写ESSAY的十大误区&英文句型

写ESSAY的十大误区

在帮助学生应付大学学业的过程中，我发现很多学生对大学作业有着一些误会。这些错误的观念不仅导致他们花费大量的时间在作业上，也导致他们从来不能获得理想的作业分数。很多学生花一个星期在一篇2000字的Essay上，自己感觉已经竭尽全力，但是交作业的时候还是惴惴不安，祈祷一帆风顺，成绩却还是差强人意。其实，作业并非那么困难，只要你掌握作业的技巧，明白大学的要求，以及老师的阅读习惯，就会获得很好的分数。以下是本人总结的十个完成大学作业的误区。如果同学们不能从这些误区走出来，那么大学的学业仍然是非常困难。

误区1：写essay或者report要从introduction写起

写作业如同吃鱼，要从鱼身吃起，而不是鱼头。

我看到很多学生对着Introduction这个heading苦思冥想，毫无头绪。学生写了删除，删除后又重写，反反复复，就introduction就可以写上一天。这是一个错误的做法。

不管essay或者report，introduction都要放到最后写。原因有二：

1，学生在不知道主体论述部分写什么内容的情况下，Introduction是不可能很快的完成，因为Introduction经常包含对内容的大致介绍。

2，Introduction的分重很低，只要简单明了，让老师知道大概的论述方向，就达到了目标和效果。

误区二：先做Research，再开始写

写作业象看病，小病自己解决，大病再找医生。

以前在大学读书，因为工作的原因，经常需要很短的时间去完成essay。譬如说，在一个很难的research essay上，我只用了四个小时。旁边的同学总是以为我是不上进的学生——他们认为，一个好学生，不可能只花四个小时在作业上。最后成绩出来，30分的作业，班上80%的中国学生只拿了9分，而我拿了22分。很多同学，包括KIWI，都来问我怎么写的，因为这是很著名的杀手课。

其实，我的方法很简单。看到作业的题目，我首先是自己去想，按照常识和上课的内容，去思考大致的观点。每当想到一个观点，我就写下来，并且解释这个观点。且思考且动笔，在没有做research的情况下，我已经写好了700字。

当思维“弹尽粮绝”的时候，我开始做Research。有了自己思考的基础，做Research 有很清晰的方向。堆堆填填，缝缝补补，一个1500字的essay就写出来了。

先做research再动笔这个习惯有个很大的弊端：你所看到的一些文章，里面的观点可能是不重要的观点，或者是老师不强调的观点。这些观点写上去，老师不欣赏，只会给你很糟糕的分数。我看到很多学生辛辛苦苦做了research，老师却大笔一划，写上“irrelevant”。老师非常希望学生的作业出现他/她所希望看到的东西。否则，他/她怎么会给出一个好的分数？

误区三：英文好，才能够完成好的作业

世界上最畅销的产品，不一定是最好的产品。同样的道理，最高分的作业，不一定是最博学的学生写出来的。

诚然，语言能力好的同学阅读速度更快，表达能力更高，因此完成作业的效率比较高。然而，如果不掌握作业技巧，譬如说文章的结构和论述方式，语言能力好的同学也未必能够拿到好的成绩，至少未必能够拿到理想的分数。反之，语言能力不好的学生，未必不能够在作业中拿到好的分数。

好的作业，总是让老师觉得这个学生懂得很多。如何影响老师对作业的观感？语言固然重要，段落的结构、解释观点的方法、副标题等等，都是很重要的环节，虽然这些细节很少被大家注意。一个老师每天要改几十份作业，重复性那么大的工作让人焦虑和烦躁。如何让老师知道你已经掌握足够的知识？技巧很重要。

