐则气下；惊则气乱；思则气结”。至于其它病因如虫害、饮食不节、劳逸失度、寄生虫、外伤、痰凝、血瘀等，虽然同样重要，但鉴于篇幅所限，恕不论之。

Special phrases

特殊短语 1.Pathogenic factors; pathogens

1.邪气

2.exogenous pathogenic factors; (exogenous

pathogenic)

2.外邪

3.seasonal pathogenic factors (seasonal pathogens) 3.时邪

4.pathogenic wind

4.风邪

5.endogenous wind

5.内风

6.exogenous wind 6.外风

7.Wind is the first and foremost factor to cause various diseases

7.风为百病之长 8.Sudden spasm and rigidity of muscles result from wind.

8.诸暴强直，皆属于风 9.Vomiting with sour vomitus of spouting diarrhea with tenesmus is caused by wind. 9. 诸病吐酸，暴注下迫，皆属于热。

10.Abdominal distension is mainly related to heat 10.诸胀腹大，皆属于热

11.visible phlegm

11.有形之痰 12.invisible phlegm

12.无形之痰 13.excess of sexual intercourse 13.房劳过度

PATHOGENESIS

病机

What is meant by pathogenesis? By pathogenesis is meant the mechanism of the occurrence, development and outcome of

diseases. The occurrence, development and outcome of diseases are closely related both to the body's vital qi and to the nature of the pathogenic factors. When the pathogens attack the human body, the body's vital qi is bound to rise against the pathogens, forming the conflict between vital qi and pathogens. Their conflict is bound to destroy the relative balance of yin and yang to cause the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs and meridians, or the disturbance of qi and blood. Thus bringing about a variety of local or general pathological changes. Notwithstanding various diseases and complicated clinical manifestations, their changes of pathogenesis, in general, are inseparable from the excess or deficiency between the vital-qi and the pathogens, the imbalance of yin and yang, or the abnormably of qi and blood and the dysfunction of the zang-fu organs and meridians. 何谓病机？病机指的是

疾病发生、发展和转归的机

理。疾病的发生、发展和转

归与人体的正气和病邪特性

密切相关。当病邪侵犯人体

时，人体正气必会奋起抗邪，

形成正邪相争。正邪相争必

会破坏阴阳的相对平衡、脏

腑经络功能失调或是气血紊

乱，从而引起不同的局部或

是整体的病理改变。虽然疾

病不同而且临床症状错综复

杂，但是总的来说，它们的

病理改变离不开正邪的虚

实，阴阳失衡，或是气血失

常及脏腑经络的功能失调。

The conflict between the vital-qi and

pathogens is not only related to the occurrence

of a disease, but also directly affects its development and final outcome. Meanwhile, it has a direct influence on deficient or excessive changes of the syndromes in a certain sense, the processes of many diseases are seen as those of the changes of excess and deficiency in the contest between the vital-qi and pathogens. Therefore, vicissitudes of vital qi and pathogens are considered to be one of the pathogenesises. 正邪相争不仅与疾病的

发生有关，而且直接影响到疾病的发展和转归。同时，它在一定程度上也直接影响了证候的虚实，许多疾病的过程都是正邪相争引起虚实改变的过程。因此，正邪的盛衰被认为是病机之一。

Basic Questions says "the exuberance of pathogens results in excess syndrome, while the depletion of essence-qi may bring on deficiency syndrome." Excess refers to excess of pathogens, or a pathogenic reaction with 《素问》云：“邪盛则

实，正衰则虚。”实指的是邪气实，或是邪实的病理反应作为矛盾的主要方面。这就是说，邪气实，正气也强。

excessive pathogens as the principal aspect of the contradiction. That is to say, the pathogens are excessive, the vital qi is also strong. Clinically, a sort of pathological reactions of excess ensue with the fierce and obvious struggle between vital qi and pathogens, which is known as excess syndrome. It is mostly found in the early or middle stage of diseases caused either by the six exogenous

pathogens or by the phlegm retention,

undigested food, blood stasis, etc. ,

characterized by high fever, mania, high voice

and coarse breathing, abdominal pain with

tenderness, obstructive urination and

defecation, and full and forceful pulse.

