新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》第11-20课-课文精讲

2016新版中石油职称英语水平考试《通用英语选读》学习笔记

（考过的大题已标出）

目录

11 SMOKING AND CANCER 吸烟和癌（2013版新增） ...................................... 错误!未定义书签。

12 EAST MEETS WEST IN RELAXING MACAU澳门—东西方文化的交汇点（2016版新增）......... 错误!未定义书签。

13 THE POSITIVE MEANINGS OF LOVE 爱的真谛.......................................... 错误!未定义书签。

14 TAKING CHANCES, MAKING CHANCES 抓住机遇，制造机遇............................... 错误!未定义书签。

15 CONVENTIONAL PETROLEUM RESERVOIR常规油气藏（2016版新增）..................... 错误!未定义书签。

16 UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS 非常规油气（2016版新增） ............................ 错误!未定义书签。

17 THE PROVINCE OF ALBERTA 阿尔伯达省（2007版） ................................... 错误!未定义书签。

18 UNLEASHING YOUR CREATIVITY 释放你的创造力（2016版新增）......................... 错误!未定义书签。

19 THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE国际贸易原理 .............................. 错误!未定义书签。

20 A WORLD WITHOUT OIL 假如世界没有石油（2013版新增） ............................. 错误!未定义书签。

温馨小语：

每篇“学习笔记”将可能涉及到的“考点”做了重点标记，它们基于“职称考试”的四个主要方面，即词汇、语法、阅读和翻译，所以在学习中要认真体会，找到自己要重点学习的内容。

跳过每一段英文原文，只通篇看下“带有英文”的中文部分…，是不是感觉清楚了课文大致要说的内容熟悉中文意思，在考试中也是很有帮助的，特别是在回答阅读类的选择题时，如果它恰好又是你在此读过的一篇课文，你一定会用最短的时间，找到正确的答案。考试的题量可不小，要在此处抢得先机。过段时间，再来温习下吧。

11 Smoking and Cancer 吸烟和癌（2013版新增）

【注：2007版，2010版，2013版】【2011考阅读】

1. Americans smoke six thousand million cigarettes【香烟】 every year (1970 figures). This is roughly【大体上】 the equivalent【相等的，等价的；等价物，相等物】 of 4,195 cigarettes a year for every person in the country of 18 years of age or more. It is estimated【估计】 that 51% of American men smoke compared with【与……相比】 34% of American women.

1、美国人每年抽烟60亿支(1970年的统计数字)。这大致等于每个18岁以上的人一年要吸4195支烟。据估计（it is estimated that），美国有51％的男性吸烟，而女性吸烟的比例则为34％。

2. Since 1939, numerous【许多的】 scientific studies have been conducted to determine 【确定】 whether smoking is a health hazard【危险】. The trend【趋势】 of the evidence 【证据】 has been consistent【一致的】 and indicates【表明】 that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt【毫无疑问】 that tobacco【烟草，烟叶】 smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with【和…有关】 shortened life expectancy【预期（平均）寿命】.

2、1939年以来，为了确定抽烟是否有害健康进行了大量的科学研究。证据所显示的趋势是一贯的，并表明对人体的健康有严重的危险。许多研究小组进行的研究不容置疑地表明，吸食烟草，特别是吸卷烟与预期寿命缩短有关。

3. Cigarette smoking【吸烟】 is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor【因素】 in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to【与……有关】 cancer of the bladder【膀胱】

and the oral cavity【口腔】. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. (Female smokers are thought to be less affected【影响】because they do not breathe in【吸入】 the smoke so deeply.) The majority【大多数】 of doctors and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, "Give up【放弃】 smoking. If you don't smoke-don't start!"

3、这方面的研究人员大都相信吸卷烟是产生肺癌、喉癌的重要因素，还认为膀胱癌、口腔癌也与此有关。男性吸烟者的心脏病死亡率比不吸烟的高。(他们认为女性吸烟者受影响小一些，因为她们吸烟不那么深。)大多数医生和研究人员认为，上述那些关系已得到令人满意的证实，并且告诫说：“戒烟吧，如果你不会抽-那可不要学!”

4. Some competent【有能力的；能干的】 physicians【内科医生】 and research workers 【研究人员】-though their small number is decreased even further-are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory【呼吸的】 diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex【复杂的】 human environment –atmospheric【大气的】 pollution, increased nervous【神经的】 stress, chemical substances【物质】 in processed food, or chemical pesticides【杀虫剂；农药】 that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities【数量】 to destroy【破坏，杀死】 insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence【巧合】, live in industrial areas, or eat more canned food【罐头食品】. Gradually【逐渐地】, however, research is isolating 【使隔离】 all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically【统计地】irrelevant【不相干的】.

