软件工程专业的2016本科毕业的外文翻译

外文翻译

外文题目：SQLite Embedded Database System Research

and Implementation

院（系）：计算机科学与通信工程学院

专业：计算机科学与技术（软件工程方向）

班级：

姓名：

学号：

指导教师：

2016 年5 月4 日

SQLite Embedded Database System Research and Implementation

Introduction

With the wide range of embedded system applications and user data processing and management of increased demand, a variety of smart devices and database technologies work in tandem to get attention. This database not only has the main function of the traditional database, but also has embedded and mobile technology to support two characteristics, it is often used in Pocket PC, PDA, vehicle equipment, mobile phones and other embedded devices. The rise of this database technology so that people no longer subject to a single operating system restrictions, anytime, anywhere business, and impart information. Can be said that the development of embedded database to improve the universality of access to data, anytime, anywhere access to information so that people desire to become possible.

1 embedded database system architecture

embedded database and operating system, database system and

application-specific integrated to run on a variety of smart embedded devices. Compared with traditional database systems, which generally are smaller and have a strong portability and ease of use, and functionality to achieve a more complete user data management operations. However, due to resource constraints of embedded systems, it can not as a complete database to provide large volumes of

data management, and embedded devices can be placed anywhere, influenced by the environment, data reliability is low. In practice, in order to compensate for small embedded database storage capacity, reliability and low enough, usually in the back-end database on a PC configured to achieve high-capacity data storage and management. Embedded database as the front-end equipment, you need a GUI interface to achieve human-computer interaction on embedded devices and the PC through the serial port and the main data source on the exchange of data between to achieve server-side data management system, receiving the embedded terminals of the data and download data to the embedded terminal and other operations.

2、SQLite's architecture and development of technology

D ·Richard Heap SQLite is developed with a small C library implementation of a powerful embedded relational database management system. It provides support for most of the SQL92: more tables, indexes, transactions, views, triggers, and a series of user interface and driver.

2.1 SQLite Architecture

SQLite can be divided into eight major subsystems, shown in Figure 1. Top is marked processor (tokenizer) and analyzer (parser). Highly optimized analytics generator can quickly generate efficient code. The bottom is based on Knuth optimized B-tree. This page can be run on adjustable buffer (pagecache) that help to find the disk will be reduced to a minimum. Further down the page cache. Its role in the OS abstraction layer on top of such an arrangement helps to move the

database. Architecture is the core of the virtual database engine (VDBE). VDBE complete with all data related to the operation of the client and storage operations and exchange of information between the middle of the unit. It is the SQLite core. After analyzing the SQL statement is, VDBE into play. Code generator will translate into a pocket-sized tree analysis program, then these procedures are combined into a pocket-sized virtual machines with VDBE expressed in a series of language instruction. This back and forth, VDBE each instruction, the final completion of requirements specified in the query SQL statement. VDBE machine language by the database management of around 128 operation code (op-code) form. For the open table, query indexing, storage, and delete database records, and many other operations have corresponding opcode. VDBE in each instruction opcode by the one and three operand (operand) composition. Some instructions use all three operands, some instructions are not a use. It all depends on the nature of instruction. For example, Open command to open a table pointer, use all three operands: the first operand (P1) contains the ID number of pointers, the second operand (P2) that the root of the table (or tables Home position), the third operand is the name of the table.

2.2 SQLite development technology

SQLite's API is easy to use, only 3 to execute SQL and get data function. It is extensible, allowing programmers to customize the function, then callback () function sets in. Open source community has extended a number of customer interfaces, adapters, drivers, etc., which makes use of SQLite in other languages are

also possible.

Using the C language API requires only three steps. First, provide the file name and access mode, to call sqlite_open () connect to the database. Then, perform callback () function, SQLite implementation by each record callback () function to obtain from the database get results. Finally, if you want to execute a SQL query and get a callback () function pointer, you can call sqlite_exec (). You can also call

sqlite3_get_table () function to obtain the data contents of the form.

SQLite also provides access to binary large object (BLOB) method, while the thread-safe, database management, API extensions, it is also convenient to provide

a strong technical support.

3 SQLite compiled in the ARM9 development board and a copy SQLite official website at www. sqlite. org download SQLite-3.3.8 version, extract the terminal generates SQLite-3.3.8 directory. Into this directory, for sqlite / src / sqliteInt. h to make certain changes to ensure btree (B tree) have the correct variable size. Different architectures of Linux will be some differences. ARM-Linux can be found for the following components:

# ifndef INTPTR_TYPE

# if SQLITE_PTR_SZ == 4

# define INTPTR_TYPE int

# else

# define INTPTR_TYPE long long

# endif

Before the code above plus

# define SQLITE_PTR_SZ 4

So the following "typedef INTPTR_TYPE ptr;" is defined as "int" type, rather than "long long".