临床上，实的病理反应通常是正邪之间剧烈抗争的结果，这称为实证，大多见于由六淫、痰凝、饮食不化、血瘀等引起的疾病的中早期，在临床上可见壮热，狂躁，声高气粗，腹痛拒按，二便不通，脉实有力等。 By deficiency syndrome is meant a syndrome

caused by inadequate of vital qi, or a

pathological reaction with the deficiency of vital qi as the dominant factor of the contradiction. That is, the vital qi become too deficient to resist pathogens because of the dysfunctions of qi, blood, body fluid, zang-fu organ and meridians. Consequently, the conflict of vital qi and pathogens may not produce intense pathological reaction and a series of insufficient manifestations arise, so called deficiency syndrome. This types of syndrome is mostly seen in patients with weak constitutions or in the later stage of a disease and in different kinds of chronic cases, marked by lassitude, pallid complexion, palpitation, short breath, spontaneous perspiration, night sweat feverish sensation in the chest, palms and soles or aversion to cold, cold

extremities, feeble pulse, etc.

虚证指的是由正气不足引起的证候，或是以正气不足的病理反应为矛盾的主要方面。这就是因为气、血、津液、脏腑经络的功能失调导致正气过虚无力抗邪。因此，正邪相争并不会造成剧烈的病理反应，所以会导致一系列虚的症状，这就是所谓的虚证。这一类型的证候大多出现于体弱的病人、疾病的晚期和各种慢性病中，症见神疲体倦，面容憔悴，心悸气短，自汗，盗汗，五心烦热，畏寒肢冷，脉虚无力等。

The rise and fall of vital qi and pathogens can bring about mixed syndromes of excess and deficiency in protracted and complicated diseases. Such syndromes have mainly two kinds of pathological changes: deficiency syndromes mixed with excess ones and excess syndromes mixed with deficiency ones. However, under some particular circumstances, there will be two types of pathological changes: true excess 在长期复杂的疾病中，正邪的盛衰会引起虚实混杂的证候。这种证候主要有两种病理变化：虚中夹实和实中夹虚。然而，在特殊情况下也会出现两种病理改变：真实假虚和真虚假实。前者谓之“至虚有盛候”，而后者则为“大实有赢状”。因

syndrom with pseudo -deficiency symptoms and true deficiency with pseudo-excess symptoms. The former is said to be "symptoms of pseudo-excess in extreme deficiency ", while the latter is said to be "symptoms of

pseudo-deficiency in extreme excess ". From the

above, to identify a deficiency or excess

syndrome of pathogenesis we must see through

the appearance to get at the essence and so

only can we not be misted by false phenomena and

accurately grasp the changes of excess or

deficiency syndrome .

此，分析病机的虚实，必须透过现象看本质，才能不被假象所迷惑，而真正把握住疾病的虚实变化。 In the course of a disease, the conflict

between vital qi and pathogens not only gives rise to their deficiency or excess, but also causes the outcome of a disease. When vital qi prevails over pathogens, the disease tends to improvement or even complete recovery. Otherwise, when pathogens prevail over vital qi, the disease tends to deterioration or even life comes to end.

在疾病过程中，正邪相争不仅会引起虚实改变，而且会导致疾病的转归。当正气胜于邪气时，疾病就会趋于好转或痊愈。反之，当邪气胜过正气时，疾病就会趋于恶化或是导致死亡。 In the course of occurrence, development and

final outcome of a disease, disharmony of yin and yang will occur under the action of pathogens, resulting in such pathological manifestations as relative excess or deficiency of either yin or yang, mutual impairment, repellence and depletion of yin and

yang.

在疾病的发生、发展和转归的过程中，在病邪的作用下，阴阳失调就会产生，导致阴或阳的偏虚偏实和阴阳的互损。 The Disturbance of qi and blood refers to a morbid state caused by deficiency and dysfunction of qi and blood, and the breakdown of their interdependent relationship. Qi and blood in the body are the material basis for the physiological activities of the zang-fu and meridians. Therefore, their disturbance will inevitably affect the body's function to cause diseases. Basic Questions states: "The disharmony between qi and blood will result in various diseases". However, qi and blood are the products of the functions of the zang-fu organs. Pathological changes of the zang-fu organs may not only lead to qi-blood 气血紊乱指的是气血亏虚、功能失调和相互依赖关系崩溃导致的一种病理状态。人体气血是脏腑经络生理活动的物质基础。因此，气血紊乱必会影响人体的功能，导致疾病。《素问》指出：“气血不和，百病乃变化而生。”然而，气血是脏腑功能活动的产物。脏腑的病理改变不仅会导致气血紊乱，也会影响全身的气血。这样，气血紊乱的病理改变，如正邪的盛衰、阴阳的失衡，

disturbance, but also affect qi and blood of the whole body. Thus, the pathogenesis of qi-blood disturbance, like that of the rise and decline of vital qi and pathogens and the imbalance of

yin and yang, is not only the root cause of

pathological changes of the zang-fu organs and

meridians, but also the basis for the analysis

and research of the pathogenesis of various

diseases.