因此，写作业就象征婚，将自己的优点尽可能放大，将自己的缺点尽可能缩小。不怕刨牙，只要懂得笑不露齿，不怕皮肤黑，那是喜欢户外运动，不怕个头低，只要找准增高鞋。

误区四：写作业要满足字数要求

写作业就象女人穿衣服，多一点少一点无所谓，关键是丈夫接受和喜欢。

很多学生写作业总是紧张地查看自己的字数，怕过多或者过少。任课老师在作业上设字数限制，主要目的是为了提醒学生要长话短说。如果字数超过3000，任课老师是怕学生偷懒，该写的没写。

因此，老师在改作业的时候，不会忙不迭地看作业的字数，然后决定作业是得A还是得C。更多的时候，老师只在乎作业有多少单词是充字数，有多少耐读的东西让他爱不释手。

该写的大书特书，不该写的能省则省，才是高分的关键。

误区五：语法不重要

写作业就象举办奥运会，七分靠本事，三分靠门面。语法对两者都有大用。

很多学生认为语法在作业占的比重很低，一般只有5-10%，所以不加以重视。事实上，语法对作业的影响很大。

首先，语法错误少的作业更加容易得到老师的尊重。老师感觉到学生对待作业的认真，往往容易给一些感情分。

其次，语法错误减少，老师阅读学生的作业更加轻松，更加能够明白学生的观点。反之，如果语法错误满目皆是，老师会失去认真阅读的耐心，草率给出一个分数。

同样的观点，同样的知识，不同的语法能力，得到的是完全不同级别的分数。

误区六：TURNITIN法力无边

写作业要学金融大鳄索罗斯，将投机合法化。

“天下文章一大抄”。优秀的作业都是抄出来的，如果不抄，就只能用自己的观点去写，后果就是写不出老师需要的内容。随便打开任何作业的要求，不难发现有这么一句话——“you should refer to academic journals, textbooks and other sources for relevant theories”（“你需要参考学术报刊，课本和其他资源获得相关理论”）。仔细阅读这句话，不难发现，大学鼓励学生拾人牙慧。引用和抄袭是同义词。抄得好，就是引用，抄不好，就是抄袭。

因此，“抄”是一门艺术。大家不要以为只有本科生才“抄”，随便打开任何硕士或者博

士生的毕业论文，里面都有一个可爱的部分叫“literature review”。这个冠冕堂皇的“review”，就是抄袭前人文章的集中营。既然博士的文章可以上大雅之堂，本科生的文章就绝对不是下三滥，更不可能命丧Turnitin.

很多学生在写作业的时候，对引用书本的话是又爱又恨。爱的是方便，恨的是危险。Turnitin给人感觉是个无所不能、明察秋毫的杀人软件，可以让任何抄袭无所遁形。

事实上，引用书本的话有很多技巧。在语法上，我们可以通过修改语法结构，使用近义词等方式，让原话改头换面。如果我们还有忧虑，大可以通过增加例子、深入阐述的方式，让原话彻底收归己有。在人类的智慧面前，Turnitin这种呆板的软件，是束手无策的。

误区七：慢工出细活

做作业不能象广东人煲老火汤，慢火出好汤；做作业要象涮羊肉，涮得快，才有感觉。

很多学生写作业总是写写停停，停停写写，今天安排写两段，明天安排写三段，以为这样推敲斟酌，才能够写出好作业。

这种思维最大的问题，就是作业会失去连续性。句子之间缺乏连贯性，而段落衔接不好，会给老师留下一个敷衍作业的印象。此外，作业贵在一气呵成，否则第二天重新再写，往往需要很长的时间去回想昨天写过的内容和思考遗忘的观点，影响作业完成的效率。如此一来，很多学生就情愿花钱找人写，认为自己没有时间去完成作业。这种依赖的心理一旦形成，学生就不会相信自己的实力和能力。

误区八：APA Reference很重要

很多同学总要花一个钟头检查自己的APA Reference格式，是否斜体，是否漏了句号，等等。APA Reference固然重要；然而，除非明显的错误，否则老师不会眯着眼睛，对照你的Reference 是否有丝毫错误。

