【文学课件】美国文学史及选读

备课本

教研室：文学教研室

课程名称：美国文学史及选读

任课教师：陈倩

德州学院外语系

美国文学史及选读

课程的教育目标：

通过教学,使学生掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色，具备一定的分析鉴赏英语文学作品的能力,帮助培养学生的英语思维能力,提高英语整体水平。

课程的基本要求：

要求学生有目的、较系统地了解和掌握美国文学的发展史及各阶段具有代表性的主要作家及其作品的主要特色。

课程的重点与难点：

对具有代表性的作家的评价，对著名的美国小说和诗歌的分析、鉴赏及评价。主要参考书目

《美国文学简史》（第二版）常耀信南开大学出版社2004

《美国文学选读》李宜燮南开大学出版社2000

《牛津文学术语辞典》上海外语教育出版社2000

《美国文学大纲》吴定柏上海外语教育出版社1998

Introduction

1.教学的目的和要求：简述美国文学史，包括美国文学史的5个主要阶段，每个阶段的起止时间，主要特点及代表作家，要求学生了解美国文学史概况

2.教学重点：美国文学史的五个阶段及起止时间

3.教学难点：各个阶段的主要特点

4.教学内容

Am literature is one lf the youngest national literature in the world. It became a colony of Britain in the early 17th century. And the American Independence War stretched from 1776 to 1783. The short history can be divided into several stages:

? 1.the colonial period

?It stretched roughly from the settlement of Am in the early 17th C through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607.(A group of people was sent by the English king James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607.They named the James River and build the James town.) Here the major topic will be about Am Puritanism .

? 2.the Romantic Period

?It covers the first half of the 19th C, which is a period following the national political independence. Around 1840s arose the culmination of the Romantic

Period---New England Transcendentalism(1836-1855) .

? 3.the Age of Realism

?It was after the civil war (1861-1865) till the end of the 19th century, covering the latter half of the 19th C. The civil war brought the Romantic period to an end.

4.Naturalism(the last decade of the 19th c)

?In the last decade of the 19thc, the age of naturalism came into being. Naturalists saw man’s life as governed by two forces---- heredity & environment.

5.Modernism

?In the decade of the 1920s,there came the age of modernism. (here are many eminent writers in this period, such as T.S Eliot, Earnest Hemingway, William Faulkner, etc.)

6.思考题：简介美国文学史

Chapter I Literature of Colonial America

1.教学的目的和要求：介绍对美国文学及美国文化影响重大的清教主义，要求学生理解清教主义的教义，掌握清教主义对美国文学的影响，，殖民时代的主要作家及启蒙时代的特点

2.教学重点：清教主义对美国文学的影响

3.教学难点：清教主义的教义，爱德华兹和富兰克林各自的哲学思想

4.教学内容

?I American Puritanism

1.origin of Puritan

In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th C, the English King Henry VIII(At that time ,the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope’s permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn’t bear him a son. But the Pope didn’t allow him to divorce because his wife is the Pope’s niece. Henry VIII became very dissatisfied with the Pope, so he )broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of England. But there was no radical difference between the doctrines of the

Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans…

Of course they had different religious belief from that of the Catholic Church.

2.Puritanism---based on Calvinism

?1)predestination: God’s elect

Puritans believed they are predestined before they were born.

Nothing or no good work can change their fate.

They believed the success of one’s business is the sign to show he is the God’s elect. So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for the future business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.

?2)original sin and total depravity

Man is born sinful. This determine some puritans pessimisitic attitude toward life. ?3)limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)

?4)theocracy

They combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one. ?(The Puritans established Am tradition---intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.

Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment.

Puritannism & Confucianism

Confucianism (修身齐家治国平天下) )

3.Influence on Am literature

?1)its optimism

American literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage. It can be said American literature is bases on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.(Adam and Eve used to live a carefree life in the Garden of Eden. lured by the snake, they ate

the Forbidden Fruit in the apple tree. A peice of apple choked in Adam’s throat , then came Adam’s apple. After knowing the truth, God became very angry and drove them all out of the Garden of Eden. The snake used to walk like man but after that the God force him to crawl. Then man was forced to suffer the labor to keep the whole family and Woman was forced to suffer the agony of baby bearing.) After that, man have an illusion to restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believeing that God must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise , to build the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strong sense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism. The optimistic Puritans has exerted a great influence on American literature,

?2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism

II Colonial Literature

American colonial literature is neither real literature nor American

why?