不仅是脏腑经络病理改变的根源，也是分析和研究不同疾病病机的基础。 The failure of qi activity refers to such

pathological changes as qi stagnation, adverse

flow of qi, qi sinking, qi blockage and qi exhaustion due to disturbance in its ascending, descending, exiting and entering. Ascending, descending, exiting and entering are the basic form of qi movement, on which functional activities of the zang-fu organs and meridians as well as the relation ships between the zang-fu organs and meridians, qi and blood, and yin and yang depend to maintain their relative balance. Fort his reason, the disorder of qi activity may bring about various morbid conditions involving the zang-fu organs, qi and

blood, yin and yang, exterior and interior,

four limbs and nine orifices.

气机失调指的是由于气的升降出入失常引起气滞、气逆、气陷、气闭、气脱的病理改变。升降出入是气的基本运动形式。脏腑经络的功能活动，脏腑和经络、气血、阴阳之间的关系都赖此以维持相对平衡。由于这个原因，气机失调可以引起涉及脏腑、气血、阴阳、表里、四肢、九窍的不同病理改变。 The disorder of blood includes deficient

blood production, blood deficiency caused by massive hemorrhage, over consumption of blood caused by prolonged illness, or dysfunction of blood nourishment; it also includes the accelerated blood circulation caused by blood heat and blood stasis caused by sluggish blood circulation.

血液失常包括血的生化不足，大量失血引起的血虚，长期疾病引起的过度血液损耗或是血液的营养功能失调；也包括血热迫血妄行和血液循环缓慢引起的血瘀。 The metabolism of body fluid is essentially the processes of continuous production, distribution and excretion of body fluid. The disturbance of the metabolism means the disturbance of distribution and the imbalance between production and excretion, thus causing deficiency production of body fluid to form fluid retention in the body, So, normal metabolism of body fluid is the basic condition maintaining normal distribution, production 津液的代谢是津液持续产生、分布和排泄的必要过程。代谢紊乱指的是分布异常和产生排泄失衡，从而产生津液产生不足，形成体内水液停滞，因此，正常的津液代谢是维持正常的分布、产生和排泄的基本条件。正常的津液产生、分布和排泄离不开气的升降出入和气化

and excretion. Normal production, distribution and excretion of body fluid are inseparable from ascending, descending, exiting and

entering movement of qi and its transforming

function. And also. they cannot be separated

from the functions of the lung, spleen, liver,

kidney and the triple energizer.

功能，同时也离不开肺、脾、肝、肾和三焦的功能。 The five endogenous pathogens refer to the

pathological changes caused by the dysfunction of qi, blood, body fluid and the zang-fu organs, namely endogenous wind, endogenous cold, endogenous dryness ， endogenous fire and endogenous dampness. They are not pathogenic factors; they are five comprehensive changes of pathogenesis.

内生五邪指的是气血津液和脏腑功能失调引起的病理改变，即内风、内寒、内燥、内火和内湿。它们不是病理因素，而是五种综合的病理改变。

Special phrases 特殊短语

1.The disharmony of qi and blood may cause various diseases. 1.气血不和，百病乃变化而生

2.Heat-transformation, fire-transformation, wind-transformation, dryness-transformation, dampness-transformation

2.化热、化火、化风、化燥、化湿

3.Insufficiency of vital qi is the intrinsic factor of the occurrence of disease. 3.正气不足是发病的内在根据

4.Pathogenic factors are the predominant

factor of disease. 4.邪气是疾病发生的重要条件

THE FOUR DIAGNOSTIC METHODS-THE METHODS TO OBSERVE AND DIAGNOSE DISEASES

四诊—诊察疾病的方法

The four diagnostic methods, namelv

inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry, and pulse-taking and palpation , refer to the four basic procedures used in diagnosing a disease, They are the presuppositions of correct differentiation and effective treatment in TCM.