在考虑reference的质量过程中，老师会参考两个因素：

一，作业所依赖的参考资料是否和作业相关。

二，参考资料是否来自学术报刊和书籍。

只要满足这两个要求，APA reference就能让老师心满意足。我们的作业培训，如何提高APA Reference的质量是一个重要的技巧。一个漂亮的APA Reference List，让老师觉得学生付出了莫大的努力，是获得高分的关键。

误区九：越复杂越好

很多同学以为用复杂的句子，或者单词，就会得到老师的好感。这是一个错误的观念。大学作业不是语言考试，不需要使用复杂的从句，也不需要使用鲜见的单词。用简单的句子，和恰当的单词，展示对某个论题的理解和知识，就足以获得很好的分数。

误区十：找中文资料，用英文翻译

我不久前知道这个古老的方法。这种方法非常拙劣，效果非常低。

首先，很多中文资料本身就有问题，不能够作为有效的观点。

其次，不能够提供有效的reference

再者，学生的语言水平不足，很难将资料有效地翻译，然而使作业不伦不类。

英语学术论文常用句型

Beginning

1. In this paper, we focus on the need for

2. This paper proceeds as follow.

3. The structure of the paper is as follows.

4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.

2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.

3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.

Review

1. This review is followed by an introduction.

2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.

3. In the next section, a brief review of the ....is given.

4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...

5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.

6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.

Body

1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.

2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.

3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.

5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...

7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.

8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.

9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.

10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.

11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.

13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.

14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.

15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.

16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.

17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.

18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.

19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..

20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.

21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.

22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.

23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.

25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.

26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.

27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...

This Section

1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.

2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.

3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.

4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.

5. We can interpret the results of Experiment s I and II as in the following sections.

6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.

2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.

3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.

4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.

5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.

7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.

Chapter 0. Abstract

1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.

2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.

3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.

4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.

5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.

6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.

7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.

8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.

9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.

10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.

11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.

12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.

13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.

14. This paper analyses problems in

15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...

16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...

17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.

19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.

21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.

23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1. Introduction

Time

1. Over the course of the past 30 years, ..has emerged form intuitive

2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the

4. The development of ... is explored

5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...

8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...

9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.

10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.

12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].

13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.

Objective / Goal / Purpose

1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.

3. The paper concerns the development of a xx

4. The scope of this research lies in

5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.

6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...

7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:

8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10. The main objective of such a ... system is to

11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.

12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13. In order to take advantage of their similarity

14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed

15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...

16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues

17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.

18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.

19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods

20. This illustration points out the need to specify

21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.

22. Chapter 2. Literature Review

23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24. A considerable amount of research has been done ..during the last decade

25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.

26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.

28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.

29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.

30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.

31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.

33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.

34. The central issue in all these studies is to

35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.

36. Applied ... techniques to

37. Characterized the ... system as

38. Developed an algorithm to

39. Developed a system called ... which

40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41. Emphasized the need to

42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken

44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46. Point out that the problem of

47. A study on ...was done / developed by []

48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49. The approach taken by [] is

50. The system developed by [] consists

51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52. []'s model requires consideration of...

53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54. []'s model focuses on...

55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to

56. The published information that is relevant to this research...

57. This study further shows that

58. Their work is based on the principle of

59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].

60. Studies have been completed to established

61. The ...studies indicated that

62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in

analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.

Problem / Issue / Question

63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.

64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69. An unanswered question

70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.

71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....

72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed

73. The three prime issues can be summarized:

74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...

