西方节日英文简介
1. Valentine's Day is a saints day commemorating Saint Valentine on February 14. It is the traditional
day on which lovers express their love for each other.The holiday is named after two men, both Christian martyrs among the numerous Early Christian martyrs named Valentine. The day became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in High Middle Ages, when the tradition of courtly love flourished.
2. Easter, Pascha, or Resurrection Day, is an important religious feast in the Christian liturgical year.
It celebrates the resurrection of Jesus, which Christians believe occurred on the third day after his crucifixion some time in the period AD 27 to 33.
3. In the United States, Thanksgiving or Thanksgiving Day is an annual one-day holiday to give
thanks to God,for the things one has at the end of the harvest season. It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November ( The period from Thanksgiving Day to New Year's Day is often collectively referred to as the "holiday season," and the holiday itself is often nicknamed Turkey Day.
Thanksgiving is generally considered a secular holiday, and is not directly based in religious canon or dogma.
4. Christmas, also referred to as Christmas Day or Christmastide, is an annual holiday falling on
December 25 or January 6.[1] that honors and celebrates the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. His birth, which is the basis for the transcultural Western calendar, has been determined by modern historians as having occurred between 8–4 BC, and is traditionally told to have taken place in a stable within the city of Bethlehem.
5. Halloween, or Hallowe'en, is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. Traditional activities
include trick-or-treating, bonfires, costume parties, visiting "haunted houses" and carving jack-o-lanterns. The term Halloween (and its alternative rendering Hallowe'en) is shortened from All-hallow-even, as it is the eve of "All Hallows' Day",[1] which is now also known as All Saints' Day.
Irish and Scottish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century. Halloween is celebrated in several parts of the Western world, most commonly in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom and occasionally in parts of Australia and New Zealand.
6. Mother's Day is a day honoring mothers, celebrated on various days in many places around the
world. Mothers often receive gifts on this day.
7. Father's Day is a secular celebration inaugurated in the early twentieth century to complement
Mother's Day in celebrating fatherhood and parenting by males, and to honor and commemorate fathers and forefathers. Father's Day is celebrated on a variety of dates worldwide and typically involves gift-giving to fathers and family-oriented activities.
8. April Fools' Day or All Fools' Day, though not a holiday in its own right, is a notable day celebrated
in many countries on April 1. The day is marked by the commission of hoaxes and other practical jokes of varying sophistication on friends, enemies and neighbors, or sending them on fools' errands,
the aim of which is to embarrass the gullible. In some countries, April Fools' jokes (also called "April Fools") are only made before noon on 1 April.
圣诞节Christmas
An Ancient Holiday
The middle of winter has long been a time of celebration around the world. Centuries before the arrival of the man called Jesus, early Europeans celebrated light and birth in the darkest days of winter. Many peoples rejoiced during the winter solstice, when the worst of the winter was behind them and they could look forward to longer days and extended hours of sunlight.
In Scandinavia, the Norse celebrated Yule from December 21, the winter solstice, through January. In recognition of the return of the sun, fathers and sons would bring home large logs, which they would set on fire. The people would feast until the log burned out, which could take as many as 12 days. The Norse believed that each spark from the fire represented a new pig or calf that would be born during the coming year.
The end of December was a perfect time for celebration in most areas of Europe. At that time of year, most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter. For many, it was the only time of year when they had a supply of fresh meat. In addition, most wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking.
感恩节The History of Thanksgiving and its CelebrationsCelebrations
Thanksgiving is celebrated on the 4th Thursday of November.
Thanksgiving Day in America is a time to offer thanks, of family gatherings and holiday meals. A time of turkeys, stuffing, and pumpkin pie. A time for Indian corn, holiday parades and giant balloons . Throughout history mankind has celebrated the bountiful harvest with thanksgiving ceremonies.
Before the establishment of formal religions many ancient farmers believed that their crops contained spirits which caused the crops to grow and die. Many believed that these spirits would be released when the crops were harvested and they had to be destroyed or they would take revenge on the farmers who harvested them. Some of the harvest festivals celebrated the defeat of these spirits.
Harvest festivals and thanksgiving celebrations were held by the ancient Greeks, the Romans, the Hebrews, the Chinese, and the Egyptians.