四诊即望、闻、问、切，指的是用于诊断疾病的四个基本步骤，它们是中医正确辨证和有效治疗的前提。

When a disease occurs, there must be its abnormal outward manifestations from which the pathological changes may be inferred, as is

stated in Danxi's Experience on Medicine

( DanxiXin Fa) , "To want knowing the internal conditions of the body, the external manifestations of the body should be observed ; to diagnose the external parts of the body may also know the internal conditions. That is because the internal conditions of the body are always reflected on the exterior of the body".The four diagnostic methods examine and learn about the pathological conditions from different angle and aspect and find out the etiology and pathogenesis, thereby providing the basis for TDS. The four methods are related to and supplement one another. They cannot be separated from one another, each having its specific function that cannot be substituted for the others. In clinical practice, only when the four techniques are organically combined can a disease be understood all-sidedly. Thus, a correct diagnosis can be made. 疾病发生时必有相关

的病理改变引起的异常外

在表现，正如《丹溪心法》

所指出的：“欲知其内者，

当以观乎外，诊于外者，

斯以知其内，盖有诸内者

形诸外。”四诊可以从不

同角度检查和了解病理状

态，找出病因和病机，从

而为辨证论治提供基础。

四诊相互联系、相互补充，

不能相互分离，每一部分

都有其特殊的功能，不可

代替。在临床实践中，只

有将四诊有机联系，才能

全面了解疾病。因此，才

能做出正确的诊断。

1. Inspection 1.望

Inspection is the first diagnostic procedure by which the physician may observe the patient's vitality, complexion, physical build, head, neck, five sense organs, skin, tongue, external genitalia and anus on purpose so as to understand the condition of a disease. TCM holds that the human body is an organic whole. The exterior of the body is closely related to the internal organs. Take observation the vitality and complexion for examples, the vitality refers to the general external manifestations of life activity of the human body, including spirit, consciousness and thinking. And it is the outward sign of the conditions of qi and blood, yin and yang, or the zang-fu organs. The vitality is manifested in manifold aspects, such as eyesight, complexion, facial expressions, physical build, behavior and so on, among which the expression of the eyes is the most important. This is because "all the vital essence from the 望诊是诊断的首要程

序，通过望诊，医生可以有目的的观察病人的神、色、体质、头、颈、五官、皮肤、舌头、前后二阴，以了解疾病的状况。中医认为人体是一个有机整体，体表和内脏是紧密联系的。以观察神色为例，神指的是人体生命活动的外在表现，包括精神和意识。它是气血、阴阳、脏腑状态的外在征象。神体现于多方面，如眼、面色、表情、体质、行为等，这之中，眼神是最重要的。这是由于“五脏之精上注于目”。通过对神的观察，医生可以了解正气的充足与否，分析疾病的严重程

five zang and six fu organs converges into the eyes." From the observation of vitality the physician may infer the abundance or inadequacy of the vital essence, analyze mildness or the severeness of the disease and predict the

prognosis of disease. It is quite evident that

the observation of vitality is of an important

significance in diagnosing a disease. The

manifestations of vitality are as follows; being

of vitality , pseudo-vitality , and loss of

vitality .

度和预测疾病的预后。很明显察神是诊断疾病的一个重要指征。神有如下表现：得神、假神和失神。 The observation of complexion is a

diagnostic method for inspecting the colour and

lustre of the face. TCM divides the facial

colours into blue, yellow, red, pale and black, also known as the "five colours", whose changes may indicates the nature and the location of a disease. Generally speaking, red complexion indicates heat syndromes; white complexion indicates cold and deficiency syndrome; yellow complexion deficiency and dampness syndromes; blue complexion suggests pain and cold syndrome,blood stasis and convulsion; and black complexion hints deficiency of the kidney, blood stasis and fluid retention. Inspection also includes observation of the physical build. By the observation of sturdiness , weakness, obesity or emaciation as well as the posture of the movement and stillness, different kinds of diseases may he found out. And, in particular, the observation of the tongue is a unique procedure in TCM diagnosis. It is used to observe the changes of the tongue proper and the tongue coating so as to determine the abundance or decline of vital qi, tell the location of a disease, distinguish the nature of pathogenic

factors and infer the degree of seriousness of

a disease.