75. There have been many attempts to

76. It is expected to be serious barrier to

77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

essay写作规范

基本写作规范（不允许犯的错误) Very Important!!! 写作文记得要有题目！！没有题目一律扣2元！！！ 1. 我们写的论文都是正式的论文，不管是小作业也好还是什么的，必须避免文章中出现第一人称或者第二人称。不能出现缩写，例如it's, can't这种，必须改成it is 和cannot（can和not之间是没有空格的）。要使用正式的词语，尽量用however ，therefore，不能用so和but。不允许直接引用，不能用and开头作为句子，文章中不要出现疑问句！ 2. 复制粘贴的抄袭是不允许的，这是很严重的行为，客户会因为这个被退学 的，所以必须转述（paraphrase）好自己搜索到的材料，不要一句话中连续三个单词和原句子中的一模一样，抄袭率要低于10%才可以 3.凡是检测到抄袭率不合格，本人又无法修改的情况下，或多次修改还无法达 到要求的情况下，按抄袭率等比例扣除部分稿费，比如抄袭率15%，就要扣掉15%的稿费。如抄袭率太严重，比如超过50%，稿费全无。所以请把握好paraphrase的技巧。 4.请认真学习文献格式，文献列表出现123456789….这些序号的人一看就知 道没有认真学习文献格式。不要用123456789来列文献。仔细认真观察的人会知道我们的文献是按首字母顺序排列的，不需要标序号的！ 5.常用文献哈佛格式：文献列表中，每一个文献在文中必须要有对应的

intext.意思就是你文中哪句话是出自该文献的，是以哪个文献为依据的，就在那句话后面写上（作者姓，年份），然后该句子的句号必须放在括号最后面.注意括号里面只能放作者的姓，其他作者的名字缩写什么乱七八糟的都不可以放进去！如果超过三个以上的作者，括号里就这么写，如（Peter et al, 2015). 如果是两个作者，就是（Peter & Amy, 2015). 如果只有一个作者就是（Peter,2015). 哈佛文献列表。注意开始一定是作者姓，名字首字母缩写.(年份).请大家一定要注意这个细节！ 其余文献格式具体再问我。 6.关于标点符号的使用！好多同学都不知道标点符号后面需要空一格才能写 下一个单词！请注意这个细节！标点符号后面需要空一格才能写下一个单词！括号也需要和前面的单词空一格。比如ABCD (Peter, 2015).如果是ABCD(Peter, 2015) 这样是错误的，ABCD要和后面的括号之间空一格！ 用&连接前后两个单词时，前后也需各自空一格！ 7.写作尽量用简单句，不要觉得句子越复杂就显得自己水平越高。这种想法 是错误的，尽量用简单句。 8.文献年份不要用2000年以前的旧文献 以后交稿的写手请注意了：

留学生essay写作中需要避免的三个问题---英国翰思教育

essay作为西方比较流行的考核之一，受到了广大留学生褒贬不一的评价，有的人说太难了，有的人觉得是非常有必要的，但站在教学的角度上来看，essay的具体作用还是非常明显的，可以通过essay了解学生的学习能力以及对问题的独到见解等等，所以essay是非常有必要存在的。但是对那些初来乍到的新生可能就不是很友好了，在写essay的时候会经常犯错误，为了能够提高自身的essay撰写能力，今天英国翰思教育为大家列举了几条留学生在essay 写作中经常容易犯的问题给大家参考，方便留学生去规避这些问题。 一、essay主题不明确 小编知道，写作这件事是需要灵感的，有的时候灵感一来，就会奋笔疾书，整篇essay行云流水，一气呵成。但是总不可能每一次的essay写作都要等有了灵感在写吧？在没有灵感的时候，很多同学就不知道怎么写了，文章正文开始东拼西凑，为了凑字数无所不用其极，最终写出来的内容早就偏离了主题还不自知，文章有内容，有思路是一件好事，但你要需要知道的是，你写出来的essay能够让阅读者理解吗？明明主题写的是马，你的内容写的却是驴这特么根本就没有写到点上，并且偏离了主题要讲的东西，所以不管是有灵感还是没有灵感，在内容的创作上一定不能够偏离自己的主题，也不要为了凑字数而东拼西凑，在你没有办法下笔的时候，可以适当的去看一些相关的范文，或者直接去询问自己的老师，让老师给予你一些写作建议，以此来找到写作方向和写作思路。 二、分段结构错误 很多中国来的同学会认为这些小essay应当遵从“总”“分”“总”的方式来写，按照这种模式开始撰写，开头，内容，总结三大段，你要知道，你这种方法只适用于提纲的撰写，而不是适用于essay的撰写，想象一下，你的2000字学术essay分成三段之后交给老师修改的时候，老师会是怎样的表情？恐怕表情会比吃了屎还要难看。所以我们要学会合理的对文章进行分段以及布局，假设你认为分的太多，怕以此让上下文的关联稀释，你完全可以在段落上加上一些小标题，有了这些小标题还能够让你最终essay完成并检查的时候，节省下非常多的时间，也能够让老师便于阅读方便修改。 三、逻辑混乱 无论是essay，还是其他的文章，能够通顺，且富有逻辑才是最重要的，想象一下，一篇文章看下来，你都不知道作者说的什么，也不知道他想要表达什么，那么这篇文章你还会愿意读下去吗？所以，写essay并非是看自己的词汇量多么多么的牛比，也不是看自己的修饰能

