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动词的时态和语态讲解

动词的时态和语态讲解
动词的时态和语态讲解

一、动词的时态和语态

(一)动词的时态。

英语动词有16种时态,但是常用的只有9种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。下面分别介绍。

1、一般现在时的用法。

1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作;表示现在的状态、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day 等时间状语。例如:

a. He goes to school every day.

b. He is very happy.

c.The earth moves around the sun.

2) 在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。例如:

a. If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.

b. When I graduate, I’ll go to countryside.

3) 有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作(句中都带有时间状语),但限于少数动词,如:begin, come, leave, go ,arrive, start , stop, return, open, close 等。例如:

a. The meeting begins at seven.

b. The rain starts at nine in the morning.

4) 表示状态和感觉的动词(be, like, hate, think, remember, find, sound 等)常用一般现在时。

a. I like English very much.

b. The story sounds very interesting.

5) 书报的标题、小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。

2.一般过去时的用法。

1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过反复发生的动作。

a. He saw Mr. Wang yesterday.

b. He worked in a factory in 1986.

2)表示过去经常发生的动作,也可用“used to “ 和“would + 动词原形”。I used to smoke. During the vacation I would swim in the sea.

注:”used to “ 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。“would + 动词原形”没有“现在不再……”含义。另外“be used to +名词(动名词)”表示“习惯于…..”

a. I am used to the climate here.

b. He is used to swimming in winter.

3.一般将来时的用法。

一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态。其表达形式除了“ will 或shall + 动词原形”表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。还有

1)“be going to +动词原形”

a.It is going to rain.

b.We are going to have a meeting today. 2)“be to + 动词原形” 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。

a.The boy is to go to school tomorrow.

b.Are we to go on with this work?

3) “be about to + 动词原形” 表示即将发生的动作,意为be ready to do sth.准备去做某事,将要做某事;后面一般不跟时间状语。 a.We are about to leave. 4) go , come , start, move, sail, leave, arrive ,stay 等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。a.I’m leaving for Beijing.

5) 某些动词(如come, go ,leave, arrive, start, get , stay 等)的一般现在时也可表示将来。

a.The meeting starts at five o’clock.

b.He gets off at the next stop.

4.现在进行时的用法。

1)现在进行时表示现在正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present,always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。由“be + 现在分词” 构成。另外,“系动词+ 介词或副词” 也表示进行时的意义。

a.What are you doing?

b.The bridge is under construction.

c.Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.

d. My father is forever criticizing m

e.

2)表示感觉、愿望和状态的某些动词一般不用进行时。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:

1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”)

2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”) 5.过去进行时的用法。

1)过去进行时表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,常与always,continually,constantly等副词连用,由“ was (were) + 现在分词”构成。

a.In 1980 ,he was studying in a university.

b.He was reading a novel when I came in.

c.Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.

6.现在完成时的用法。现在完成时由“have(has)+ 过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况:

1)现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,但对现在有影响。句中没有具体时间状语。

a.He has gone to Fuzhou.

b.He has been to Fuzhou.

2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如:

a.He has studied English for 5 years.

b.He has studied English since 1985.

c.Now I have finished the work..

d.So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

7.过去完成时的用法。

1)过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成。过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经完成或结束。句中常用by, before, until, when 等词引导的时间状语。

a.By the end of last year we had built five new houses.

b.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.

2)过去完成时的动词还可表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且到那时还未结束,有继续下去的可能性。

a.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.

3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型:

a.hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如:

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

b.no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如:

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

c.by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 8.过去将来时的用法。

过去将来时表示从过去的某个时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时由“should 或would + 动词原形” 构成。第一人称用should, 其他人称用would.

a.They were sure that they would succeed.

9.现在完成进行时的用法。现在完成进行时由“ have (has)+ been + 现在分词”构成,表示现在以前一直进行的动作。有些动词(work, study, live, teach 等)用现在完成时与用现在完成进行时意思差不多。

I have worked here for three years. I have been working here for three years.

但多数动词在这两种时态表示不同意思

I have been writing a letter.

注意:表示短暂动作的动词(finish, marry, get up, come, go 等)不能用这种时态。现在完成进行时还可用时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作。If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to th e park.

(二)动词的语态。

语态:英语中有两种语态,主动和被动。

例如:Many people speak English. 谓语:speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。例如:English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

1、主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如:He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

2、被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。

3、被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如:

a.Some more interesting novels were stolen last year. 一些新小说去年被写了。(没说小说是谁写的)

b.This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。例如:

a.the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。

b.This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

c.Eight hours per day for sleep must be guarantee

d.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

4、主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格。例如:

a.All the people laughed at him.

b.He was laughed at by all people.

c.They make the bikes in the factory.

d.The bikes are made by them in the factory.

5、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时,由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成,原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。例如:

a.We can repair this watch in two days.

b.This watch can be repaired in two days.

c.You ought to take it away.

d.It ought to be taken away.

e.They should do it at once.

f.It should be done at once.