察色是观察面部的颜色和光泽的一种诊断方法。中医将面色分为青、黄、红、白、黑，也称为“五色”，面色的改变可以提示疾病的性质和部位。总的来说，色红提示热证；色白提示寒证和虚证；黄色提示虚证和湿证；青色提示痛证、寒证、血瘀和痉证；黑色提示肾虚、血瘀和水液停滞。望还包括对体质的观察。观察体质的强弱、肥瘦和动静姿势可以发现不同的疾病。望舌是中医独特的诊断步骤。通常用观察舌质和舌苔的改变来确定正气的盛衰和疾病的部位，区分病邪的性质，推断疾病的严重程度。

2. Auscultation and Olfaction 2.闻

Another diagnostic method is auscultation and olfaction. Auscultation means listening to the patient's voice, speaking, respiration, coughing and moaning. By auscultation, the doctor can not only learn about the changes of the phonatory organ, but also infer the pathological changes of the internal organs. While olfaction means smelling the patient's odor of the secretion and excretion. By and large, stench odor usually indicates heat syndromes of excess; stinking（烂醉） odor suggests cold syndromes of deficiency; and foul and sour odor implies retention of food. 另外一种诊断方法是

听和嗅。听意味着听病人

的声音、言语、呼吸、咳

嗽和呻吟。通过听，医生

不仅可以了解发音器官的

变化，还可以推断内脏器

官的病理改变。嗅指的湿

闻病人分泌物和排泄物的

气味。扩展来说，臭气通

常提示实热证；恶臭提示

虚寒证；腐味和酸味暗示

食滞。

3. Inquiry 3.问

This is a diagnostic method in which the

patient or his companion are inquired to collect the information concerning a disease. The content of inquiry includes the chief complaints, present case history past history, life history, family history, as well as age, sex, native place, occupation, address and so forth inquiry, though covering a wide range of topics, should be conducted step by step in a planned way, with questions focused on the chief complaint and the history of present disease. Therefore, when asking a patient. the physician should focus his attention on the chief complaint to understand both the main reasons for the disease and clearest, the most suffered symptoms of the patient. Besides, the physician should understand the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of a disease through asking. Here is an outline of inquiring about the present illness: 这是一种向病人及其

同伴询问和收集有关疾病

信息的一种诊断方法。问

的的内容包括主诉、过去

史、生活史、家庭史，以

及年龄、性别、出生地、

职业、家庭住址等。虽然

问的主题范围很广，但必

须围绕主诉和现病史有计

划的一步步进行。因此，

医生在询问病人时应注意

病人的主诉以了解疾病的

主要原因和病人最难受的

症状。除此之外，医生还

应通过询问了解疾病的发

生、过程、诊断和治疗。

以下是现病史的询问列

表：

A. Asking about Chills and Fever A.问寒热

(a) . aversion to cold and heat （a）恶寒发热

It means that the patient feels cold with a high temperature. 它提示病人高热时恶

寒的感觉。(b) . Alternate spell of chills and fever （b）寒热交替

They are the manifestations of half exterior and half interior seen in shaoyang disease or malaria. 它是半表半里证的表

现，见于少阳病和疟疾。

南京中医药大学硕士研究生复试面试英语英文自我介绍

Self-introduction 自我介绍 Name：William Shakespeare Graduated University：××××××××××× Major：English Literature Admission Time：20XX-09-01—20XX-06-30 Telephone：+86×××××××(MP) E-mail：520521××××@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8a11268775.html, （后附范文5篇及10类常见问题解答,总有一个适合你！） 20XX年XX月XX日

目录范文一（英文） (3) 范文一（中文） (4) 范文二（英文） (5) 范文二（中文） (6) 范文三（英文） (7) 范文三（中文） (9) 范文四（英文） (10) 范文四（中文） (11) 范文五（英文） (12) 范文五（中文） (16) 十类常见问题解答 (17) （一）"What can you tell me about ......?". (18) （二）"What would you like to be doing......?" . (19) （三）"What is your greatest strength ?" (19) （四）"What is your greatest weakness?" (20) （五）"How do you feel about your progress to date?" (21) （六）行为面试问题 (21) （七）压力面试问题 (22) （八）案例面试问题 (22) （九）非常规问题 (23) （十）其他常见的英语面试问题 (24)