4、有些精通业务的(competent)医生和研究人员-虽然这些人不多，并且人数在进一步减少-不那么肯定(be less sure)吸卷烟对人体健康有影响。他们认为呼吸系统疾病(respiratory diseases)和各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素，即：空气的污染、人们精神压力的增大、经过加工的食品中的化学物质、或化学杀虫药(pesticide)引起的。农民现在大量使用这些农药杀死(destory)昆虫和小动物。据他们说，那些患了癌症或肺病的人可能恰巧(by coincidence)也住在工业区，或是吃了更多的罐头食品。但是研究工作逐渐排除了其它因素的可能性，并且用统计数字证明这些因素(对患癌症)是无关的（irrelevant）。

【注释：（1）increase:增加；decrease:减少。（2）effect……on:对……有影响。（3）

process加工；proceed前进；progress进步。（4）various各种各样的；variety品种，种类；vary 变化。（5）quantity数量；quality质量】

5. Apart from【除……之外】 the scientific statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco actually does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized【蒸发】 chemicals, minute【极小的；分钟】 particles【微粒】 of ash, and other solids. There is also nicotine【尼古丁】, which is a powerful poison【毒药，毒物】, and black tar. As the smoke is breathed in, all these components【成分】 form deposits【沉淀物，堆积】 on the membranes【薄膜】 of the lungs. One point of concentration【集中】is where the air tube, or bronchus【支气管】, divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point.

5、除了（apart from）科学统计之外，研究工作还有助于认清(look at)吸食烟草对人体的实际影响(do to 对待, 处置)。抽烟产生的烟雾是一种混合的气体，包括气化的(vaporized)化学物质，极小的灰末微粒和其它固体，还有毒性(poison)很强的尼古丁和黑焦油。当吸进烟时，所有这些成分就都沉淀(deposit)在肺膜上。在气管和支气管分支的地方有一个集中点。大部分肺癌就从这里发端。

6. Smoking also affects the heart and blood vessels【血管】. It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins【静脉】 in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation【截肢】 of limbs【肢体】. Smokers also die much more often from heart disease.

6、抽烟也影响心脏和血管。现已查明抽烟与伯尔格氏病有关。这种疾病使手脚的细静脉不断缩小，从而引起剧烈疼痛甚至会导致截肢。抽烟者死于心脏病的也比不吸烟的人多得多(much more)。【注释：lead to 导致】

7. While all tobacco smoking affects life and expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption【消耗，消费】 is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates a causal relationship【因果关系】 between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters【过滤】 and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally【略微】 reduce, not eliminate【减少】 the hazards.

7、尽管吸食各种烟草都会影响预期寿命和健康，但是抽香烟的影响要比抽雪茄和抽烟斗大得多。不过，后两种并不能减少对尼古丁的吸食，并且当前的研究指出各式各样的吸烟都和口腔癌、喉癌有某种因果关系。据称(are claimed to)过滤嘴香烟和低焦油烟草能使吸烟在某种程度上比较安全(to some extent safer)，但是这只能略微(marginally)减少危害，而不能消除(eliminate)危害。【注释：（1）causal因果关系的；casual偶然的，随便的。（2）to saome extend 某种程度上】

12 East Meets West in Relaxing Macau澳门—东西方文化的交汇点（2016版新增）

1.在经过112年葡萄牙殖民统治后，澳门于1999年12月20日回归中国，此后基本上保持原貌，游客们对此很欣赏。

2. Macau inhabitants【居民，resident】 regarded the handover【移交】 as a mere change of administration. Certainly, you see fewer Portuguese faces on the streets nowadays, but there remains the curious【好奇的】 mixture of European flair【才能；特别的风格】and Far Eastern tradition that make the city so special.

2. 澳门的居民认为这次移交仅仅是管理上的变化。的确，在今天澳门大街上你看不到多少葡萄牙人，但是这儿依然是欧洲风格与远东传统文化不同寻常的融合点，这使得它具有独特的城市风貌。

3. Like its larger neighbour Hong Kong, Macau is now a special administrative【行政的】 region of China, but its special capitalist【资本主义】 status【地位，身份】 is guaranteed for the next 50 years.

3. 与较大的近邻香港一样，澳门现在是中国的一个特别行政区，它保持资本主义制度的特殊地位将50年不变。

4. When you first glimpse【一瞥】 Macau on the ferry【渡船】 from Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive. The skyline【轮廓，地平线】 is dull compared to the imposing【壮观的】 glass skyscrapers【摩天大楼】 of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression, devoting no more than【仅仅，只是】 a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to【公平对待，正确处理】this city of two cultures, which

hides plenty of interesting secrets.

4. 当你从香港开来的渡船上第一次瞥一眼澳门时，它看起来并不起眼。同香港那雄伟壮丽的摩天大楼相比，澳门这个城市的轮廓显得并不鲜明，多数人只花不多于一天的时间去那里旅游，不愿多费时间去修正他们的第一印象。但是如此看待这座具有两种文化风格的城市是不公平的，这样很多有趣的东西就看不到了。

5. The Macau Museum, which opened two years ago, offers an excellent introduction to the peninsula’s【半岛】 past and present. Children love it because it is full of technical paraphernalia【设备】. You can press buttons to light up【照亮】 trade routes on maps, or to hear the different typical【典型的】cries of Macau’s traders.