万圣节Halloween October
Spooky, kooky, creepy, and fun! Halloween is the time of Ghosts, Goblins, Gravestones and Graveyards. Of Spooks and Spirits and silly-fun tricks. Of Witches and Warlocks and Scary Black Cats. And Candy Corn, Jelly Apples, Pumpkins and Bats.
Halloween is one of the oldest holidays with origins going back thousands of years. The holiday we know as Halloween has had many influences from many cultures over the centuries. From the Roman's Pomona Day, to the Celtic festival of Samhain, to the Christian holidays of All Saints and All Souls Days.
西方传统节日英文介绍
西方传统节日英文介绍，中英对照节日简介 了解西方文化的时候，无论是通过网络或者书籍，我们都习惯看中文译本。其实一门语言一旦被翻译，很多意思都会产生偏差，真正想了解一个东西，最好是通过原文来理解。西方节日在中国传播发展，关于西方节日的介绍大家有没有了解呢？下面，一起来看看中英文对照版本的西方节日介绍，是不是跟你所知道的一样呢？ 1、复活节Easter Easter is a time of springtime festivals. In Christian countries Easter is celebrated as the religious holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, the son of God. But the celebrations of Easter have many customs and legends that are pagan in origin and have nothing to do with Christianity. Traditions associated with the festival survive in the Easter rabbit, a symbol of fertility, and in colored Easter eggs, originally painted with bright colors to represent the sunlight of spring, and used in Easter-egg rolling contests or given as gifts. 复活节是春季的节日。在信基督教的国家里，复活节是为纪念基督耶稣的复活而举行的宗教节日。但是复活节有许多习俗和传说的由来都是非宗教的，它们与基督教没有任何关系。与节日密切联系的一些传统有象复活节的野兔，它是作为繁殖生长的象征；还有复活节的彩蛋。最先是被绘以鲜亮的颜色来代表春天的阳光。这些彩蛋还可以用来玩滚彩蛋游戏比赛，或作为小礼物送人。 2、感恩节Thanksgiving The first American Thanksgiving was celebrated in 1621, to commemorate the harvest reaped by the Plymouth Colony after a harsh winter. In that year Governor William Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving. The colonists celebrated it as a traditional English harvest feast, to which they invited the local Wampanoag Indians. Days of thanksgiving were celebrated throughout the colonies after fall harvests. All thirteen colonies did not, however, celebrate Thanksgiving at the same time until October 1777. George Washington was the first president to declare the holiday, in 1789. 第一个美国人庆贺的感恩节在1621年，为了纪念普利茅斯殖民地的人民在经过一个歉收荒芜的冬季后迎来丰收。在那一年，州长William Bradford宣布那天作为感恩节。殖民者把它当成传统的英国丰收节日来庆贺，在当天，他们还邀请当地的印地安的万泊诺亚格人。感恩的节日延续了整个秋季的收获季节，但其他的十三个殖民地没有庆贺这个节日，直到1777年10月。乔治-华盛顿在1789年宣布把它定为节日，他也是第一位宣布感恩节的总统。 3、情人节Valentine's Day The history of Valentine's Day -- and its patron saint -- is shrouded in mystery. But we do know that February has long been a month of romance. St. Valentine's Day, as we know it today, contains vestiges of both Christian and ancient Roman tradition. So, who was Saint Valentine and how did he become associated with this ancient
英语作文西方节日和中国传统节日
Improper expressions: 1.Spring Festival 2.For there is a long time …, we have to… 3.This phenomenon results in the doubt that whether Christmas will replace… 4.traditional festivals should be paid more attention than foreign festivals. 5.We exchange…, which results in more and more people get interested in foreign festivals. 6.The question that whether Christmas will replace the Spring Festival leads to a heated discussion in society. 7.There are many people in the western countries celebrate the Spring Festival. Proper and good expressions: 1.With the tendency towards globalization 2.the Spring Festival should be passed on from generation to generation 3.It seems that some traditional festivals like the Spring Festival are gradually overshadowed By Christmas. 