中医学英文介绍

第一步：介绍中医历史 Traditional Chinese medicine ,abbreviated as TCM ,is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years ，including new and traditional medicine practices such as herbal medicine，acupuncture， massage (Tuina),exercise(qigong)and so on. 第二步：介绍中医学治疗的全面性 Under the guidance of this philosophy, TCM regards balancing, eliminating and transforming pathogens as the main principles to treat diseases and maintain health, rather than confronting and killing as methods to conquer diseases. In the fight against viral diseases, chronic inflammation, functional disorders, endocrine disorders and other diseases, TCM plays a good role. 1、TCM puts the occurrence of diseases with these things together, which are climatic changes, environmental variations, emotional fluctuations, imbalance of diet and life. That is, the so-called Three Pathogens Theory. This etiology doctrine based on the macro methodology is entirely different from that of Western medicine which is on the basis of the microscopic and pathologic anatomy. But it is exactly a biological, psychological, social and advanced medical model. 2、TCM relies upon inspection, listening, smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking to directly experience and study the dynamic information of

英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia. TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM. TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc. 0 RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY 历史悠久的中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin can be traced back to remote antiquity.In a long course of struggling against diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese culture. More than 2,000 years ago, came out Huangdi's Classic on Medicine( Huang Di Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each comprising） nine volumes, each of which, in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling up to 162 chapters.The book gives a complete and systematic exposition to the following various subjects : the relationship between man and nature, the physiology and pathology of the human body, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention ot diseases. It also uses the theories of yin-yang and the five elements to deal fully with the principles of treatment by 中医有着几千年的历史, 起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中，中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000 多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含9卷，每卷又有9章，总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想即把人体看作一个整体，把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继《黄帝内经》之后，东汉时期之前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现，各抒己见。

中医英语介绍

中医英语介绍Revised on November 25, 2020

About Basic Theories of TCM(中医基础理论的主要内容) 1.The basic theories of TCM deal primarily with basic theoretical knowledge such as physiology, pathology, and the treatment and prevention of disease.中医基础理论主要阐述人体的生理、病理及疾病的防治等基本理论知识。 includes yin and yang, the five elements, visceral manifestations, qi, blood, body fluid, vitality, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, and principles of disease prevention and treatment.内容包括阴阳、五行、藏象、气血津液精神、经络、病因与发病、病机、防治原则等。 Yin-Yang and Five Elements（阴阳五行） fall in the category of ancient Chinese philosophy with concept of materialism and dialectics. 阴阳五行本属中国古代哲学范畴，具有唯物主义和辩证法思想。 and five elements were introduced in TCM to elucidate the structure, physiology and pathology of the body, and guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. 中医运用阴阳学说来阐释人体的结构、生理和病理，并用以指导临床的诊断和治疗。Explanation Of Five Elements Doctrine in TCM（五行） 1. Five elements are indispensable material in human life inter-promotion and inter-restriction.五要素是人类生活中不可缺少的物质，相互促进、相互制约。 2. in TCM—they can explain physiological and pathological changes in human body. 在中医概念中，它们可以解释人体的生理和病理变化。 Explanation Of Yin-Yang Theory in TCM（阴阳学说） structure of the body (Zang-viscera and fu-viscera)体部结构(脏腑、腑) of disease—a relative imbalance between Yin and Yang (Yin syndrome or Yang syndrome)treatment of Yin and Yang to restore its relative balance.阴阳相对失衡的疾病诊断（阴证、阳证）治疗疾病，调节阴阳恢复相对平衡 Visceral Manifestation Theory（藏象学说） 1. This theory deals with the physiological functions, and pathological changes of the viscera, tissues and organs as well as their interrelationship.研究人体各脏腑、组织器官的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系。 2. It also deal with the mutual relations between the viscera, tissues, organs and the external environment. 以及脏腑、组织器官与外界环境相互关系的学说。 is an important part of TCM’s theoretical system and serves as the theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分，也是指导临床各科进行辨证论治的理论基础。 Qi, Blood, Body Fluid and Vitality（气血津液精神） deal primarily with the generation and actions of qi, blood, body fluid and vitality as well as their interrelationship. 主要阐述气、血、津液、精神的生成、作用及其相互关系 tells us that they are not only the products of zang-viscera and fu-viscera activity, but also the material basis on which both the zang-viscera and the fu-viscera function. 说明气、血、津液和精既是脏腑功能活动的产物，又是脏腑功能活动的物质基础。Explanation（解释） 1. Qi—the most essential substance making up the world and that everything in the universe was generated by the motion and change of Qi; the essential substance constituting the body and maintaining the life activities of the body.