英语写信格式开头结尾常用语句.

英语写信格式开头结尾常用语句. 英语写信格式开头结尾常用语句.英文书信不论是商业信、社交信或朋友间的通信，依据习惯，大体都有六部分组成。即： 信头(heading) 信内地址(inside address) 称呼(salutation) 正文(body) 结尾语(complimentary close) 签名(signature) 1.信头(heading) 英语书信的信头包括发信人的地址和发信的具体日期两部分。信头放在信纸的右上角，一般分行写出。要先写发信人地址，再写发信的日期。写发信地址时依据从小到大的原则，即：先写门牌号码、街道名或路名，再写区(县)及所在市名称，然后是省或州、郡名称，最后再写上国家的名称。日期的顺序是先写月份再写哪一日然后是年份。需写邮政编码，邮政编码写在城市名称后边，用逗号隔开。 信头不能越过信纸中间而写到信纸的左上面。另外需要注意的是，通常在写地址时，第一行写门牌号和街名，第二行写地区名，第三行是日期。一般信头每行末不用标点符号，但

每行中间应用的标点不可少，城区名和邮政编码之间，日月和年份之间要用逗号隔开。 信头一般不要写得太高，信头的上面要留些空白。 信头的书写格式有两种：并列式和斜列式。所谓并列式是指信头各行开头上下排列整齐。而所谓斜列式是下一行开头较上一行的开头向右移一至两个字母的位置。如： 并列式： 6P Park Ave. New York; NY 11215, U.S.A. December 1， 1999 斜列式： 6P Park AVe. New york, NY 11215, U.S.A December 1， 1993 2.信内地址(inside address) 信内地址包括收信人的姓名称呼和地址两部分。社交的私人信件信内地址是省略的。信内地址的位置位于信头的左下方，它的开始行低于信头的结尾行，位于信纸中央的左边。信内地址先写收信人的头衔和姓名，再写地址，地址排列次序同信头一样。信内地址的书写格式也有两种：并列式和斜列式。一般来讲，信头和信内地址所用的格式总是保持一致的。标点符号的使用也与信头一样。

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

Essay写作提示

ESSAY WRITING What makes a good essay? Make sure that you have defined your topic. Are you quite sure that you understand what you should be writing about? Sometimes questions are ambiguous (not clear). So make sure you understand the topic, otherwise do not write!! Do you understand what all the words in your assignment mean? Look them up. It is a good idea to write the question of the assignment in your own words to check that you really understand it. Give yourself plenty of time. There is nothing worse than having to rush your research and then not having time to write it up properly. You should not try to write the essay all in one go. Give yourself time between drafts to think about what you have written. If you can’t think of anything to write, t hen just write any old thing. It’s called free writing. Just put all ideas that come to mind about the subject down on paper. Don’t bother about editing what you are writing. Just write. When you read it over later you will probably find that you have some interesting ideas to follow up. If you are writing an assignment or project it isn’t always a good idea to start with the introduction. Work out the main body of your argument and your conclusion. That makes it much easier to go back and write an introduction that links with the concluding paragraphs. Make sure that your essay is logical. Put your point of view forward clearly and tell the reader how you are going to argue your case. Make sure that you link your paragraphs and do not jump from one idea to another. There are several ways to link paragraphs. One is to use “link” words that show a connection with the previous paragraph. Here are some useful linking words