4.Globalization has encouraged the popularity of Christmas in Chinese. 5.The Spring Festival is an apparent symbol of Chinese culture which is engraved in every Chinese’s mind. 6.cultural heritage 7.Learning their culture is a must…. We learn English in order to make more people learn Chinese. 8.festival celebrating has been globalized 9.Some people suspect that the obsession with Christmas will lead us to neglect another traditional festival--- the Spring Festival. 10.Observing Christmas doesn’t mean abandoning the Spring Festival. 11.the Spring Festival is more than a festival 12.an exotic festival 13.Chinese are celebrating some western festivals, and vice versa. 14.some most celebrated festivals in our country are the essence of our long history and rich culture. 15.Currently, the word “Christmas” has evolved into a symbol of happiness and gifts. 16.people tend to have an increasing liking for observing western festivals 17.in the circumstances of globalization Modal In the course of globalization, western culture has flooded into China at an almost non-stop rate. Along with it come western festivals, the most influential of which is Christmas. As a result of this “culture invasion”, more and more Chinese people, particularly the youth, are abandoning traditional Chinese festivals. There is even a prediction that the Spring Festival will ultimately be replaced by Christmas. However, personally I’m not in favor of this statement, as the Spring Festival is a kind of cultural heritage serving as a spiritual legacy for all of us to cling to, regardless of any hindrance. First of all, observing Christmas does not mean that the Spring Festival can be neglected. The Spring Festival has its roots in Chinese history, from which it requires its identity and meaning irreplaceable by Christmas. As Christmas stemmed from Western civilization, it can’t easily fit in
英语介绍西方节日
竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除 英语介绍西方节日 篇一：主要的西方节日(英文介绍) 篇二：英语介绍外国节日 英国的节日: 元旦新年newYearsday--1月1日 情人节Valentine’sDay--2月14日 圣戴维日stDavid’sDay--3月1日 圣帕特里克日stpatrick’sDay--3月17日 圣星期六holysaturday--是easter的前一天 复活节easterday--(:英语介绍西方节日)在3月21日到4月25日之间。 复活节次日eastermonday--是easter的第二天。 耶稣受难日goodFriday--复活节前的星期五,教堂举行仪式纪念耶稣受难。在英国这一天是公假,人们吃传统的热十字糕(hotcrossbuns)。 耶稣升天节AscensionDay--是easter第40天之后的星期四,也称为holyThursday。
圣灵降临日pentecost--是easter后的第7个星期天,也称为whitesunday。 圣母玛丽亚日LadysDay--每年3月25日，又称AnnunciationDay（天时报细节）。 愚人节AprilFool’sDay，AllFools’Day--4月1日 女王诞辰日Queensbirthday--每年4月21日，该节是庆祝女王诞辰。 莎士比亚纪念日shakespearesDay--每年4月23日，该节是庆祝莎士比亚的生日。也称圣乔治日stgeorge’sDay。 五月节mayDay--每年5月1日，该节是迎接春天的祭奠。 五朔节beltane--5月1日 英联邦纪念日commonwealthDay--每年5月1日，该节日出自于庆祝维多利亚女王的生日。 女王法定诞辰日Queensofficialbirthday--英国在6月10日或前一个星期六放假，以取代4月21日女王的生日。 薄煎饼日pancakeDay--基督教会在基督受难日前40天的“封斋期”开始前的最后一天。 “母亲节”mothersday--5月第二个星期日 银行节--Thebankissaved--5月的第一个星期一及最后一个星期一，8月的最后一个星期 阅兵日--Reviewtroopseveryday--6月份的第二个星期六
(最全)中国传统节日及西方节日英文版
中国传统节日及西方节日英文版 国家或国际节日 元旦New Year' s Day (January 1) 国际劳动妇女节International Working women' s Day / Women's Day (Mar 8) 国际劳动节International Labor Day / May. Day (May 1) 中国青年节Chinese Youth Day (May 4) 国际儿童节International Children's Day / Children's Day (June 1) 中国共产党诞生纪念日( 党的生日）Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese Communist Party / the Party' s Birthday (July 1) 建军节Army Day (August 1) 教师节Teachers’ Day (September 1) 国庆节National Dey (October 1) 中国传统节日 春节the Spring Festival （New Year’s Day of the Chinese lunar calendar）农历正月初一 元宵节（灯节) the Lantern Festival 农历正月十五 清明节the Qing Ming Festival 四月五日前后 端午节the Dragon-Boat Festival 农历五月初五 中秋节the Mid-Autumn Festival / （the Moon Festival）农历八月十五 重阳节the Double Ninth Festival 农历九月初九 植树节(3月12日) Tree Planting Day 除夕New Year's Eve 农历十二月三十日