英文版中医简介

Application of traditional Chinese medicine in clinic and study According to clinic observations in China and United States, traditional Chinese medicine [TCM] is effective in treating hypertension, menopause, bronchial asthma and urinary tract infection. It does not only relieve signs and symptoms, but also reduce frequent use of harmful medication, such as cortisone and antibiotics. Today TCM is also applied on treating newly diagnosed disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Although these disorders are never existed in TCM, treatments for these conditions are not impossible. In fact, it has been shown that TCM helped to reduce the disease progress of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Sings and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease [PD] are resting-tremors, delayed-movement, postural instability, limb-rigidity, facial-masking, speech-difficulty and difficult swallowing. Other signs and symptoms include flexed-posture, lack of postural reflexes, depression, disturbing-sleep, dizziness and sexual dysfunction. According to these manifestations, PD is attributed to either liver-repletion or kidney-vacuity in TCM. Practitioners find that using kidney-tonifying and liver-reducing method slows the disease progress of PD. Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer are forgetfulness, such as asking a same question over and over again, repeating same story or words again and again, forgetting how to do regular activities (cooking, playing card, balancing check, et al), getting lost in familiar areas, neglecting bath and wearing same clothe. Other signs and symptoms are, loses spark or zest for life - does not start anything, has shorter attention span and less motivation to stay with an activity, won't make decisions, naps frequently or awakens at night believing it is time to go to work, loses control of bowel and bladder, loses weight and skin becomes thin and tears easily, become unsteady or weak to stand alone, may have seizures, frequent infections, falls and sleeps more. These manifestations indicate patients are kidney-vacuity or qi-and-blood-vacuity. Main complaints of menopause are usually hot flash, night sweating, fatigue, osteoporosis, irritability and insomnia at age 50s. According to the nature and the manifestations of menopause, there are two types of menopause in general, kidney-yang-deficiency and kidney-yin-deficiency. Treatment with TCM, such as acupuncture, moxibustion and herb replaces hormone therapy and had fewer side effects. Main complaint of bronchitis is cough, and that of asthma is wheezing. These two disorders are treated as either repletion pattern or vacuity pattern. Usually repletion pattern is associated with acute bronchitis or acute asthma attack, and vacuity pattern is referred frequently as chronic. Use of TCM

中国中医英文介绍

中国中医英文介绍 Traditional Chinese Medicine ("TCM") is an integral part of Chinese culture. It has made great contributions to the prosperity of China. Today both of TCM and western medicine are being used in providing medical and health services in China. TCM, with its unique diagnostic methods, systematic approach, abundant historical literature and materials, has attracted many attentions from the international community. TCM is well recognized for its remarkable effectiveness in off setting the side effect caused by the toxic and chemical treatment of cancer cases in the western medical system. In China, TCM is under the administration of State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology. TCM and its development are regulated. National strategies, law and regulations governing TCM are now in place to guide and promote the research and development in this promising industry. TCM is defined as a medical science governing the theory and practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It includes Chinese medication, pharmacology/herbalogy, acupuncture, massage and Qigong. Hospitals in China are classified as specialized in western medical system, TCM or both. TCM is now available to 75% of the areas in China. TCM has been very effective in the treatment of diseases such as cardio-cerebro-vascular, immunogenic, tumors, bone fracture, etc. Scientific research and clinic experiments in TCM are continuously progressing. Successes have been made in many of the areas such as in circulating