1.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc. personal literature in various forms

2.Colonial Literature is mainly English literature tradition imitated & transplanted. Anne Bradstreet

Edward Taylor

They can be called servants of God. Their writings served either God or colonial expansion.

Some other colonial writers wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some wrote for America shaking off the fetters of the savage British colonial rule.

Roger Williams

John Woolman

Thomas Paine

One of most important American prose writers of the 18th Century. He wrote a number of revolutionary works to attack British colonial rule. 1776, he wrote ―Common Sense‖, which greatly encouraged the painfully fighting people.

After the war, he participated in the French Revolution and wrote

―The Rights of Man‖ and ―The Age of Reason‖ to spread the ideals of the French revolution among the people.

Philip Freneau

He is the most important poet of the 18th Century, a notable representative of dawning nationalism in American literature.―The Rising Gl ory of America‖ is a good example.

He is the transitional role b/w the neoclassism of the 18th C and the Romanticism of the 19th C. This is clearly manifested in his ―The Indian burying Ground‖ and ―The Wild Honey Suckle‖

III Edwards and Franklin—two representatives of the age of Enlightenment

(of the 18th Century)

?(The 18th C Am history witnessed two great revolutions: one was Am Independence

War, the other was Enlightenment. Enlightenment was several decades earlier than the Revolution, and it helped paved the path for the Independence war in people’s war. (P.28))

i.Background: the age of Enlightenment

?Toward the latter part of the 17th century, with Newton’s laws of motion and the idea of gravity, a completely new view of the universe came into being. In the minds of some thinking people, the universe became something mechanical subject to certain physical laws instead of to the supervision of God. This brought about a whole set of new ideas, among which was deism（自然神论）。Deists believe God is indeed the creator of the world, but He has left it to operate according to natural law. Thus the best way to worship God is to study the natural world and human world. Many people speak for this idea, such as Voltaire in France, Alexander Pope in England. The idea of order became the watchword of the day. All these ideas also had great influence in America. Thus 18th century America experienced an age of Enlightenment, of reason, of order with Franklin as its spokesman.

Though Newton’s idea was very influential over the minds of the people in the 18th century, the Calvinist position did not seem to be dead, The old idea is in collision with the new idea. The best testimony was ―The Great Awakening‖. It is in fact a series of religious revivals in the 1730s & 1740s, which aims to bring new feeling and strength into religion. Jonathan Edwards played an important role in this movement.

ii. .Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin

See the commentary on P27 in the text book.

Edwards represents religious idealism of Am Puritanism, while Franklin represents levelheaded common sense of Am

1.Jonathan Edwards(1703-1758)

He was born into a very religious New England family. He tried to reassert the Calvinist idea. He was in part instrumental in bringing about the ―Great Awakening‖movement. After this movement, He wrote many great works,see text book P29.

―Personal Narrative‖

He discovered a dynamic world filled with the presence of God. He holds that God manifests Himself in nature and man, and man, being a part of God, is also divine. Everything in the physical world is an image of the divine. We can say he anticipated the symbolism of the 19th century Transcendentalism. The mystical implications of his Puritans idealism was to be developed by Emerson in the next century.

2. Benjamin Franklin

Like Edwards, he also came from a Puritan family. They stood on the opposite ends of one spectrum.( They are Antagonists. )

He made many inventions . His public career was also very influential in America. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the republic. As the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment , he brought the colonial age to an end.

― Poor Richard’s Almanac‖ (adages)

―Autobiography‖

.6.思考题：清教主义对美国文学有什么影响

爱德华兹和富兰克林各自的哲学思想是什么

?

?Chapter 2 Am Romanticism

1.教学的目的和要求：介绍浪漫主义及美国浪漫主义的定义，要求学生掌握美国

浪漫主义的产生背景及特点，及两位前期浪漫主义作家

2.教学重点：浪漫主义及美国浪漫主义的定义及特点

3.教学难点：浪漫主义的主要作品

4.教学内容

i.(As a literary trend, Romanticism appeared in Europe and Am at the turn of the

18th C & the 19th C.. In 1798, the English poets Wordsworth and Coleridge

published a volume of poems Lyrical Ballads. This usually marked the

beginning of Romanticism. It was the reaction from the formal orthodox of the

past in fields such as literature, art, etc. )