Modify the contents of the configure file, comment out the relevant code, let the system do not check the cross-compiler environment, or an error, can not generate the Makefile. Then create a new folder sqlite-arm-linux to save the library file will be generated, run the following command to configure:

./configure --disable-tcl

--prefix=/../sqlite-arm-linux/

--host-arm-linux

Will generate the Makefile in this directory. Modify the Makefile in the following statement, specifying the host compiler to GCC:

-#BCC = agrm-linux-gcc -g -O2

BCC = gcc -g -O2

Then you can run make & & make install commands to compile, unless otherwise error will be in /. . / Sqlite-3.3.8/sqlite-arm-linux/lib directory to generate libraries. Main libsqlite3. so, libsqlite3. so. O, libsqlite3. so. O. 8.6 three documents. At the same time in the bin folder swells into an executable file sqlite3. In order to reduce the size of the executable file, use strip to remove one of the debug command processing information.

Library file is generated, through NFS (Network File System) to the relevant library

files are copied to the ARM development board, set up the NFS server host, start the target board, run:

mount-t nfs

192.168.1.101:/../sqlite-arm-linux/mnt -o nolock

cp-arf/mnt/lib/libsqlite3.so libsqlite3.so.0. libsqlite3.so.0.8.6

/usr/sqlite/lib

cp/mnt/lib/sqlite3/usr/sqlite/bin

One NFS server 192.168.1.101 is IP, so put the folder where the sqlite library to the target board mount, with the attention-arf copy option, because libsqlite3. so and libsqlite3. so. O is linked to Iibsqlite3. so. O. 8.6.

4 embedded database system design and implementation of embedded systems,

a powerful graphical user interface to make the system more feature-rich. There are many GUI available, taking into account the licensing and pricing factors in Qt / Embedded based on the development of a database interface program to complete the design of embedded database system. Qt Qt good package mechanism allows a very high degree of modularity, reusability better. The basic structure of embedded database system shown in Figure 2.

figure 2 Embedded database system configuration diagram

By Qt's QTable form controls to display data by QListView, QC20mBobox and QTextEdit and other forms of choice for data control, data entry, data table with the PushButton control to create, delete, and data query, add, delete, modification and other operations. In this way, the basic management of database systems, and can use the serial interface and data exchange between back-end database. The system interfaces using Qt Designer to achieve the rapid development of the database and the API by calling the SQLite database interface functions to achieve the basic operation. The following brief overview of the development database interface with QtDesigner the basic methods and key code. Create a new C + + projects, on the basis of a new widget, the widget to add a Table control to display the form as a data interface. Another as needed, add PushButton control to achieve the appropriate action. In the window class, create a new slot, named SelectSlot (). Connect the relevant button signal, the key code is as follows:

void MainWindow::SelectSlot(){

sqlite3 * pDB = NULL;

char * errMsg = 0;

int rows = 0,columns = 0;

char ** selectResult；

int rc = sqlite3_open("test.db",&pDB);

//Query and returns the data table contents

rc = sqlite3_get_table(pDB,selectstr,&selectResult,&rows,&columns,&errMsg);

if(rc == SQLITE_OK){

QMessageBox::information(this,"select table","select table successful!");

tableView(char ** selectResult,int rows,int columns);

}else{

QMessageBox::information(this,"select table","select failed!");

}

sqlite3_close(pDB);

}

TableView function which is the role of the query to get the data table displayed in a Table control. Function body procedures are as follows:

void MainWindow::tableView(char ** selectResult,int rows,int columns){ maintable -> setNumRows(rows+1);

maintable -> setNumCols(columns);

for(int j=0;j

for(int k=0;k

maintable -> setText(j,k,selectResult[j*columns+k]);

}

}

Terminal into the project directory, modify the *. pro file, and add the following: Here to join the library files needed to compile the program path and sqlite. h header file. This is all ready, start the compilation.

tmake-o Makefile EDBMS. pro generated Makefile, which will build tools to

arm-linux-g + +, with cross-compile the relevant library file. Then make to compile, generate ARM development board to run in the binary file, and NFS mounted to the development board. Run. / EDBMS,, as we design the window interface. Query the contents of a table and displayed in QTable control, the main effect of the interface shown in Figure 3.

In addition, the system uses SQL Servqr. 2000 as a back-end database, using VB 6. O development, and database via ODBC connection, to achieve back-end database management, and is responsible for receiving and processing client requests. End PC and embedded devices can communicate through the serial port, to improve system functionality. In this way, a more complete embedded database system to build up.

Conclusion In this paper,

characteristics of the embedded database, based on the design of an embedded database system architecture. Combined with the characteristics of the embedded database, the use of SQLite in ARM-Linux platform to build embedded database system. On this basis, a database interface using Qt Designer to use the SQLite database API to achieve the basic operation. Finally, the back-end database

configuration and serial communication mechanism for a brief introduction, complete construction of the embedded database system.

译文

SQLite嵌入式数据库系统的研究与实现

引言

随着嵌入式系统的广泛应用及用户对数据处理和管理需求的不断提高，各种智能设备与数据库技术的紧密结合得到重视。这种数据库不仅具有传统数据库的主要功能，还具有嵌入式和支持移动技术两种特性，因此通常被用在掌上电脑、PDA、车载设备、移动电话等嵌入式设备中。这种数据库技术的兴起使人们不再受单一操作系统的限制，可以随时随地处理业务、传递信息。可以说，嵌入式数据库的发展提高了数据信息接入的普遍性，使人们随时随地获取信息的愿望成为可能。

1 嵌入式数据库系统的体系结构

嵌入式数据库将数据库系统与操作系统和具体应用集成在一起，运行在各种智能嵌入式设备上。与传统的数据库系统相比，它一般体积较小，有较强的便携性和易用性，以及较为完备的功能来实现用户对数据的管理操作。但是，由于嵌入式系统的资源限制，它无法作为一个完整的数据库来提供大容量的数据管理，而且嵌入式设备可随处放置，受环境影响较大，数据可靠性较低。在实际应用中，为了弥补嵌入式数据库存储容量小、可靠性低的不足，通常在PC机上配置后台数据库来实现大容量数据的存储和管理。嵌入式数据库作为前端设备，需要一个GUI交互界面来实现嵌入式终端上的人机交互，并通过串口实现和PC机上主数据源之间的数据交换，实现系统服务器端数据的管理，接收嵌入式终端上传的数据和下载数据到嵌入式终端机等操作。

2 SQLite的体系结构及开发技术

SQLite是D·理查德·希普开发的用一个小型C库实现的一种强有力的嵌入式关系数据库管理体制。它提供对SQL92的大多数支持：多表、索引、事务、视图、触发和一系列的用户接口及驱动。

2.1 SQLite的体系结构

SQLite可以分成8个主要子系统，如图1所示。顶层是标记处理器(tokenizer)和分析器(parser)。高度优化的分析生成器可以快速生成高效率的代码。底部是基于Knuth经过优化的B树。这样可以运行在可调整的页面缓冲(pagecache)上，有助于将对磁盘的查找减到最少。再往下是页面高速缓存。它作用在OS的抽象层之上，这样的安排有助于数据库的移动。体系结构的核心是虚拟数据库引擎(VDBE)。VDBE完成与数据操作相关的全部操作并且是客户和储存之间进行信息交换的中间单元。它是SQLite的核心。在SQL语句被分析之后，VDBE开始起作用。代码生成器将分析树翻译成一个袖珍程序，随后这些袖珍程序被组合成用VDBE虚拟机器语言表示的一系列指令。如此往复，VDBE执行每条指令，最终完成SQL语句指定的查询要求。VDBE的机器语言由围绕数据库管理的128个操作码(op—code)组成。对于打开表、查询索引、存储和删除记录以及很多其他数据库操作都有对应的操作码。VDBE里的每条指令由1个操作码和3个操作数(operand)组成。一些指令使用全部3个操作数，也有些指令一个也未使用。这完全取决于指令的性质。例如Open指令用于打开一个表的指针，使用了全部3个操作数：第1个操作数(P1)包含指针的ID号，第2个操作数(P2)指出表的根位置(或者表的首页位置)，第3个操作数是表的名字。

2.2 SQLite开发技术

SQLite的API易于使用，只需要3个用来执行SQL和获得数据的函数。它还是可扩展的，允许程序员自定义函数，然后通过callback()函数集合进去。开放源码团体已经扩展了众多的客户接口、适配器、驱动等，这就使得其他语言使用SQLite也成为可能。

使用C语言API只需要三步。首先，提供文件名和访问模式，来调用

sqlite_open()连接数据库。然后，执行callback()函数，SQLite通过对每个记录执行callback()函数获得从数据库那里得到的结果。最后，如果想执行一个

SQL查询并获得一个callback()函数的指针，可以调用sqlite_exec()。另外还可以调用sqlite3_get_table()函数获得数据表单的内容。

SQLite还提供了存取二进制大对象(BLOB)的方法，同时在线程安全、数据库管理、API的扩展等方面也都提供了强大方便的技术支持。

3 SQLite在ARM9开发板上的编译及拷贝

在SQLite官方网www．sqlite．org下载SQLite-3．3．8版本，在终端解压生成SQLite-3．3．8目录。进入此目录，对sqlite／src／sqliteInt．h 作一定的修改，以确保btree(B树)有正确的变量大小。不同体系结构的Linux 会有些差别。对于ARM-Linux可找到如下部分：

# ifndef INTPTR_TYPE

# if SQLITE_PTR_SZ == 4

# define INTPTR_TYPE int

# else

# define INTPTR_TYPE long long

# endif

在上面的代码前加上

# define SQLITE_PTR_SZ 4

这样后面的“typedef INTPTR_TYPE ptr；”就定义为“int”类型，而不是“long long”。修改configure文件的内容，注释掉相关代码，让系统不去检查交叉编译环境，否则会出现错误，不能生成Makefile文件。然后新建一个文件夹sqlite-arm-linux来保存将要生成的库文件，运行以下命令进行配置：

./configure --disable-tcl

--prefix=/../sqlite-arm-linux/

--host-arm-linux

将在本目录下生成Makefile文件。修改Makefile文件中如下语句，指定主机编译器为GCC：

-#BCC = agrm-linux-gcc -g -O2

BCC = gcc -g -O2

这时就可以运行make & & make install命令开始编译，若无其他错误提示，则会在／．．／sqlite-3．3．8／sqlite-arm-linux／lib目录下生成库文件。主要有libsqlite3．so、libsqlite3．so．O、libsqlite3．so．O．8．6三个文件。同时在bin文件夹下生成了可执行文件sqlite3。为了减小执行文件大小，用strip命令处理去掉其中的调试信息。库文件生成后，可以通过NFS(网络文件系统)把相关库文件拷贝到ARM开发板上，设置好主机NFS服务器，启动目标板后，执行：

mount-t nfs

192.168.1.101:/../sqlite-arm-linux/mnt -o nolock

cp-arf/mnt/lib/libsqlite3.so libsqlite3.so.0. libsqlite3.so.0.8.6

/usr/sqlite/lib

cp/mnt/lib/sqlite3/usr/sqlite/bin

其中192．168．1．101为NFS服务器IP，这样就把sqlite库文件所在文件夹挂载到了目标板上，拷贝时注意加上-arf选项，因为libsqlite3．so和libsqlite3．so．O是链接到libsqlite3．so．O．8．6的。

4 嵌入式数据库系统设计及实现

对嵌入式系统而言，强大的图形用户接口使系统的功能更加丰富。目前有众多的GUI可供使用，考虑到授权和价格的因素，我们在Qt／Embedded基础上进行数据库界面程序的开发，完成嵌入式数据库系统的设计。Qt良好的封装机制使Qt的模块化程度非常高，可重用性较好。嵌入式数据库系统的基本结构如图2所示。

通过Qt的QTable控件来实现数据表单的显示，通过QListView、QC20mBobox 以及QTextEdit等控件进行数据表单的选择、数据输入等，配合PushButton控件实现数据表的创建、删除和数据查询、添加、删除、修改等操作。这样，实现数据库系统的基本管理，并可利用串口实现与后台数据库之间的数据交互。本系统利用Qt Designer实现数据库界面的快速开发，并通过调用SQLite的API接口函数实现数据库的基本操作。下面简要介绍一下用QtDesigner开发数据库界面的基本方法及关键代码。新建一个C++项目，在此基础上新建一个窗口部件，在窗口部件上添加一个Table控件作为数据表单的显示界面。另根据需要，添加PushButton控件以实现相应的操作。在窗口类下新建一个槽，命名为SelectSlot()。连接相关按钮信号，关键代码如下：

void MainWindow::SelectSlot(){

sqlite3 * pDB = NULL;

char * errMsg = 0;

int rows = 0,columns = 0;

char ** selectResult；

int rc = sqlite3_open("test.db",&pDB);

//查询并返回数据表内容

rc = sqlite3_get_table(pDB,selectstr,&selectResult,&rows,&columns,&errMsg);

if(rc == SQLITE_OK){

QMessageBox::information(this,"select table","select table successful!");

tableView(char ** selectResult,int rows,int columns);

}else{

QMessageBox::information(this,"select table","select failed!");

}

sqlite3_close(pDB);

}

其中tableView函数的作用是将查询得到的数据表显示在Table控件中。函数体程序如下：

void MainWindow::tableView(char ** selectResult,int rows,int columns){

maintable -> setNumRows(rows+1);

maintable -> setNumCols(columns);

for(int j=0;j

for(int k=0;k

maintable -> setText(j,k,selectResult[j*columns+k]);

}

}

终端下进入工程目录，修改*.pro文件，并添加如下内容：

这里加入了编译程序所需库文件的路径以及sqlite．h头文件的路径。这一切做好后，开始编译。tmake-o Makefile EDBMS．pro生成Makefie，将其中的编译工具改为arm-linux-g++，加上交叉编译的相关库文件。然后make编译，生成能在ARM开发板上运行的二进制文件，并且通过NFS挂载到开发板上。运行．／EDBMS，会出现我们设计的窗口界面。查询一个数据表的内容并显示在QTable 控件上，主界面效果如图3所示。

另外，系统运用SQL Servqr。2000作为后台数据库，用VB 6．O开发，通过ODBC与数据库连接，实现后台数据库管理，并负责接收和处理客户端请求。PC机与嵌入设备端则可以通过串口进行通信，以完善系统功能。这样，一个较为完备的嵌入式数据库系统就构建起来了。

结语

本文在对嵌入式数据库特性研究的基础上，设计出一种嵌入式数据库系统的体系结构。结合嵌入式数据库的特点，运用SQLite在ARM-Linux平台上构建嵌入式数据库系统。在此基础上利用Qt设计了数据库界面，使用SQLite的API 实现数据库的基本操作。最后对后台数据库的配置及串口通信机制做了简要介绍，完成了整个嵌入式数据库系统的构建。

软件开发概念和设计方法大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14

外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the

英文文献及中文翻译

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程

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本科毕业设计方案外文翻译范本

I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]

基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也

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外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华

外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文

应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

外文翻译---硬件软件的设计和开发过程知识讲解

附录 一、英文原文 Hardware/Software Design and Development Process Everett Lumpkin and Michael Gabrick Delphi Corporation, Electronics and Safety Division INTRODUCTION Process and technology advancements in the semiconductor industry have helped to revolutionize automotive and consumer electronics. As Moore’s Law predicted, the increase in complexity and operating frequencies of today’s integrated circuits have enabled the creation of system applications once thought to be impossible. And systems such as camera cell phones, automotive infotainment systems, advanced powertrain controllers and handheld personal computers have been realized as a result. In addition to the increases in process technology, the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) industry has helped to transform the way semiconductor integrated circuits (IC) and subsequent software applications are designed and verified. This transformation has occurred in the form of design abstraction, where the implementation continues to be performed at higher levels through the innovation of design automation tools. An example of this trend is the evolution of software development from the early days of machine-level programming to the C++ and Java software written today. The creation of the assembler allowed the programmer to move a level above machine language, which increased the efficiency of code generation and documentation, but still tied the programmer to the underlying hardware architecture. Likewise, the dawn of C / C++ compilers, debuggers and linkers helped to move the abstraction layer further away from the underlying hardware, making the software completely platform independent, easier to read, easier to debug and more efficient to manage. However, a shift to higher levels of software abstraction has not translated to a reduction in complexity or human resources. On the contrary, as integrated systems have become more feature rich, the complexity of the operating system and corresponding applications have increased rapidly, as have the costs associated with the software implementation and verification activities. Certainly the advancements in embedded software tools such as static code checkers, debuggers and hardware emulators have helped to solve some of the software verification problems, but software verification activities have become more time and resource consuming than the actual software creation. Time-to-market constraints have pushed software verification activities to the system-level, and led to a greater demand for production hardware to be made available earlier in

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本科毕业设计外文翻译

Section 3 Design philosophy, design method and earth pressures 3.1 Design philosophy 3.1.1 General The design of earth retaining structures requires consideration of the interaction between the ground and the structure. It requires the performance of two sets of calculations: 1）a set of equilibrium calculations to determine the overall proportions and the geometry of the structure necessary to achieve equilibrium under the relevant earth pressures and forces; 2）structural design calculations to determine the size and properties of thestructural sections necessary to resist the bending moments and shear forces determined from the equilibrium calculations. Both sets of calculations are carried out for specific design situations (see 3.2.2) in accordance with the principles of limit state design. The selected design situations should be sufficiently Severe and varied so as to encompass all reasonable conditions which can be foreseen during the period of construction and the life of the retaining wall. 3.1.2 Limit state design This code of practice adopts the philosophy of limit state design. This philosophy does not impose upon the designer any special requirements as to the manner in which the safety and stability of the retaining wall may be achieved, whether by overall factors of safety, or partial factors of safety, or by other measures. Limit states (see 1.3.13) are classified into: a) ultimate limit states (see 3.1.3); b) serviceability limit states (see 3.1.4). Typical ultimate limit states are depicted in figure 3. Rupture states which are reached before collapse occurs are, for simplicity, also classified and

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

软件开发外文翻译

软件开发外文翻译本页仅作为文档页封面，使用时可以删除 This document is for reference only-rar21year.March

Requirements Phase The chances of a product being developed on time and within budget are somewhat slim unless the members of the software development team agree on what the software product will do. The first step in achieving this unanimity is to analyze the client’s current situation as precisely as possible. For example, it is inadequate to say, “ They need a computer-aided design system because they claim their manual design system, there is lousy. “ Unless the development team knows exactly what is wrong with the current manual system, there is a high probability that aspects of the new computerized system will be equally “lousy. “ Similarly, if a personal computer manufacturer is contemplating development of a new operating system, the first step is to evaluate the firm’s current operating system and analyze carefully exactly why it is unsatisfactory. To take an extreme example, it is vital to know whether the problem exists only in the mind of the sales manager, who blames the operating system for poor sales, or whether users of the operating system are thoroughly disenchanted with its functionality and reliability. Only after a clear picture of the present situation has been gained can the team attempt to answer the critical question, What must the new product be able to do The process of answering this question is carried out during the requirements phase. A commonly held misconception is that , during the requirements phase, the developers must determine what software the client wants. On the contrary, the real objective of the requirements phase is to determine what software the client needs. The problem is that many clients do not know what they need. Furthermore, even a client who has a good idea of what is needed may have difficulty in accurately conveying these ideas to the developers, because most clients are less computer literate than the members of the development team.

软件工程论文参考文献

软件工程论文参考文献 [1] 杜献峰 . 基于三层 B/S 结构的档案管理系统开发 [J]. 中原工学院学报，2009:19-25 [2]林鹏，李田养. 数字档案馆电子文件接收管理系统研究及建设[J].兰台世界，2008:23-25 [3]汤星群.基于数字档案馆建设的两点思考[J].档案时空，2005:23-28 [4]张华丽.基于 J2EE 的档案管理系统设计与实现[J].现代商贸工业. 2010:14-17 [5] 纪新.转型期大型企业集团档案管理模式研究[D].天津师范大学，2008：46-57. [6] 周玉玲.纸质与电子档案共存及网络环境电子档案管理模式[J].中国科技博览，2009：44-46. [7] 张寅玮.甘肃省电子档案管理研究[D]. 兰州大学，2011:30-42 [8] 惠宏伟.面向数字化校园的档案信息管理系统的研究与实现[D]. 电子科技大学，2006:19-33 [9] 刘冬立.基于 Web 的企业档案管理系统的设计与实现[D].同济大学，2007:14-23 [10]钟瑛.浅议电子文件管理系统的功能要素[J]. 档案学通讯，2006:11-20 [11] 刘洪峰，陈江波.网络开发技术大全[M].人民邮电出版社，2005：119-143. [12] 程成，陈霞.软件工程[M].机械工业出版社，2003：46-80. [13] 舒红平.Web 数据库编程-Java[M].西安电子科技大学出版社，2005：97-143. [14] 徐拥军.从档案收集到知识积累[M].是由工业出版社，2008：6-24. [15]Gary P Johnston，David V. Bowen.he benefits of electronic recordsmanagement systems: a general review of published and some unpublishedcases. RecordsManagement Journal，2005:44-52 [16]Keith Gregory.Implementing an electronic records management system: Apublic sector case study. Records Management Journal，2005:17-21 [17]Duranti Luciana.Concepts，Principles，and Methods for the Management of Electronic RecordsR[J].Information Society，2001：57-60.

毕业设计外文翻译-中文版

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期

摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程

1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。