6、考点精要总结:

〔考点1〕当谈话的对象是动作的承受者时,需用被动语态。

例1:Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which art ificial beings were portrayed had been produced

例2:Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the people who have been affected

〔考点2〕当使役动词和感官动词如make, let, hear, help, see 等动词用于被动语态时, 做主语补足语的不定式必须带to。

例:He was made to carry heavy load every day

〔考点3〕及物的动词短语也可以构成被动语态,此时要注意切勿丢掉与动词连用的介词或副词。

例1:The baby is well looked after

例2:Those rules must be done away with

〔考点4〕有些动词虽然是及物的,但是由于表示的是状态或关系,通常不用于被动语态。常用的此类动词有:cost, fit, have, hold, lack, last, own, possess, resemble, suit 等。

〔考点5〕少数及物动词用作不及物动词时,后接副词时以主动形式表示被动的意思。如break, cut, fill, lock, open, peel, push, read, sell, shut, wash, wear, write 等。

例1:His new novel sells well

例2:This kind of cloth washes easily

考点6〕一些转化为系动词的感官动词加上表语也可以表示被动的意思。如:appear, come, fall, feel, go, grow, keep, look, remain, rest, run, smell, stand, sound stay, taste, lie 等。

例:Cloth made of silk feels smoother than that made of cotton

〔考点7〕bear, deserve, desire, need, require, want 等动词加上动名词或在“worth + doing" 结构中,其主动形式表示被动的意思。

例1:The room needs cleaning

例2:This novel is worth reading

7、只有及物动词和某些动词短语才能构成被动语态,形式为助动词be加上过

“get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如:

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.

另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如:

get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚)

get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解)

get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚)

9.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态

(1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如:

a.We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态)

b.The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态)

c.Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态)

(2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如:

1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态)

2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态)

动词被动语态讲解

模块八动词的被动语态 (1)被动语态定义:被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。 如果主语是动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态; 如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。 主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。 在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。 (2)英语中被动语态由“助动词be +动词的过去分词”构成。助动 词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可 (1) 被动语态的用法: ①不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省 略by短语。 如:A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故) This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的) ②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。 如:Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻) A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里

将要修建一条铁路) ③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。 如:It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的) A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主 人宰杀的) (2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态: + 受者) + (动作的承受者) (be +过去分词) (动作的执行者) (3) 注意点: ①“动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如: His teacher gave him a dictionary. →He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典 →他得到老师一本字典) 也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出 原句的间接宾语。 如:His teacher gave him a dictionary. →A dictionary was given to.. him by his teacher.(老师给他一本 字典→一本字典由老师送给了他) /His father made him a kite. →A kite was made for ...him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝→一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他) ②“动词+宾语+动词原形”改为被动时,动词原形前要加to. 如:The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day. →The poor man was made to.. work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时→这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)

(完整版)中考易错题汇编:动词时态和语态

易错题汇编:动词时态与语态 一.The twins, Who their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground. A. will finish B. finish C. have finished D. had finished 【考点】考察时态 【答案】D 【解析】句义:已经完成了他们的家庭作业,这对双胞胎被允许在操场上打羽毛球。根据句义可知他们完成作业是在被允许到操场上打羽毛球之前。而他们被允许打羽毛球已经使用了一般过去时,所以完成作业应该使用过去完成时。故D 正确。 【举一反三】--- Peter, do you know who____ my dictionary ? ---Sorry , I don’t know . I didn’t do it . A. has taken away B. was taking away C. had taken away D. is taking away 【答案】A 试题分析:句意:--皮特,你知道谁把我的字典拿走了吗?--对不起,我不知道,我没有拿。这里拿走发生在过去,强调对现在造成的影响,不知在什么地方,故用现在完成时。 二. ---Hi, let’s go skating. --- Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______ in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill 【考点】考察时态 【答案】C 【解析】句意:—喂,我们五滑冰吧!—对不起,我现在很忙,我正在填写一份新的工作申请表。根据句意可知本句是在叙述说话时正在进行,正在发生的事情,所以使用现在进行时。故C正确。

最新动词时态和语态-教案

动词时态和语态教案 徐红平 2012-9

动词时态和语态 目标:1. 掌握英语的八种基本时态和几种常考时态 2. 了解并熟练掌握高考的几种热点时态 3. 区分并正确运用几种易混时态 一、英语的常见时态: 练兵场——稳操胜券 1. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ______ off at 18∶20. A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken 答案A 解析: 飞机、火车等按时刻表运行,表达时用一般现在时表将来。 2. The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. She_before. A. hasn’t flown B. didn’t fly C. hadn’t flown D. wasn’t flying 答案C 解析: hadn’t flown动作发生在was nervous之前。 3. My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He ______ there for a few months and then went to America. A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 答案A 解析: 考查一般过去时的基本用法。句中并列连词and连接两个发生在过去的顺承的动作,时态应该一致。 4. -- Your job ______ open for your return.

英语动词时态语态知识点详解

英语动词时态语态知识点详解 一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点;表示经常或习惯性的动作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语;表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 例句: He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China. 考点一:表示永恒的真理,即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。 I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二:在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时;常用的引导词有: 时间:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/ the minute, the day; 条件:if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三:在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter+宾语从句中,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么时候做完试验。 考点四:在the more…the more…(越……越……) 的句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get. 现在进行时 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动:表感情色彩,加强语气。与频率副词,如always,constantly,continually,again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 例句: We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble. 考点一:在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street. Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二:表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。Marry is leaving on Friday.

初中英语八大时态语态总复习时态讲解

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