西方的主要节日 Festivals in the West 大学英语作文
西方的主要节日Festivals in the West 大学英语作文 Christmas comes on December 25th. It’s the most important festival of the year in the western world. At Christmas time, schools, shops and offices close for holiday period, so people can spend time at home with their families. Nowadays, Christmas is celebrated by westerners and Americans by sending gifts and Christmas cards, preparing delicious food, and decorating homes with colorful lights and Christmas trees. 圣诞节在十二月二十五日。这是西方国家一年中最重要的节日。在圣诞节的时候，学校，商店和办公室都不开门因为是节日期间，人们可以在家里陪伴家人。如今是西方人和美国人通过送礼物和圣诞卡，准备美味的食物，用彩灯和圣诞树装饰家居来庆祝圣诞节。 Saint Valentine’s Day falls on February 14th. It’s the best time for the lovers. Now it’s the most romantic holiday both in the United States and the European countries. On that day, lovers always exchange their gifts with each other, such as chocolates, roses or rings. 情人节是在二月十四日。是情侣们的最好时光。现在，在美国和欧洲国家都是最浪漫的节日。在这一天，情侣们总是彼此互相交换礼物，如巧克力，玫瑰花或戒指。 Easter always comes on the first or second weekend in April. This is a religious holiday, and it also celebrates the coming spring. On Easter Sunday, many people go to church, and they wear their best clothes. Children are happy on this day as well, because they can play with Easter eggs. 复活节是在四月的第一或第二个周末。这是一个宗教节日，也是庆祝春天的到来。在复活节的星期日，许多人穿上最好的衣服去教堂。孩子们在这一天也是快乐的，因为他们可以玩复活节彩蛋。 Halloween is on October 31st, and it’s the holiday for the children. On that day, they always make pumpkin lanterns and wear masks. They go from house to house and ask" Trick or Treat", so as to receive something to eat. If they don’t get a treat, they will do some naughty things. 十月三十一日是万圣节，这是孩子们的节日。在那一天，他们总是做南瓜灯笼、戴面具。
中西方节日英文介绍
中西方节日英文介绍 世界重要传统节日一览表 元旦(1月1日)---------------------------NEW YEAR'S DAY 元宵节(阴历1月15日)--------------------LANTERN FESTIV AL 狂欢节（巴西，二月中下旬)--------------CARNIV AL 愚人节(4月1日)-------------------------FOOL'S DAY 复活节(春分月圆后第一个星期日)---------EASTER 国际劳动节(5月1日)-----------------INTERNA TIONAL LABOUR DAY 母亲节(5月的第二个星期日)--------------MOTHER'S DAY 银行休假日(英国, 5月31日)--------------BANK HOLIDAY 国际儿童节(6月1日)-------------INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S DAY 父亲节(6月的第三个星期日)--------------FATHER'S DAY 端午节(阴历5月5日)---------------------DRAGON BOA T FESTIVAL 中秋节(阴历8月15日)--------------------MOON FESTIV AL 教师节(中国，9月10日)------------------TEACHER'S DAY 万圣节(11月1日)------------------------HALLOWMAS 感恩节(美国，11月最后一个星期4)--------THANKSGIVING 圣诞除夕(12月24日)---------------------CHRISTMAS EVE 圣诞节(12月25日)-----------------------CHRISTMAS DAD 新年除夕(12月31日)------------NEW YEAR'S EVE(a bank holiday in many countries) 春节(阴历一月一日)-------SPRING FESTIV AL (CHINESE NEW YEAR) thanksgiving day is the common festival of Canada and America. It is the fourth Thursday of December in American, and canadians celebrate it on the second monday of Octorber, the same day as American's columbus day. On thanksgiving day , families are get together and have a big dinner. Turkey is the main food, people often stuffed it with mixed food and other condiments. The next day is the so-called “black friday”, on that day many markets are on sales, it becomes a new custom for people all go out to do the family shopping. Halloween is another big festival that is popular in North Amercan, Britain ，Australia and