常用英文信件开头结束语

常用英文信件开头语 2008-11-10 17:48 （1）特此奉告…… To inform one of；To say；To state；To communicate；To advise one of；To bring to one's notice （knowledge）；To lay before one；To point out；To indicate；To mention；To apprise one of；To announce；To remark；To call one's attention to；To remind one of；etc. 1. We are pleased to inform you that 2. We have pleasure in informing you that 3. We have the pleasure to apprise you of 4. We have the honour to inform you that （of） 5. We take the liberty of announcing to you that 6. We have to inform you that （of） 7. We have to advise you of （that） 8. We wish to inform you that （of） 9. We think it advisable to inform you that （of） 10. We are pleased to have this opportunity of reminding you that

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第一册写作Sample essay(全册)

新视野大学英语1（第三版） Sample paragraph 目录 ★Unit 1: Fresh start (2) Sample paragraph 1 (2) Sample paragraph 2 (3) ★Unit 2: Loving parents, loving children (4) Sample paragraph 3 (4) Sample paragraph 4 (5) ★Unit 3: Digital campus (6) Sample paragraph 5 (6) Sample paragraph 6 (7) ★Unit 4: Heroes of our time (8) Sample paragraph 7 (8) Sample paragraph 8 (9) ★Unit 5: Winning is not everything (10) Sample paragraph 9 (10) Sample paragraph 10 (11) ★Unit 6: Earn as you learn? (12) Sample paragraph 11 (12) Sample paragraph 12 (13) ★Unit 7: Hoping for the better (14) Sample paragraph 13 (14) Sample paragraph 14 (15) ★Unit 8: Friendship across gender and border (16) Sample paragraph 15 (16) Sample paragraph 16 (17)

写留学申请essay论文之路：这4个步骤一定不能少

写申请essay论文之路：这4个步骤一定不能少 留学申请，写essay是童鞋们比较关注的问题。那么，如何才能写好申请essay？写申请论文又需要经过哪些步骤呢？当时间越来越紧迫，到底怎么才能写出一篇好的申请论文呢？来看看国外大学老师有什么好的建议吧，写论文就是a piece of cake啦~ 当你真正开始写论文的时候或许才会发现，大学的申请essay和你以前写的还是有不一样的。申请的截止日期越来越近，你却迟迟无法下笔，写论文让你感觉压力很大。其实，大学申请和写申请论文完全不必这么煎熬。只要你在申请过程中跟着下面的这些步骤，申请的过程就会简单很多的。 Brainstorming 来一场头脑风暴 在开始关于申请essay的一场头脑风暴前，还有一件事是需要做的：组织和编辑好essay 的主题（如果你需要写的不止一篇，那么你最好列一个清单）。在写作过程中，保持有组织性是非常重要的，让你随时清楚你需要写的主题是什么。 如果你已经有了论文的主题，那么现在就是来一场头脑风暴的时间了！或许你会觉得现在这个时候写东西还太早，但是要知道在截止日期前的日子会过得很快，同时你还是会有很多其他事要去做的。首先，你要想想你为什么要选择这所学校，很多学校不仅会让你写你的个人发展，同时也会问你为什么会想要选这所大学。所以，不要一直拖着直到日期近了才动笔写，可以提前想一想为什么这所学校会对你很重要。 Drafting 打草稿 大学并不是要求你写一篇奖项申请论文，但是也要求你至少要付出一定的时间和精力。当你有了一些想法的时候，记得把它们写下来，并开始写一些初步的内容。写好论文永远不会嫌早，甚至有的学校也是越早越好的。在你写论文的时候一定要记得以下几点： Flow：通顺。论文中的时间安排合理吗？有任何奇怪的过渡吗？ Content：内容。我的论文回答了学校的问题吗，符合主题吗？我自己读这篇论文的时候可以了解到什么？ Style：风格。我的整个论文的写作风格是保持一致的吗？有任何含糊不清的地方吗？ Clarity：我的论文讲得通吗？有任何地方我需要表达的更清楚和更简洁的吗？ Grammar：我的论文里有任何的语法错误吗？ 草稿的过程或长或短，根据你自己所花费的时间不同而不同。但是要知道，花费时间并不一定意味着你会有一篇很棒的论文。所以，给你自己一定的思考时间，多想一想论文主题，然后把想法都写下来。