Romanticism: a sweeping but indispensable modern term applied to the profound shift in Western attitudes to art and human creativity that dominated much of European culture in the first half of the 19th C, and that has shaped most subsequent developments in literature ---even those reacting against it. Its chief emphasis was upon freedom of individual self-: sincerity, spontaneity, and originality became the new standards in literature, replacing the decorous imitation of classical models favoured by 18th C neoclassicism. Rejecting the ordered rationality of the Enlightenment as mechanical, impersonal, and artificial, the Romantics turned to the emotional directness of personal experience and to the boundlessness of individual imagination and aspiration. The restrained balance valued in 18th C was abandoned in favour of emotional intensity, often taken to extremes of rapture, nostalgia, horror, melancholy, or sentimentality. Some-but not all---Romantic writers cultivated the appeal of the exotic , the bizarre, or the macabre; almost all showed a new interest in the irrational realms of dream and delirium or of folk superstition and legend.

ii.American Romanticism---from the end of 18th C through the outbreak of the Civil War

1.Background

1)native factors:

?It is a period following Am independence In this period, .democracy and political equality became the ideals of the new nation. America was in an economic boom. There is a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people. The spirit of the time is, in some measure, responsible for the outburst of romantic feeling.

2)foreign influence

?Romanticism emerged in England from 1798 to 1832. It added impetus to the growth of Romanticism in Am. In England the general features of the works of the romantics is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. British Romanticism inspired the American imagination. Thus American Romanticism was in a way derivative.

2.its distinct feature

1)it was in essence the expression of a real new experience

?For example, the Am national experience of western expansion was a rich fund of

material for Am writers. They were quite responsive to the stimulus which Am life offered. The authors described both the frontier & the Indian life.

2) Am Puritanism served as a cultural heritage in Am literature

?Am moral values were essentially Puritan. Its influence over am Roman was quite noticeable. Many Am Ro writers tended to moralize more than their European brothers. Am authors were careful in approaching some subjects, such as true love, sex and love.

3) Am new ideals were strong enough to inspire Romantic spirit

?Am is a newly independent nation from the colonial rule. There’re many new ideals. Its ideals of individualism, political equality and Am dream were distinctly American.

4).both imitative & independent

?As a logical result of the foreign and native factors, Am Ro was both imitative & independent. There were writers who model their works upon the English neoclassical authors…From other writers we can see a vigorous literary independence is emerging. They called for the creation of a native American culture.

Washington Irving

(Irving modeled himself on Goldsmith so that he is at times known as ―the American Goldsmith‖)

His contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one. He did a number of things that have been regarded as the first of their kind in America. “A History of New York”

Under the name of Diedrich Knickerbocker

?“The Sketch Book”:-

1.Rip Van Winkle

This short story are based on German folk tales, but Irving changed the setting of the original to the native Hudson river valley.

2.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

Ichabod crane—shrewd, credulous, self-assertive, coward, commercial

Bom bones---rough, vigorous,inwardly good

They are rivals in love.They assumes the dimensions of two ethical groupslocked in a kind of historical conest.

James Fenimore Cooper---the Am Scott

?He invented a new genre of Am lite---the historical novel in a similar way with Walter Scott

―Leatherstocking Tales‖

The five novels of the tales: The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans,The Prairie, The Pathfinder, TheDeerslayer

1.the historical significance of the five tales

2.the important theme of the The Pioneers

6.思考题：美国浪漫主义有什么特点

清教主义对美国浪漫主义有什么影响

?Chapter 3 New England Transcendentalism

(1836-1855)

1.教学的目的和要求：介绍美国超验主义，要求学生理解超验主义产生的背景，掌握超验主义的特点及两位超验主义哲学家

3.教学重点：超验主义的特点

3.教学难点：清教主义对超验主义的影响

4.教学内容

?I Introduction

Emerson’s Nature(1836) pushed Am Ro to a new phase---New England Transcendentalism. It’s the summit of Am Romanticism.

1.Background

2.major features

?1)emphasis on Spirit or the Oversoul

?2)the importance of the individual

?3)nature as symbolic of the Spirit of God

3.The essence of New England Transcendentalism---a product of the combination of foreign influences & native Puritan tradition

?1)foreign influence

?2)puritan tradition

New England Transcendentalism was, in actuality, Romanticism on the Puritan soil. (Comment :

?Tr anscendentalist believed instinct or intuition is the deepest level of man’s soul. They tried to find truth through feeling, rather than through logic. So they write not in a logical way. We can say they formed a movement of feelings & beliefs rather than a system of philosophy.)