中医英语介绍教学内容

中医英语介绍

About Basic Theories of TCM(中医基础理论的主要内容) 1.The basic theories of TCM deal primarily with basic theoretical knowledge such as physiology, pathology, and the treatment and prevention of disease.中医基础理论主要阐述人体的生理、病理及疾病的防治等基本理论知识。 2.It includes yin and yang, the five elements, visceral manifestations, qi, blood, body fluid, vitality, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, and principles of disease prevention and treatment.内容包括阴阳、五行、藏象、气血津液精神、经络、病因与发病、病机、防治原则等。 Yin-Yang and Five Elements（阴阳五行） 1.These fall in the category of ancient Chinese philosophy with concept of materialism and dialectics. 阴阳五行本属中国古代哲学范畴，具有唯物主义和辩证法思想。 2.Yin-Yang and five elements were introduced in TCM to elucidate the structure, physiology and pathology of the body, and guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. 中医运用阴阳学说来阐释人体的结构、生理和病理，并用以指导临床的诊断和治疗。Explanation Of Five Elements Doctrine in TCM（五行） 1. Five elements are indispensable material in human life inter-promotion and inter-restriction.五要素是人类生活中不可缺少的物质，相互促进、相互制约。 2. in TCM—they can explain physiological and pathological changes in human body. 在中医概念中，它们可以解释人体的生理和病理变化。 Explanation Of Yin-Yang Theory in TCM（阴阳学说） 1.The structure of the body (Zang-viscera and fu-viscera)体部结构(脏腑、腑) 2.diagnosis of disease—a relative imbalance between Yin and Yang (Yin syndrome or Yang syndrome)treatment of disease.--regulating Yin and Yang to restore its relative balance.阴阳相对失衡的疾病诊断（阴证、阳证）治疗疾病，调节阴阳恢复相对平衡 Visceral Manifestation Theory（藏象学说） 1. This theory deals with the physiological functions, and pathological changes of the viscera, tissues and organs as well as their interrelationship.研究人体各脏腑、组织器官的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系。 2. It also deal with the mutual relations between the viscera, tissues, organs and the external environment. 以及脏腑、组织器官与外界环境相互关系的学说。 3.It is an import ant part of TCM’s theoretical system and serves as the theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分，也是指导临床各科进行辨证论治的理论基础。 Qi, Blood, Body Fluid and Vitality（气血津液精神） 1.They deal primarily with the generation and actions of qi, blood, body fluid and vitality as well as their interrelationship. 主要阐述气、血、津液、精神的生成、作用及其相互关系 2.It tells us that they are not only the products of zang-viscera and fu-viscera activity, but also the material basis on which both the zang-viscera and the fu-viscera function. 说明气、血、津液和精既是脏腑功能活动的产物，又是脏腑功能活动的物质基础。Explanation（解释）

英文介绍中医2

QI, BLOOD AND BODY FLUID OF MUTUAL CAUSALITY 气、血、津液的相互关系 Despite their differences in nature, form and function, qi, blood and body fluid have something in common with each other. They are the basic materials that constitute the human body and maintain life activities; they all derive from cereal essence; they, physiologically, depend on each other for existence and restrain and utilize each other; they, pathologically, act upon each other and have causality between them. 尽管气、血、津液的性状及其功能各不相同，但它们却有许多共同之处。三者均为构成人体和维持人体生命活动的基本物质。它们均来自水谷精气。在生理上，它们相互依存、相互制约、相互为用；在病理上，它们相互影响，互为因果。 Qi and blood are closely related. Qi is the "commander" of blood, and blood is the "mother" of qi. As the commander of blood, for one thing, qi is the motive power for blood formation, or rather, it produces blood. Blood is formed from mutritive qi and body fluid, both of which come from food and water. All these cannot be separated from the functions of qi. Blood circulation depends on the propelling function of heart-qi. For another, qi controls blood and keep it flowiing in the blood vessels without extravasation. This function of qi is performed by spleen-qi. When qi is deficient, it fails to control blood, thus leading to hemorrhage. Blood is referred to as the mother of qi because, on the one hand, blood is a carrier of qi; and on the other, blood provides adequate nutrients for qi. Therefore, it is impossible for qi to exist without its"mother", blood. 气血紧密相关。气为血之帅，血为气之母。气为血帅，一方面因为气是血液形成的原动力；另一方面是由于气可生血。血由营气和津液形成，后两者都源于水谷。而以上这些都离不开气的作用。血液循行依赖气的推动功能，另一方面，气摄血，维持血行于脉中不致外溢。气的此项功能由脾气来执行。气虚不能摄血可导致出血。所谓“血为气之母”，是因为，一则，血以载气；二则，血为气提供充足的营养。因此，如无气之母－血，则气也不可能存在。 The relationship between qi and body fluid is rather similar to that between qi and blood. This is shown in the following four aspects. First, qi produces body fluid. The formation, distribution and excretion of body fluid depend upon all the movements of qi and its warming, promoting and controlling functions. The existence of qi in the body not only depends upon blood, but on body fluid which is formed from food essence by the functions of the stomach and spleen. So, whether body fluid is adequate or inadequate depends upon the conditions of spleen-qi and stomach-qi. 气和津液的关系与气和血的关系非常相似。这可以从以下四方面表明。第一，气生津。津液的形成、分布和排泄依赖气的运动和温煦、推动和固摄功能。人体气的存在不仅依赖血，也依赖脾运化的水谷精微所形成的津液。因此，津液的充足与否依赖脾胃之气的状态。第二，气推动津液的运行。气的

中医学英文词汇

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