英文书信开头和结尾

英文书信开头和结尾 一、开始语: 1、Thank you for your letter of September 1. 2、Many thanks for your kind letter which reached me yesterday. 3、You letter come to me this morning. 4、I was delighted to receive your letter . 5、I am in receipt of your letter . 6、It’s a long time since I saw your last . 7、I have been missing you a lot since we met last time . 8、I am sorry for not writing to you sooner . 9、I am writing to you tell that …… 10.I often think of you. How are you recently? Thank you for your kind letter．（谢谢你的友好来信。）

I was so pleased to receive your letter．（收到你的来信我十分愉快。） I have just received your kind letter．（已接到你的友好来信。） I was pleased to hear from you．．．（……收到你的来信，我非常愉快。） I have just this moment received your letter and I am writing at once because．．．（我此时收到你的来信，便立即写信，因为……） Your letter of．．．was duly received（你……的来函已妥收。） Your letter came to（reached）me this morning．（今晨收到你的来信。） Many thanks for your last kind letter．（接最近来信，感谢之至。） I am sorry it has taken me a long time to reply to your last letter but．．．（很负疚，这么久才回你的上次来信，只是……）

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19

英文essay的写作细节

英文essay的写作细节（很有用的秘籍！！避免没必要的失分，准备雅思/托福人也非看不可）来源：曹武龙的日志 这不是我写的，可是是那么有用，我必须帮你分享们。好好学习啊！ 我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay，一是report。二者在形式上有所差别，但大体相同。一篇assignment上面会对写成essay还是report格式作出明确要求。在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。 相同点： 1、字体：Times New Roman，字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。请有写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意想不到的情况。 2、段与段之间隔行。每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。 下面还有一些相同点，我在两种文体分开讨论时，再涉及。 区别： Essay: Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和文章要解决的主要问题。一般占总字数的10%左右。Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的 构思来写。但要求有逻辑性。Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。 Essay 可以不写题目，不要把小标题加粗。 Reference的写作是两种形式都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。 Report: 它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。 第一：标题页：包括标题和executive summary. 在Executive summary中是对文章的摘要。这个大家都知道怎么写我就不多说了。这两个东西一般是单独占一页 第二：主体部分。Report的主体部分，前三个和essay差不多，只是在conclusion后还有一部分就是recommendations.是对提出的问题的建议。 如果题目中没有单独要求，一般就按照这几部分来写，但有的题目会作出规定。请按题目要求写哪几部分来写。 下面来说reference Reference 是老师最看重的，所以请一定注意。 1、不管前面的主体部分最后一页剩多少空格，reference都要另起一页写 2、每条reference之间要空一行。如果一条reference一排写不完，那么下面的几排提行时要和第一排三格。基本格式请参照我发过来的referencing 里面的要求。 3、References 的排列要按字母顺序排列。可以用网址的reference放在最后。 4、引用分为直接引用和间接引用。直接引用就是用了文章或书中的原话。请在出现的作者后面以（年代，页码）的形式标注。没有出现作者就在引用的句子后面用（作者名，年代，页码）的形式标注。间接引用就是参照发文章或书中的观点，引用方法与直接引用形式一样，