?II Leading writers

Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)

?Nature

?―self-Reliance‖---―To be great is to be misunderstood‖

?―The American Scholar‖---America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence (Emerson’s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on democratic individualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society.)

Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)

( He is Emerson’s junior by some 14 years. In 1845, he bulid a cabin on Walden Pond and moved in on July 4, illustrating his desire to be independent and find truth for himdelf. He wanted to move away from the rudh of American social life which was getting more and more materialistic—oriented.)

?Waldon----or Life in the Woods

?―Civil disobedience‖

Though he lived in Walden Pond for over two years. He was by no means an ―escapist‖. He didn’t like the way materialistic America was developing. He hated human injustice. He refused to pay a poll—tax for US war to Vietnamese to American government which he thought unjust. For this he was detained for a night in jail. This incident inspired him to write this famous essay, which advocated passive resistence to unjust laws of society.

Its influence:

1.After WWI in India, Gandhi employed this essay to support his anti—British passive resistance.

2.In 1960s in America, Martin Luther King based his strategy of the non—violent Civil Rights Movement on the same essay.

3.Also in 1960s in the Anti-War Movement, American students fight against US war to Vietanam. They organize their movement as ―Civil disobedience‖

6.思考题：清教主义对美国超验主义有什么影响

Chapter 4 Post-Romantic Writers

1.教学的目的和要求：主要介绍后浪漫主义诗人与小说家，要求学生

理解惠特曼与狄金森的主要诗作，掌握霍桑与麦尔维尔的作品及写作

特点，了解爱伦坡

2.教学重点：主要后浪漫主义作家的作品及写作特点

3.教学难点：惠特曼与狄金森的主要诗作

4.教学内容：

Walt Whitman

1)life experience

He was brought up in a working class family on Long Island, NY. With little schooling, he read a lot and did a number of different jobs. In 1848, he travelled to New Orleans and saw very much of the Mississippi heartlands. This trip laid a solid foundation for his awakening as poet. The first edition of ―Leaves of Grass‖in 1855 changed Whitman from a conventional man of letters into one of America’s most original poets. This edition attracted little attention from literary circles. Only Emerson responded enthusiastically. His appreciation encouraged Whitman to continue his career. ―Leaves of Grass‖went through 9 editions altogether, containing all of his 400-odd poems.

2)innovations in technique

? a. parallelism(平行结构)

? b. phonetic recurrence

? c. free verse, abandoning traditional iambic pentameter

(诗行长短不一，不押韵，不以传统格律为顿挫单位，而是以短句、短语为顿挫单位。)

(iambic pentameter:

Pasture

I’m gong out to clear the pasture spring;

I’ll only stop to rake the leaves away)

Song of Myself

Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)

She was born into a Calvinist(加尔文教的) family. Calvinism with its doctrine of predestination and its pessimism pressured her and colored her work so that her basic tone was tragic. The largest portion of her poetry concerns death and immortality.

She settled down to a New England village life and remained single all her life. Throughout her life she just lived quietly .

She wrote altogether 1775 poems, of which only 7 appeared in print in her lifetime. Her family members even didn’t know she had written so many poems. Before her death, she gave all her manuscript to her sister and asked her to burn it up. But after her sister reading the poems, she didn’t have the heart to burn it up. In this way Dickinson’s poems were handed down.

When Dickinson wrote her poems, she didn’t add any titles. She wrote them spontaneously. When editors got them published after her death, they chose the first line of the poem as its title, just as we see in each poem.

Wild Nights－Wild Nights

Wild Nights－Wild Nights

Were I with thee

Wild nights should be

Our Luxury!

Notes: wild--stormy, thee--you

It’s a stormy night. If I can stay with you, I would consider stormy nights as our enjoyments!

It is clear to us that the speaker is talking about his lover. If only he can stay with her, he will enjoy a stormy night instead of disliking it. We can see how intense his love, how strong his desire to stay with his lover.

Futile －the Winds－

To a Heart in port

Done with the Compass－

Done with the chart!

Notes: compass--an instrument for finding directions

Chart--a detailed map of the sea

Our staying together gives us enough sense of security, just as a ship in port. No matter how strong the winds are, we’ll not be frightened or harmed. It’s obvious that a ship in port needn’t the help of a compass or a chart. S imilarly, if we can stay together, we’ll want nothing else. To stay together is our ultimate wish. From this analogy the readers can see how satisfied and blissful the speaker is to be with his lover.

Rowing in Eden－

Ah, the sea!

Might I but moor

Tonight－in thee!