newzealand. It’s the eve of All Hallow’s Day,like christmas eve. In that evening, children will wear fancy dresses and masks garthering candies from house to house. Spring Festival 春节 Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. It is on the first day of the first lunar month(阴历正月). On the eve of the festival, people will paste spring poems(贴春联)with lucky words. They prepare delicious food, dumpling is a must. They also clean their house, but there is no sweeping on spring festival for people think it will sweep away good luck. People often come back home to enjoy family reunion, the whole family will get together for the big dinner. They also exchange greeting with other friends and relatives. Lantern Festival 元宵节 It comes on the 15th of the first lunar month and it marks the end of the Spring Festival. On this day, people often eat sweet dumplings(元宵)for good luck. They will visit the display of lanterns(灯展)or go for temple fair(庙会) Qingming 清明节 Qingming It is also called Tomb-Sweeping Day. It falls on April 4th or 5th . That is a special day for the living to show love and respect to their dead friends or relatives. People often go to sweep the tomb and put the meat, wine in front of the tomb. One interesting thing is that people burn the paper money for the dead. Dragon Boat Festival 端午节 This day is on the fifth of the fifth lunar month, People often get together to watch the wonderful “Dragon Boat Race”(龙舟大赛)，Rice dumpling is a must on Dragon Boat Festival. Mid-autumn Day 中秋节 It comes on the 15th of the eighth lunar month. People often gaze at the “Lady in the moon”(嫦娥) and eat moon cakes. The Mid-autumn festival is one of the two most important occasions in Chinese calendar (the other being the Spring Festival or the Chinese New Year) and it is an official holiday. It is a time for families to be together, so people far from home will gaze longingly at the moon and think about their families. Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as Chinese Moon Festival, takes place at the 15th day of the eighth Chinese lunar month. The reason for celebrating the festival during that time is that it is the time when the moon is at its fullest and brightest.
西方节日英语作文
Nowadays there is a growing concern for observing the western festivals. Many people hold the views that we should not observing the western festivals for protecting our traditional culture, defending western culture ruling and so on. But for me, I believe that we should observing the western festivals and there are some reason for this. To start with, to observing the western festival is of great importance for China to go global. In this way China can learn more about western culture and tradition. Secondly, it makes it convenient for confirms to sale different products and help to promote the development of Chinese economy. Moreover, it plays a increasingly important role in the development of Chinese traditional culture in the background of going global. Only by learning widely from other country’s good culture can we make Chinese traditional culture developing constantly. Of course, when we observing the western festivals, it is essential that we young people should insist Chinese culture in the center of our heart and be cared not be affected by the bad western festival and culture. From all the reason above, it is evident that we should celebrate western festivals while upholding the dominant position of traditional culture.