5. 两年前开放的澳门博物馆极好地展示了半岛的过去和现在。孩子们都喜欢它是因为里面有各种各样高科技含量的东西。你按一下按钮就能将地图上的贸易航线照亮，还可以听一听澳门商贩那各具特征的叫卖声。

6. Just a few metres fr om the museum is the city’s most photographed【拍照的】 symbol: the ruins【旧址，废墟，遗迹】 of Sao Paulo, the Jesuit church built in 1602, although today only its imposing【壮观的】 stone fa?ade【正面】 remains.

6. 离博物馆不远处就是这个城市最具标志性的建筑：圣保罗旧址，建于1602年的耶稣会教堂,尽管今天只有它那雄伟的石头砌成的正面仍保留下来。

7. While the majority of Macau’s inhabitants are Buddhist【佛教，佛教徒】, some seven per cent are Catholic【天主教徒，天主教的】 and the religious sites of Macau testify 【证明】 to the special mix of eastern and western cultures here. As well as the numerous churches inherited【继承】 from Portuguese rule, there are very many different temples.

7. 大多数澳门居民是佛教徒，只有7%的居民是天主教徒，澳门的宗教故址就足以证明这里是东西方文化特殊的交汇点。除了葡萄牙人统治时期遗留下来的众多教堂之外，这里还有很多风格不一的寺庙。

8. The largest is the Kun lam Tong. In the main hall of this temple, giant【巨大的】 spiral【螺旋的】 joss-sticks【线香】 hang from the ceiling, raining small piles of ash on the heads of visitors. Along the sides are smaller ancestors rooms commemorating 【纪念】 the dead. There is also a room of plants which includes a special bonsai【盆景】 tree, the trunk of which happens to be shaped like the Chinese sign meaning long

life.

8. 最大的是观音堂。在这个观音堂的主厅内，巨大的螺旋形的香从天花板上垂吊着，它的灰烬落下来，一些落到了观光者的头上。堂的两厢是纪念己逝先祖的小房间。有一间房内放着盆景，其中有一棵树很特殊，这树的树干形状正像汉字的“寿”。

9. The contrast between the peace of these temples and the bustle【喧闹】 of Macau city could hardly be more stark【鲜明的】. The lively【活泼的，生动的】 pedestrian【行人】 zone flanked by【两侧是】colonial buildings with their teeming【丰富的】 side streets are not at all reminiscent【怀旧的】 of religious contemplation【沉思，意图】. Locals 【当地人】 and tourists saunter【闲逛】 along with shopping bags.

9. 这些寺庙的宁静与澳门城市的喧闹形成鲜明对比。行人区内十分热闹，四边都是殖民地风格的建筑，小街纵横交错，这里一点宗教气氛都没有。当地居民和旅游者都带着购物的袋子闲逛。

, on the southeast coast of China, consists of【由……组成】 the Macau peninsula 【半岛】 and the two offshore islands of Taipa and Coloane in the Pearl River delta. Ninety-six per cent of the 450, 000 inhabitants are of Chinese origin【起源】. Anyone who stays a few days, soon realises that the city is small but charming. You soon start to recognise a few faces, even the city tramps【流浪者】 start to become familiar. Although the tourism industry would like to sell Macau as a racy【活泼的】, modem city, its real appeal is that it offers a very quiet, relaxing contrast to Hong Kong.

10.位于中国东南海岸的澳门，包括澳门半岛和两个位于珠江三角洲的凼仔岛和路环岛。45万澳门居民中96%的人祖籍是中国。无论是谁在这儿逗留几天便很快意识到这个城市不大但富有魅力：你很快就能够辨认出一些面孔，甚至对这个城市的流浪汉也变得熟悉起来。虽然观光业想要把澳门作为一个富有特色的现代化城市，但其真正令人喜欢的是，与香港相比，它显得特别宁静和让人放松。

Macau is one of the richest regions in Asia, with an annual per capita【人均】 gross national product【国民生产总值】 of more than 17, 000 . dollars. This is mainly thanks to gambling【赌博】. Forty per cent of all state income comes from the numerous casinos 【赌场】 here, the only legally operating gambling halls on Chinese territory【领土，版图】.

11.但是澳门也是亚洲最富的地区之一，它每年人均国民生产总值已经超过了万美元。这主要

得益于博彩业。40%的政府收入来自于这里众多的赌场，这里有中国版图上唯一合法经营的赌场。

13 The Positive Meanings of Love 爱的真谛

1. We’d like to share some of the positive【积极的】 meanings love has for us.

1、我们想与大家一起分享我们对爱的一些积极看法。(love has for us是定语从句，修饰some of the positive meanings一些积极意义；would like to do sth. 想要做某事)

2. Love means that I know the person I love. I’m aware of【认识到，知道】 the many sides of the other person-not just the beautiful side but also the limitations【局限性】, inconsistencies【不一致】 and faults【缺点】. I have an awareness of【意识到】the other’s feelings and thoughts, and I experience【感受，经历，体验】 something of the core of that person. I can penetrate【穿透，看透】 social masks【面具，伪装】 and roles and see the other person on a deeper level.

2、爱就意味着了解所爱之人。能够认识到(be aware of 知道)这个人的各个方面——不仅仅（not just）是美好的一面，还有(but also)他的局限、他的矛盾之处(inconsistencies 是inconsistency复数形式)、他的缺点。要看到这个人的情感和思想，要感受他的内心世界。要能够透过（penetrate）他在社交场合的表现（social marks 社会面具）和他的社会角色（roles）而看到他的内心深处(on a deeper level 在更深层次上；直译：从更深层面上了解这个人)。(本段中出现的the person, the other person, that person都在讲“所爱之人”)

3. Love means that I care about【关心】 the welfare【幸福，福利】 of the person I love. To the extent【就…来说】that it is genuine【真正的，真诚的】, my caring is not possessive【占有的】, nor does it hold the other person back. On the contrary【相反】, my caring frees both of us. If I care about you, I’m concerned about【关心】 your growth, and I hope you will become all that you can become. Consequently【因此】, I don’t put up obstacles【障碍】 to what you do that enhances【提高】 you as a person，even though 【即使】 it may result in【引起，导致】 my discomfort【不便，不适】 at times【有时】.

3、爱就意味着关心所爱之人的幸福（welfare = happiness）。真正的爱不是占有（not possessive），也不是束缚(nor does it hold the other person back 是由nor引导的“倒装句”，助动词does要置于主语之前) (to the extent that 就…来说；genuine adj. 真实的，真正的；诚恳的；hold back 阻止；抑制)。相反（on the contrary），两人都在爱中得到自由。关心（care

about）一个人就是关心（be concerned about）他的成长，希望他可以尽其所能有所成就（that you can become 作定语，修饰all）。因此（consequently），我不会为他的个人发展（what you do that enhances you as a person; enhance vt. 提高；加强）设置障碍(obstacle to 对…的障碍；后跟名词、名词性词组或句子，作定语)，即使（even though）有时(at times)这样会给我带来不便(result in my discomfort)。

4. Love means having respect for【尊敬】the dignity【自尊，尊严】 of the person I love. If I love you, I can see you as a separate【单独的】 person, with your own values and thoughts and feelings, and I do not insist that(引导宾语从句) you surrender【投降，放弃】 your identity【身份】 to match【适应，匹配】 an image of what I expect you to be for me. I can allow and encourage【鼓励】 you to stand alone and to be who you are, and I avoid【避免】 treating you as an object【物体】 or using you primarily【首先，主要地】 to satisfy【满足】 my own needs.

4、爱就意味着尊重所爱之人的尊严。（mean +句子或动名词; have respect for 尊敬; dignity n. 尊严；高贵）爱一个人，就是将其视作一个独立的（separate adj.）人，有他自己的价值观、思想和感情。我不会为了自己而坚持(insist)要他放弃个性（surrender your identity）来变成我所希望的他(to match an image of what I expect you to be，不定式作目的状语)。我能允许并鼓励他与众不同（to stand alone），成为他自己(to be who you are)。我不会视他如物，或利用它来满足自己的需要。(allow and encourage to do sth. 不定式作宾语；avoid doing sth. 动名词作宾语)

5. Love means having a responsibility【责任】 toward the person I love. If I love you, I respond to【回应，对……作出反应】 most of your major needs as a person. This responsibility【责任，职责】 does not include my doing for you what you are capable of 【能够】 doing for yourself; nor does it mean that I run your life for you. Instead, it means acknowledging【承认】 that what I am and what I do affects【影响】 you, so that 【因此，以便】 I am directly involved in【涉及，卷入】 your happiness and your suffering.

A lover does have the capacity to hurt or ignore【忽视】 the loved one, and in this sense we see that love involves an acceptance【接受】 of some responsibility for the impact my way of being has on you.

5、爱就意味着对所爱之人负责（responsibility n.责任；义务）。爱一个人，就要对他作为

独立的个体的需求做出回应（respond to 响应；对…反应，后接名词或名词性词组）。这种负责不包括你要为他做“他可以自己做的事情”(what you are capable of doing for yourself; be capable of v. 能够；有能力)，也不是操纵他的生活（nor does it mean that I run your life for you是由nor引导的“倒装句”，助动词does要置于主语之前）。相反（instead），这种负责是承认(acknowledge vt.)我的所作所为（what I am and what I do）会影响到他（that 引导宾语从句，what I am and what I do 是宾语从句中的主语），因此，他的欢乐和痛苦都与我休戚相关（be involved in 涉及到…；包括…中）。相爱着的人有时真的（does 加强语气）会伤害或忽略对方（have the capacity to 有…能力；the loved one 中的loved是过去分词作定语），所以，我们知道，爱就是要为自己的行为对对方产生的影响(the impact my way of being has on you; my way of being has on you 是定语从句，修饰the impact )承担某种责任。（这里I是“付出爱”的一方，you是“被爱”的一方。）

6. Love means making a commitment【承诺】 to the person I love. This commitment does not mean surrendering our total selves to each other; nor does it imply【暗示，意味】that the relationship is necessarily【必需的】 permanent【永久的，不变的】. It does【自愿，乐意】 to stay with each other in times of pain, struggle, and despair【绝望】, as well as【也，又】 in times of calm and enjoyment.

6、爱就意味着对所爱之人做出承诺(make a commitment)。这种承诺并非意味着完全把自己交给对方（surrender to 屈服；selves n. 自己，自我，是self的复数；可译为：这种承诺并非意味着要完全屈服于彼此），也不是意味着（imply; that 引导宾语从句）这一关系一定要永远不变(necessarily adj. 必定地; permanent adj. 永久的) （nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent是由nor引导的“倒装句”，助动词does要置于主语之前）。这种承诺真的（does加强语气）意味着不论在艰难困苦、失意绝望时，还是（as well as）在恬适欢乐时，都愿意厮守相伴(willingness n. 心甘情愿；意愿；stay with 同…住在一起；不定式to stay with 作定语，修饰 a willingness；in times of 在…的时候；despair n. 绝望)。

7. Love means trusting the person I love. If I love you，I trust that you will accept my caring and my love and that you won’t deliberately【故意地，2014年考题】 hurt me.

I trust that you will find me attractive, and that you won’t abandon【抛弃，放弃】 me;

I trust the mutual【相互的】 nature of our love. If we trust each other, we are willing

to【愿意，乐意】 be open to each other and reveal【揭露】 our true selves.

7、爱就意味着信赖所爱之人。爱一个人，就要相信他会接受我的关心，接受我的爱，相信他不会故意地（deliberately adv.）伤害我；相信自己对他有吸引力，相信他不会抛弃(abandon vt.)我；相信爱是相互的(mutual adj. 共同的；相互的)。如果我们彼此信赖，我们就愿彼此开诚布公，敞开心扉（be willing to do sth.愿意；be open to 对…开放；reveal vt. 显示；透露）。

8. Love can tolerate【容忍，2013年考题】 imperfection【不完美】. In a love relationship there are times when I am bored, times when I may feel like giving up，times of real strain 【压力，拉进】, and times I feel I can’t move forward. Authentic【真正的】 love does not imply enduring【持久的】 happiness. I can stay during rough times, however, because I can remember what we had together in the past，and I can picture【画，想像，描写】 what we will have together in our future if we care enough to face our problems and work them through【解决】. We agree with the idea that love is a spirit【精神】 that changes life. Love is a way of life that is creative【创造性的】 and that transforms【改变】. However, love is not reserved for【供……之用】 a perfect world. Love is meant for【命中注定】our imperfect world where things go wrong. Love is meant to【打算】 be a spirit that works in painful situations. Love is meant to bring meaning into life where nonsense【荒谬的】 appears to rule. In other words, love comes into an imperfect world to make it possible to live.

8、爱能够容忍不完美。爱人之间有时会感到厌烦（when引导的定语从句修饰times; 以下同为此用法），有时会想放弃（fell like doing sth.），有时感到压力，有时感到羁绊(move forward 向前移动；向前发展)。真正的（authentic adj.）爱并不意味着永远幸福(enduring adj. 持久的)。但是，在困难（rough adj. 艰苦的）时期我能坚守（stay vi.），因为我仍记得我们共同度过的往昔，我也能想象(picture vt.)，如果我们愿意（enough to do sth. 足够…去做）直面问题，渡过难关(work them through)，我们将共同拥有什么样的未来。我们一致认为(agree with 和…意见一致)爱是一种精神，这种精神能改变人生（第一个that引导的定语从句修饰the idea，第二个that引导的定语从句修饰a spirit）。爱是一种生活方式，它具有创造和改变的力量（that…and that…引导的定语从句修饰a way of life）。但是爱并不只是完美世界所独有(be reserved for 留作)，爱本来就是为我们这个不完美、有缺陷的（where things go wrong）世界而存在的（be meant

for 注定成为；where 引导的定语从句修饰our imperfect world；go wrong 弄错；出毛病）。爱应该是一种能缓解痛苦的精神力量(be meant to 应该是；必须；that引导定语从句，修饰a sprite；可直译：爱是一种精神，这种精神于苦痛之中发挥着作用(work))。爱应该给我们这充满荒谬(where nonsense appears to rule，where引导的定语从句修饰life)的生活带来意义（meaning）(bring into v. 使开始；使进入某种状态)。换言之(in other words)，是爱使我们在这个不完美的世界上生活下去(make it possible to do sth. 使做某事成为可能)。

9. Love is open. If I love you, I encourage you to reach out and develop other relationships. Although our love for each other and our commitment to each other might prohibit certain actions on our parts，we are not totally and exclusively married to each other. It is a false love that cements one person to another in such a way that he or she is not given room to grow.

9、爱是大方的。爱一个人，就要鼓励（encourage）其与他人建立联系（reach out 伸出）。尽管对彼此的爱与承诺不允许(prohibit vt. 阻止，禁止)我们有某些行为，这种结合也不是全然排他的（totally and exclusively）（be married to嫁给某人，娶某人；与…结婚）。两个人密不可分（cement vt. 巩固；接合），再无其他发展的空间（give room 让开；腾地方），这样的爱是不明智的。

10. Love is selfish. I can only love you if I genuinely love, value, appreciate, and respect myself. If I am empty, then all I can give you is my emptiness. If I feel that I’m complete and worthwhile in myself, then I’m able to give to you out of my fullness. One of the best ways for me to give you love is by folly enjoying myself with you.

10、爱又是自私的。如果我真正（genuinely）自爱、自重、自赏、自尊，才能(can only)爱别人。如果我空虚，那么我能给所爱之人的全部（all I can give you）也只有空虚（emptiness）（all 是句子的主语，I can give you 是all的定语）。如果我觉得自己是完满的、出色的（worthwhile adj. 值得做的；值得的），那么我就能以自己的充实（out of my fullness）为所爱之人增光（give to 给予；赠给）(网上直译：假如我觉得自己充实完整并活得有价值，那么我也能给予你的就是充实完整)。表达爱的最好方法之一就是与所爱之人一起充分体验自己（直译：表达“我爱你”的最好方法之一就是和所爱的人一起做傻事）。

11. Love involves seeing the potential within the person we love. In my love for another,

I view her or him as the person she or he can become, while still accepting who and what

the person is now. By taking people as they are, we make them worse, but by treating them as if they already were what they ought to be, we help make them better.

11、爱就要看到所爱之人的内在潜力（we love 作the person的定语）。爱他/她，就要接受今日之所作所为(accepting who and what the person is now)，也要视其所能为（she or he can become 作the person的定语；view…as…认为…是…；把…看作…）。视人静止不变（take as 把…看作是…），则令其退步（make the worse），待他如同他的潜力已经发挥（treat… as if 把…看作好似…），则助其进步（help make them better；help 使役动词，后跟不带to的不定式）。

12. To sum it up, mature love is union under the condition of preserving one’s individuality. In love，two beings become one and yet remain two.

12、归根结底（to sum it up; to sum up 总之），成熟的爱就是保持个性(preserving one’s individuality)条件下的双方结合(union)。两个人(two beings)由于爱合二为一，又仍是两个独立的个体。

14 Taking chances, Making chances 抓住机遇，制造机遇

Charles Hobbs sometimes tells about a woman who lived in London over a century【世纪】 ago. She saved what little【仅有的一点】 money she could working as a scullery maid 【女帮厨】 and used it (little money) one evening to hear a great speaker of her day. His speech moved【感动】 her deeply and she waited to visit with【与……闲谈】 him afterward 【过后，以后】. "How fine it must be to have had the opportunities you have had in life 【一生中】," she said.

1.演说家（lecturer）查尔斯·霍布斯经常会在他的演说中引用(tell about)这样的故事。一百多年前，伦敦住着一位女士，她以给人帮厨为生。生活虽然很艰难，她还是省吃俭用地攒了一点儿钱(she saved what little money)，并用这点儿钱去听了一场演讲。演讲者是一位在当时非常著名的演说家。他的演讲深深地感染了她，也触动了她。演讲结束之后，她并没有立即离去，而是去拜访了那位演说家。“要能像您这样一生中拥有这么多的机会那该有多好啊！”她羡慕道。

2."My dear lady." he replied, "have you never received an opportunity【机会】"

2.“哦，亲爱的女士，”那位演讲家问道，“难道您从未得到过任何机会吗”

3."Not me. I have never had a chance," she said.

3.“是的，我从未得到过任何机会。”她很沮丧。

4."What do you do" the speaker asked.

4.“那您是做什么工作的”演讲家问道。

answered, "I peel【削皮，剥】 onions and potatoes in my sister's boarding house 【寄宿公寓】."

5.“我在我姐姐开的寄宿公寓(boarding house)里帮厨，剥剥洋葱，削削土豆。”她答道。

6."How long have you been doing this" he pursued【追赶，继续】.

6.“你做这事多长时间了”演讲家追问。

7."Fifteen miserable【悲惨的，令人痛苦的】 years!" “都已经干了15年了，难熬的15年啊！”

8."And where do you sit" he continued.

“您工作的时候坐在哪里呢”演讲家继续问。

9."Why, on the bottom step in the kitchen." She looked puzzled【困惑的】.

“您为什么问这个”她感到非常的迷惑，“我就坐在厨房最低的一级台阶上。”

10."And where do you put your feet" “那么您把脚放在哪里呢”

11."On the floor," she answered, more puzzled.

“放在地板上啊。”她惊讶地望着演讲家。(puzzled adj. 困惑的；茫然的；搞糊涂的)

12."What is the floor" “那地板是什么样的”

13."It is glazed【光滑的】 brick【砖】." “是用釉面砖铺就的。”

he said, "My dear lady, I will give you an assignment【任务，工作】 today. I want you to write me a letter about the brick."

14.著名的演讲家说道：“亲爱的女士，今天，我要给您布置一项任务(an assignment)。我想让您写一封信给我，谈一谈您对砖的认识。”

her protests【反对，抗议】 about being a poor writer, he made her promise 【承诺】to complete【完成】 the assignment.

15.女士以自己根本就不会写信为由拒绝他的建议(反对她的不会写信的抗议)，但是，演讲家坚持要她完成这项任务。

next day, as she sat down to peel onions, she gazed at the brick floor. That evening she pulled one loose, took it to a brick factory and asked the owner to explain to her

how bricks were made.

16.第二天，当她坐在厨房的台阶上剥洋葱的时候，目光不禁聚焦在了釉面砖铺就的地板上。她专门跑到砖厂向厂主请教砖头是如何制造出来的。

not satisfied【满意的】, she went to a library and found a book on【关于】 bricks. She learned that 120 different kinds of brick and tile【瓦】 were being produced in England at the time. She discovered【发现】 how clay【粘土】 beds, which existed for millions of years, were formed. Her research captivated【迷住】 her imagination【想象力】 and she spent every spare moment learning more. She returned to the library night after night and this woman, who never had a chance, gradually began to climb the steps of knowledge.

17.对于厂长的解释她并不满意，于是，她又跑到了图书馆。通过查阅资料，她了解到，在当时的英国，一共有一百二十多种砖瓦(120 different kinds of brick and tile)在生产(were being produced 过去进行时的被动语态)。她还发现了已经存在了数百年的粘土层是如何形成的。她已经完全沉浸在她的研究之中了，她的思想也已经被她的研究完全占据了。每天晚上，她都会准时到图书馆查阅资料。

months of study, she set out to write her letter as promised. She sent a 36-page document【文件】 about the brick in her kitchen and, to her surprise【令她吃惊的是】, she received a letter back. Enclosed【被附上的】 was payment【报酬】 for her research. He had published【出版】 her letter! And along with the money came a new assignment - this time he asked her to write about what she found underneath【在…….下面】 the brick.

18.经过几个月的研究之后，她按照演说家的要求写信(set out to write her letter as promised)。在这封长达36页的信中，她详细地介绍了厨房里地砖的有关情况。令她吃惊的是(to one’s surprise 使某人惊奇的是)，不久以后，她就收到了回信。随信而来的(enclosed)，还有她的研究所获得的报酬。原来，那位演讲家把她的信拿去发表了！不仅如此，演讲家又给她布置了一项新任务：写一些她在厨房地砖下面发现的东西。

注释：under：垂直，不接触（over），Ｉwant to have a rest under the tree.

below：不垂直，不接触（above）,There is a lake below the mountain.

underneath：接触，或者接近,I found an ant underneath the rock.

the first time in her life she could hardly wait to【迫不及待】get back to the kitchen! She pulled up the brick and there was an ant. She held it in her hand and examined【仔

细检查】 it.

19.女士一生中第一次受到极大的鼓舞，她迫不及待地（can hardly wait to do 迫不及待）返回厨房，她撬起一块砖头一看，发现下面有一只蚂蚁。她把它拿在手心仔细地观察。

evening, she hurried back to the library to study ants. She learned that there were hundreds of different kinds of ants. Some were so small they could stand on the head of a pin【大头针】; while others were so large one could feel the weight of them in one's hand. She started her own ant colony【群体，殖民地】 and examined ants underneath a lens 【透镜】.

20.那天晚上一下班，她便急匆匆地赶到图书馆，去查阅有关蚂蚁的书籍了。通过研究，她了解到世界上有好几百种各种各样的蚂蚁。有的蚂蚁很小很小，小到可以站在针尖上，而(while)有的则很大很大，大到放在手上都能感觉到它们的重量。为了便于研究，她还专门养了一群蚂蚁，每天都拿着放大镜(a lens)仔细观察。

months later she wrote her findings in a 350-page "letter". It, too, was eventually 【最后，终于】 published. She soon quit【辞去】 her kitchen job to take up writing.

21.经过几个月的观察与研究，她把她研究蚂蚁的发现写成了一封长达350页的“信”寄给了演说家。当然，这封“信”最终(eventually)也发表了。不久以后，她便辞去了那份帮厨的工作，开始了她的写作生涯。

she died, she had traveled to the lands of her dreams and had experienced more than she ever imagined possible! This is the woman who had never had a chance.

22.直到她去世之前，她几乎游历了所有她梦寐以求要去的地方，而且还体验了许多她曾经想都不敢想的事情！这就是那位曾经感叹自己从未得到过任何机会的女人！(第一个had过去完成时的助动词，第二个had实词动词“有”的过去分词)

注释：(1)more than +数词+名词，超过；We have studied English for more than ten years.(2)more than+名词：不仅仅是，不只是，Mary is more than a neighbor,she is a good friend of mine as well.(3)more than+形容词和分词：非常；We are more than glad to help you. (4)more……than……与其说……倒不如说，He is more diligent than clever.(5) no more than 仅仅，只是；He is no more than w worker;(6)more than one 不止一个+谓语动词单数 people wait for opportunity to come knocking. Here is a person who sought【seek 寻找】 it out, proving again that we can be more than victims【受害者】 of mere circumstance

【环境，条件】.

23.有些人等着机会来敲门，而这个人却是去寻找机会（seek it out）。她再次证明我们不应该仅仅成为环境的受害者(victim)，我们可以做得更多。

given a chance, will you take it If given no chance, can you make one

24.如果得到了机会，你能抓住它吗如果没有机会，你能创造一个机会吗

15 Conventional Petroleum Reservoir常规油气藏（2016版新增）

1. A petroleum reservoir【储藏，水库】, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface 【地下的】 pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable【可渗透的】, porous or fractured rock formations【岩层】, with most reservoir rocks being limestones【石灰石】, dolomites 【白云石】, sandstones【砂岩】, or a combination【混合，结合】 of these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into【划分】 four stages:

1. 油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:

1) With burial【埋葬，埋葬的】 of plankton【浮游生物】, algae【藻类】 and other protein rich life forms under layers【下层】 of sand and mud at a source rock【原岩】, and continuous 【连续的】 accumulation【积累】 of sand, the buried material heats up at 50°C to 70°C.

1) 浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。

2) High temperature, combined with【连同，联合】 pressure，triggers【触发】 a “cooking”process.

2) 地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。

3) Eventually, the buried residue【残渣】 transforms into【把……转变成】 liquid hydrocarbons.

3) 最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。

4) Later on they migrate from【从……迁移】 the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped in impermeable【不可渗透的】 layers of rock.

4) 然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。

2. Oil Reservoir 油藏

3. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant【占优势的，predominant】 product. In the typical【典型的】 oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases【阶段】 because of the variance【变化】 in their gravities【重力】. Gas， the lightest, occupies【占领】 the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate【中间的】 section.

3. 油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。

4. Although the structural traps【构造圈闭】 in which oil accumulates【积累】 exist in various【各种各样的，diverse】 forms, the oil usually occurs in association with 【与……相联系,与……联合】gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zone. The proportion【……的比例】 of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap【气顶】, but the proportion of water to gas is frequently【频繁地】 lower than the proportion of water to oil. However, while some interstitial water【间隙水】 is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain【位于……之下】 by a continuous【连续的】 body of water. Where a considerable【相当大的】 volume of water does underlie the oil in the same sedimentary 【沉积的】 bed it is referred to as the ccaquifer【地下蓄水层】,and being under pressure also, it contributes to【有助于，促成，捐献】 the total energy of the reservoir. 4.聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。水与油之比通常约为10%?30%。水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为“含水层”。而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。

5. The oil itself, when under pressure, contains an appreciable【相当可观的】 quantity of dissolved gas【溶解气】. The actual amount of gas will be governed by the pressure

and temperature inside the reservoir，and the oil is said to be “saturated【饱和的】”if it cannot dissolve【溶解】 any more gas under these particular【特别的】 pressure and temperature conditions.

On the other hand, the oil is said to be “undersaturated【欠饱和的】” if it could dissolve more gas at the same pressure and temperature. In many cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of【能够】 holding in solution【在溶解状态】. This extra【额外的】 gas being lighter than the oil, will have formed a gas cap, above the oil accumulation. If the pressure of a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason, gas will come out of solution, and this is an important factor【因素】 in the production【生产】 of oil from the reservoir.

5. 在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气顶”。如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。

6. The reservoir crude【原油，粗糙的】 may range from a very heavy viscous oil【高粘度油】, containing little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure, to an extremely 【非常，极端地】 light, thin, straw-colored【淡黄色的】 oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable【相当大的】 pressure. The viscosity【粘度】 of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less viscous an oil is, and the more gas it has in it, the more readily【乐意地，容易地】 will it flow through the interstices【空隙】 of the rock into the bottom of the well. The interstices of the whole of the reservoir rock were originally 【期初，原来】 occupied【占用】 by salt water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock, it displaced【替换】 the salt water from it. Not all of the salt water was displaced, however, and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil. This remaining【剩余的】water is called “connate water【原生水】” or “interstitial water” and has to be taken into account【考虑】 when working out【解

决，计算出】 the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock.

6. 储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。石油的粘度大致取决于密度，同时在很大程度上也取决于溶解气的多少。石油粘度越小，溶解的天然气就越多，也就越容易透过岩石的间隙流入井底。储集岩的孔隙原先都是充满盐水的。当石油运移到岩层上部时，油就把盐水置换出来。然而，并不是全部盐水都会被置换的，总有一定数量的盐水和石油一起留存在岩石的孔隙里。这些残留的水称为“原生水”或者“隙间水”。在估算储油岩中的石油含量时，必须考虑原生水的存在。

7. Gas Reservoir and Gas Condensate Reservoir气藏和凝析气藏

8. In addition to【除……之外】 its occurrence【发生，出现】 as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently【独立地】 of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called

a gas reservoir. Associated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil.

8. 除了以溶解气或气顶的形式存在外，气也可以独立存在，这就叫做气藏。大部分情况下，气藏中还会有一些伴生盐水和油。

9. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually found at great depth【深处】, produce substantial【丰富的，实质的】 quantities of liquid petroleum along with the gas. This liquid does not come from a separate【单独的，分开的】 oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production. The liquid fraction【部分】 is known as【被称为】“condensate【凝析油】” and the type of reservoir is known as a “gas condensate reservoir”.

9. 某些通常位于地层深处的高压高温气藏，在生产天然气的同时还生产相当数量的液态石油。这种液态石油并非产生于独立的油层，而是呈气态存在于地下气藏中的。气藏中的这部分天然气，在生产过程中因压力下降而凝结，成为液态即“凝析油”，这种类型的气藏就是通常说的“凝析气藏”。

the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a result of production, the gas will start to precipitate【凝结，沉淀】 the condensate partly in the reservoir and partly in the well bore. This complex phenomenon, which is the reverse【倒转，颠倒】 of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as “retrograde 【反的】co ndensation”.

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