Notes: moor--anchor, to attach a boat, ship etc to a land with a rope.

To me, our staying together is just like rowing in the Garden of Eden. To stay with you make me feel that I am living in Paradise.(a very care-free, relaxed, happy life) I regard you as the sea and I as the boat. I wish I can anchor the boat in the seaport. How I want to stay with you tonight!

译文：狂风夜，暴雨夜

狂风夜，暴雨夜！

如果你我在一起，

狂风暴雨夜，该是

我们的洞天福地！

风儿再吹也徒劳，

因为心进了港口—

已不再需要罗盘，

已不再需要航图。

荡桨在伊甸园中—

啊，这一片海洋！

今晚哪，但愿我—

停泊进你的海港！

In this poem love is expressed in an unabashed manner. The two lovers coalesce into wild consummated love.

(We can see the way Dickinson wrote about love is quite original. She never imitated others.)

Apparently with No Surprise

Apparently with no surprise

To any happy Flower

The Frost beheads it at its play－

In accidental power－

The blonde Assassin passes on－

The sun proceeds unmoved

To measure off another Day

For an Approving God

Notes: apparently--obviously

with no surprise—not suddenly, (expectedly)

What has happened isn’t a surprise (isn’t unexpected) to any happy flower. behead—clutch, choke;

accidental—happening by chance, not planned (not intentional)

blonde—white; assassin—killer; pass on—continue;

The white killer continues without being stopped.

The sun proceeds unmoved: The sun is apathetic and pays no attention to the murder. We know the rise and fall of sun marks a day. The sun pays no attention to the murder of the Frost and goes on with his routine life to measure off another day.

And what about God? God even approves this murder. In most people’s mind, God is benevolent. He is the savior. But here He is so indifferent to such a cruel murder .

The phrase ―happy flower‖ and the word ―behead‖ present a sharp contrast, which produces a sense of horror.

There is a special tone in this poem:

The happy flower was clutched when it was playing. Is it expected? Or is it a surprise? The following words: Apparently with no surprise, assassin, happy, unmoved, approving, etc. convey a sense of derision.

The theme of the poem:

The frost murders a flower by chance while the sun and God look on. This poem reveals the cold indifference of nature. We know in some of her poems Dickinson presents a gaily, benevolent nature.(eg: I’ll tell you how the sun rose) Here the benevolent nature becomes a cold one. W e can see that in Dickinson’s eyes nature is both benevolent and cruel.

The Brain—Is Wider than the Sky

The first stanza: The sky is usu seen as the most broad on the earth. Here spirit contains the sky easily with you by the side. ―you‖ may refer to the individual. The last line probably implies that spirit and the individual are both very important. Spirit is the chief element of the universe while the individual is the most important element of society.

The 2nd stanza: The sea is usu seen as the deepest on the earth. Here spirit can absorb all the water in the sea. It has a greater capacity than the sea.

The 3rd stanza: Nobody can tell the weight of God. The difference between the weight of God and the weight of spirit is just as the difference between syllable and sound. We know sound includes syllable. It also includes phonemes, etc. Spirit has nearly the same weight as God. God is divine, is supreme. Here spirit occupies nearly the same high position with God.

What’s the theme of the poem? It obviously reveals the sovereignty of spirit.

How does this poem reflect the Transcendentalist idea concerning spirit?

(The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The Oversoul was omnipresent and omnipotent. It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe. Spirit is not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. This poem reflects the deep influence of Transcendentalism upon Emerson.)

Before we read her poetry, let’s see some techniques of English prosody which are frequently employed in her poetry.

alliteration: 头韵，诗句中相邻的词以相同的字母或声韵开头

In the lines two or more adjacent words begin with the same letter or phoneme.

eg: The fair breeze blew. The sun sank slowly.

assonance: 元音(叠)韵，相同或相似的元音在诗行中反复出现

The same or similar vowel recurs in the lines.

eg: The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.

consonance: 辅音韵，两个或两个以上的词的词尾辅音相同

The same consonant recurs at the end of two or more words.

eg: dash—dish burn—born

I Like To See It Lap the Miles

What does the title indicate?

In Dickinson’s time, capitalism was developing at a rapid speed in America. A testimony was that railroads were being constructed rapidly throughout the country. The poem describes the gigantic train running with great strength and momentum along the newly-built railroad. This poem describes the train runs over the hill, across the valleys at prodigious step.

Stanza 1:

I like to see it lap the Miles—

And lick the Valley s up－

And stop to feed itself at Tanks－

And then—prodigious step

the techniques in the stanza:

1.like mile The same vowel recurs (assonance)

2.like lap lick Three words begin with the same letter. (alliteration)

3.like lick the same consonant recurs at the end of two words. (consonance)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d85956529.html,p valley The same vowel recurs (assonance)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/d85956529.html,p up stop step (consonance)

lap, lick—Its literal meaning : the animals’eating or drinking something with the quick movements of the tongue. Here the words have metaphorical meaning. They describes that the train is running on the railroad that is extending on the land.

----I like to see the train running on the newly-built railroad that is extending both in the open field and across the valley.

feed itself—be refueled

prodigious---gigantic

prodigious step--- at a very high speed

-----After being refueled from the oil tanks, the train continues its journey at a high speed.

stanza 2:

Around a Pile of Mountains－

And supercilious peer

In shanties－by the sides of Roads－

And then a Quarry pare

the techniques in the stanza:

around mountain the same vowel recurs (assonance)

pile by side (assonance)

peer pare (assonance)

This stanza describes the train running over the mountains.

supercilious: overweening, 傲慢的

peer: gaze

shanty: hut, cabin

(Compared with the crude shanty by the roadside, the train is a giant. The word “supercilious”vividly presents the sharp contrast between the gigantic train & the insignificant shanty)

quarry: 采石场

pare: reduce the size or amount （of sth）

Now the train is running across a quarry. The railway is built on the quarry and occupies part of a quarry. With the contrast of the extending railway and the gigantic train, the quarry looks much smaller.

Stanza 3:

To fit it’s sides

And crawl between

Complaining all the while

In horrid-hooting stanza－

Then－chase itself down Hill－

And neigh like Boanerges

Then－prompter than a Star

Stop－docile and omnipoten t

At it’s own stable door－

the techniques in this stanza

1.horrid, hooting two adjacent words begin with the same letter

(alliteration)

2.chase, hill, neigh, Boanerges, docile, own

The similar vowel recurs in the words.

(assonance)

2.prompter, stop, , omnipotent , door (assonance)

1.star, stop, stable (alliteration)

1.docile, door (alliteration)

The first four lines show that the train is travelling around the mountains. It seems that the train is adjusting itself to the narrow road around the mountains. The rumbling of the train sounds like its complaints about the narrowness of the road around the mountains.

horrid: fearful

hooting: the sirenof the train (汽笛)

“horrid-hooting”means that siren of the train is thunderous 汽笛声震耳欲聋stanza: Originally it means a subsection in a poem. Here it means the train hoots from time to time.

The train hoots thunderously from time to time while rumbling all the way.

From line five we can see the train is running down the hill.

neigh: (verb) (of a horse) utters long high sound

Boanerges: These are two biblical figures----sons of thunder雷神的两个儿子

Now the train is thundering down the hill..

promt: punctual ,

---stars usually appear in the sky at a regular time.

--- The train stops and arrives at the destination at the due time

docile: easy to control

omnipotent: able to do anything

When the train stops, it is still very powerful though it looks tamed.

stop－docile and omnipotent

These three words are put together. The similar accented phoneme ( ) appear in the three words. Following this very sound, more unaccented syllables appear in the latter words than the former words. 后面的词的弱读音节越来越长So the latter words cost more time to utter than the preceding words. This approximates the process that the train gradually lower its speed and stops finally. The rumbling of the train is becoming lower and lower and sounds both docile and forceful. 发出既驯服又有力的声音

This poem consists of only one sentence---

“I like to see it…”is the main body. Following this, there appear many verbs.: lap, lick, stop, peer, crawl, chase, neigh, stop. They are the complement(补语) of ―it‖.

The poet employs various techniques of English prosody to add to the musical beauty of the poem. What’s more, the poet tries her best to make the sound of the lines effectively approximates the sound of the train, which makes the readers feel present on the scene.

the message of the poem :

This poem presents the grandness of the running train. The words: prodigious, supercilious, Boanerges, omnipotent‖all help produce an imposing sense. In the 19th century, the railway was considered as a sign of the rapidly developing material civilization in America. This poem shows Dickinson’s joyfulness at the rapidly developing America and her optimism and hope toward the future of America.

Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant

Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant

Success in the Circuit lies

Too bright for our infirm Delight

The Truth’s superb surprise

As Lightning to the Children eased

With explanation kind

The Truth must dazzle gradually

Or every man be blind－

slant: indirectly

Line 1: Tell the truth indirectly.

Line 2-3: Here is a comparison between truth and success.

Success is not easy to attain. One has to stand the test of many difficulties in order to succeed.

infirm: frail

delight: great pleasure

-----Usually, if we acquire something after overcoming great difficulty, we’ll feel very proud of ourselves and we’ll be very pleased with what we have acquired. But if we succeed easily, usually we’ll not become so pleased. People may not cherish what has been acquired easily. In this sense we can say---our delight is infirm, frail

Line 4, 5:

Now truth is being compared with lightning

superb: the utmost

If the truth is revealed suddenly, it will give people great surprise.

children eased---the relaxed children

---Lightening is very fearful to children, esp to the relaxed children. If the truth is revealed suddenly, people will feel extremely surprised, just as lightening to the relaxed children. It’s not easy for people to accept the truth if it is revealed suddenly.

Line 6-8:

kind explanation: patient ,careful explanation

dazzle: daze. (so bright that you can’t see for a while)

In the preceding lines, there is comparison between truth and ―lightening‖ . Here ―dazzle‖ is used to echo ―lightening‖. .

dazzle(line 7)----lightening(line 5)

blind: its literal meaning is ―dazingly‖

——Lightening can make people dazzled. The same is with the truth. The truth should be explained patiently to people and let them gradually accept it. Otherwise they will feel too surprised to believe the truth. Of course it’s difficult to persuade them to accept it.

The message of the poem:

In fact the poem talks about poetry writing. Poem should be treated metaphorically. (诗歌创作应当运用婉转的手法) For example, poets can employ

metaphor, symbols etc. to help express message indirectly. By the employing of metaphor and symbols,the readers may not feel too surprised at th poet’s ideas.

The Brain—Is Wider than the Sky

The first stanza: The sky is usu seen as the most broad on the earth. Here spirit contains the sky easily with you by the side. ―you‖ may refer to the individual. The last line probably implies that spirit and the individual are both very important. Spirit is the chief element of the universe while the individual is the most important element of society.

The 2nd stanza: The sea is usu seen as the deepest on the earth. Here spirit can absorb all the water in the sea. It has a greater capacity than the sea.

The 3rd stanza: Nobody can tell the weight of God. The difference between the weight of God and the weight of spirit is just as the difference between syllable and sound. We know sound includes syllable. It also includes phonemes, etc. Spirit has nearly the same weight as God. God is divine, is supreme. Here spirit occupies nearly the same high position with God.

What’s the theme of the poem? It obviously reveals the sovereignty of spirit.

How does the poem reflect the Transcendentalist idea concerning spirit?

(The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The Oversoul was omnipresent and omnipotent. It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chief element of the universe. Spirit is not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. This poem reflects the deep influence of Transcendentalism upon Emerson.)

Dickinson has the following writing features:

1.She is original, never imitating others.

soul.

2.She saw nature as both benevolent and cruel.

3. She held warm response to the expansion of America.

4.She thought poem should be treated metaphorically.

5. Influenced by New England Transcendentalism, she believed in the sovereignty of the soul.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

One of his ancestors used to be a colonial magistrate, another was a Puritan judge. They are notorious for the persecution of the heretics. Young Hawthorne was intensely aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors. This awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life.

his works:

Twice-Told Tales

Mosses from an Old Manse

The Scarlet Letter

The House of the Seven Gables

The Blithedale Romance

The Marble Faun

His writing style (including writing technique)

1)His works centered around evils.

2)History furnished his imagination, enabled him to dream strange things, and make his tales look like truth.

3)He employed romance because he thought it the predestined form of Am narrative. By the use of romance, he could reveal reality and satirize it but not to offend the Puritan taste.

4) He frequently employed symbols.

5) He employed the technique of multiple view to keep the readers in a world of uncertainty. He gave the readers many ways to interpret the story and then he stopped without telling the reader which one he wanted the reader to choose.

Herman Melville

He had little education and began to work early. Later he became a whaler. (Sailors are among the lowest of workers, while whalers are the lowest of sailors.)Most of his works were about sea adventures. His life experience laid a solid fundation for his later writing.

His works:

Typee

Omoo

Mardi

Redburn

White Jacket

Moby Dick

Billy Budd

Moby Dick: The narrator is Ishmael. He resembles his namesake in the Bible, implying he is a wanderer. The captain Ahab also has a namesake in Bible, who is a cruel Israeli King. Ahab is also cruel.

英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案

考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s

2013年秋《外国文学名著导读》100分作业

作 业 1．第1题 福克纳《喧哗与骚动》的书名来自 莎士比亚戏剧（ ）中的一段独 白。 A.《哈姆雷特》 B.《麦克白》 C.《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 D.《李尔王》 您的答案：B 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 2．第2题 《巴马修道院》的作者是（ ）。 A.司汤达 B.巴尔扎克 C.福楼拜 D.狄更斯 您的答案：A 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 3．第3题

“在拉丁美洲引起了一场文学地震”的作品是（ ）。 A.《周末后的一天》 B.《百年孤独》 C.《枯枝败叶》 D.《死亡时刻》 您的答案：B 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 4．第4题 雨果在（ ）这部作品中提出 了“在绝对正确的革命之上，还有一个绝对正确的人道主义”的观点。 A.《九三年》 B.《悲惨世界 C.《海上劳工》 D.《笑面人》 您的答案：A 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 5．第5题 被柏拉图称为“第十位文艺女神”的诗人是（ ）

A.阿那克瑞翁 B.品达 C.荷马 D.萨福 您的答案：D 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 6．第8题 在古希腊三大悲剧家中，（ ）有“戏剧界的荷马”之称号。 A.索福克勒斯 B.埃斯库罗斯 C.欧里庇得斯 D.阿里斯托芬 您的答案：A 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 7．第9题 但丁最早的一部作品是题为（ ）的诗歌和散文合集。 A.《神曲》 B.《新生》 C.《论俗语》 D.《飨宴》

您的答案：B 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 8．第10题 《费德尔》的作者是（ ）。 A.高乃依 B.莫里哀 C.拉辛 D.狄德罗 您的答案：C 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0 9．第11题 （ ）是贝克特的荒诞派戏剧的奠基之作。 A.《等待戈多》 B.《恶心》 C.《禁闭》 D.《莫菲》 您的答案：A 题目分数：5 此题得分：5.0

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),

2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B

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班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

班级_________________学号姓名考试科目英美文学史及作品选读【（1）】B卷闭卷共 5 页 学生答题不得超过此线····································密························封························线································

2016秋《外国文学名著导读》平时作业满分试题

2016秋《外国文学名著导读》平时作业满分试题

1．第1题 《费德尔》的作者是（）。 A.高乃依 B.莫里哀 C.拉辛 D.狄德罗 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 文艺复兴时期的名著《十日谈》的核心思想是（）。 A.反对个人主义 B.宣扬“幸福在人间” C.倡导英雄主义 D.宣扬封建迷信 答案:B

您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 “如果冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”是著名浪漫主义诗人雪莱的（）中的句子。 A.《云雀》 B.《西风颂》 C.《麦布女王 D.《解放了的普洛米修斯》 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 《罗兰之歌》通过对罗兰奋勇拼杀、战死疆场的描写所要表达的主题是（）。

A.悲观主义 B.爱国主义 C.自由主义 D.人文主义 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 在古希腊三大悲剧家中，（）有“悲剧之父”之称号。 A.索福克勒斯 B.埃斯库罗斯 C.欧里庇得斯 D.阿里斯托芬 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2

此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 但丁最早的一部作品是题为（）的诗歌和散文合集。 A.《神曲》 B.《新生》 C.《论俗语》 D.《飨宴》 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题 欧洲文学中第一个表现出“世纪病”特征的浪漫主义形象的是小说（）。 A.《勒内》 B.《九三年》 C.《阿达拉》 D.《笑面人》

答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 8．第8题 （）是萨特的“境遇剧”的代表作。 A.《等待戈多》 B.《恶心》 C.《禁闭》 D.《莫菲》 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 9．第12题 “在拉丁美洲引起了一场文学地震”的作品是（）。 A.《周末后的一天》

(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释

①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】

2016年度秋《外国文学名著导读》平时课后复习满分试题

《费德尔》的作者是（）。 A.高乃依 B.莫里哀 C.拉辛 D.狄德罗 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 文艺复兴时期的名著《十日谈》的核心思想是（）。 A.反对个人主义 B.宣扬“幸福在人间” C.倡导英雄主义 D.宣扬封建迷信 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 “如果冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”是著名浪漫主义诗人雪莱的（）中的句子。 A.《云雀》 B.《西风颂》 C.《麦布女王 D.《解放了的普洛米修斯》 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 《罗兰之歌》通过对罗兰奋勇拼杀、战死疆场的描写所要表达的主题是（）。 A.悲观主义 B.爱国主义

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