西方节日英文版
Valentine's Day(情人节)(February 14) St. Valentine's Day is an informal observance (非正式的庆祝) of a lover's holiday. Today, the observance has no connection with the many legendary (传说的) St. Valentines, and holds no religious significance. The day is observed with exchanges of love notes and cards, and other tokens(标志) of affection(感情), called valentines. The symbols of the heart and Cupid(丘比特) are common in cards, decorations of store windows,candies and other paraphernalia(随身物品). Traditional valentines were frilly(装饰的) sweet, and tender(温情的) affairs made of red and white paper and lace(花边) with cutouts(剪下的图样) and cupids. The custom of sending cards, giving candy, and other such tokens has caught a great deal of commercial enthusiasm(积极性). Many stores, for instance, decorate(装饰) seasonally, or a according to calendar holidays(日历). Valentine's Day is the first excuse for splashy(显眼的) valentine theme(主题) dominates stationery(文具) stores, candy stores, confectioneries(甜食制造业), and quite often drug stores where cards and candy are sold. Easter（复活节） (The first Sunday after the first full moon following the vernal equinox(春分)) Easter is important for several reasons. Primarily(主要) it is a time for families to get together much like Christmas or Thanksgiving. They usually have a large meal and serve traditional（传统的） dishes such as baked ham(火腿). In addition, there is a commercial aspect(商业特征) of Easter. It is a time when manufacturers(制造商) of candy and chocolate can sell their products. They make chocolates in the shape of eggs and rabbits since those things are associated with（与……联系） spring and Easter. Finally, Easter is a religious holiday. Many Americans go to church on that day if they are Christians to celebrate the resurrection(耶酥复活) of Christ. Symbols(象征) which we see at Easter are chicks, flowers, eggs, baskets for children to dye Easter eggs and then to hide them. Other children look for the eggs and collect them in baskets. People often get new clothes for spring for around Easter time. Doll's Day 女儿节(初) The third of March is an exciting day for little Japanese girls. They know it as Doll's Day. On that day, any household which has a daughter
中西方传统节日对比英语作文
Second English papers Each nation has its own characteristic festivals that reflect the culture of itself.In China, asour country and However,some western festivals sometimes even more popular than traditional festivals,foreign cultural’s influence should not be underestimated.The main The main group of celebratingwesternfestivals is youth group which takes students as the main force.People celebrate festivals such as Valentine's day, mother's day, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. In fact,because of the Chinese way of thinking,western holidays in China is just popular for Christmas and Valentine's day, not all western holidays attract people's attention.According to a survey ofCentral China Normal University,many college students know the existence of western festivals,but little of them know about their cultural connotations.In addition to Christmas,respondents who knowother western f estivals’meaning are less than 10%.Referring to the way to celebrating,in General,during the Festival,people send gifts such as flowers and greeting cards.They sing with friends, and blessor send messages to each other;lots of people are going to relax during the festival: shopping, inviting friends to restaurants,dancing,and so on.On the whole,Chinese celebrate western holidays with the following faith four anda characteristics: passion for universality,particularity,blind consumption As the saying goes,1000readers have 1000Hamlets in mind.people have different viewson whether Chinese should celebrate western holidays.Some people who are keen on Western festivals,argued that China's traditional festivals are too rigidand there are many festivals with feudal thinking.On the contrary,westernfestivalswhich
中西方传统节日地英文详细介绍
中西方传统节日的英文详细介绍 阳历节日： 1月1日元旦（New Year's Day) 2月2日世界湿地日(World Wetlands Day) 2月14日情人节(Valentine's Day) 3月8日国际妇女节(International Women' Day) 3月12日中国植树节(China Arbor Day) 3月14日白色情人节(White Day) 3月14日国际警察日(International Policemen' Day) 3月15日世界消费者权益日(World Consumer Right Day） 3月21日世界森林日（World Forest Day) 3月21日世界睡眠日(World Sleep Day) 3月22日世界水日(World Water Day) 3月23日世界气象日(World Meteorological Day) 3月24日世界防治结核病日(World Tuberculosis Day) 4月1日愚人节(April Fools' Day) 4月5日清明节（Tomb-sweeping Day) 4月7日世界卫生日(World Health Day） 4月22日世界地球日(World Earth Day) 4月26日世界知识产权日(World Intellectual Property Day) 5月1日国际劳动节(International Labour Day) 5月4日中国青年节（Chinese Youth Day) 5月8日世界红十字日(World Red-Cross Day) 5月12日国际护士节(International Nurse Day) 5月15日国际家庭日(International Family Day) 5月17日世界电信日(World Telecommunications Day 5月31日世界无烟日(World No-Smoking Day) 6月1日国际儿童节(International Children's Day) 6月5日世界环境日(International Environment Day) 6月17日世界防治荒漠化和干旱日(World Day to combat desertification) 6月23日国际奥林匹克日(International Olympic Day) 6月26日国际禁毒日(International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking) 7月1日中国建党日(Anniversary of the Founding of the Chinese Communist Party) 7月1日国际建筑日（International Architecture Day 7月11日世界人口日(World Population Day) 8月1日中国人民解放军建军节(Army Day) 8月12日国际青年节(International Youth Day) 9月8日国际扫盲日(International Anti-illiteracy Day) 9月10日中国教师节(Teacher's Day) 9月16日国际臭氧层保护日(International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer)