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能源与动力工程专业英语词汇

专业名称

•动力工程及工程热物理:

Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics

工程热物理:Thermal Physics of Engineering •动力工程:Power Engineering;Dynamic Engineering

•热能工程:Thermal Engineering(Thermal Energy Engineering

•制冷与低温工程:Refrigeration and Cryogenic[ˌkraɪəˈdʒɛnɪk]Engineering •流体机械及工程:Fluid Mechanics and Engineering

•热能动力工程:Thermal Energy and Dynamic Engineering

•能源与动力工程学院:School of Energy and Power Engineering

热力学thermodynamics

1.adiabatic process[ˌædiəˈbætɪk]绝热过程

2.aerodynamics[ˌeroʊdaɪˈnæmɪks]

空气动力学,空气动力学专家,n,adj空气动力学的

3.buoyancy[ˈbɔɪənsi,ˈbujən-]浮升力

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,pressibility压缩性

5.gasdynamics气体动力学

6.hydraulics[haɪˈdrɔlɪks]水力学

7.hydrodynamics流体水力学

8.hydrostatics[ˌhaɪdrə'stætɪks]流体静力学

9.open system开口系统

10.reversible process[rɪˈvɚsəbəl]可逆过程

11.thermodynamics equilibrium[ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm]热力平衡

12.viscous[ˈvɪskəs]粘性的

13.inviscid[ɪn'vɪsɪd]无粘性的

14.thermodynamics、thermodynamic property热力学、热力性质

15.entropy[ˈɛntrəpi]熵

16.enthalpy[en'θælpɪ]焓

17.internal energy内能

18.potential energy势能

19.kinetic energy动能

20.work功

21.mechanical/shaft work机械功/轴功

22.flow work流动功

23.specific volume比容

24.cycle循环

25.Saturated temperature/pressure/liquid/ vapor[ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd]饱和温度/压力/液体/蒸汽

26.subcooled liquid过冷液体

27.quality(蒸汽干度

28.dry saturated vapor干饱和蒸汽

29.superheated vapor过热蒸汽

30.the first/second law of thermodynamics热力学第一/二定律

31.the law of the conservation of energy能量守恒定律

32.reversible/irreversible process可逆/不可逆过程

33.pressure drop压降

34.heat exchanger热交换器

35.entropy production熵产[ˈɛntrəpi]

36.coefficient of performance性能系数

37.refrigerating capacity/effect制冷量

38.Carnot cycle卡诺循环/nit/

39.refrigerating efficiency制冷效率

40.equation of state状态方程

41.ideal gas constant理想气体常数

42.isotherm等温线

43.triple point三相点

44.hydrocarbons碳氢化合物/烃

45.cryogenic低温学[ˌkraɪəˈdʒenɪk]

46.least-square fitting最小二乘法

47.specific heat/specific heat capacity比热/比热容

48.azeotropic mixture共沸混合物[əˌzi:ə'trɒpɪk]

49.zeotropic mixture非共沸混合物

50.dew point(temperature露点(温度[dju: pɔint][du pɔɪnt]

51.isentropic compression/process等熵压缩/过程[aɪsen'trɒpɪk]

52.condenser冷凝器

53.evaporator蒸发器

54.expansion valve膨胀阀

55.throttling valve节流阀

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,pressor压缩机

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,pressor displacement压缩机排气量

58.volumetric efficiency容积效率

59.single-stage/two-stage/double-stage

/compound compression单/双级压缩

60.intercool/intercooler中间冷却(器

61.intermediate pressure中间压力

62.pressure ratio压力比

63.insulating material保温材料

流体力学

1.流体力学fluid mechanics

2. 动力粘度 absolute/dynamicviscosity

3. 速度梯度 velocity gradient

英[ˈgreɪdiənt]美[ˈɡrediənt]

4. 运动粘度 kinematic viscosity

英[ˌkɪnɪ'mætɪk]美[ˌkɪnə'mætɪk]英 [vɪ'skɒsətɪ]美 [vɪˈskɑsɪti] 5. 伯努力方程Bernoulli Equation

英 [bə:ˈnu:liiˈkweiʃən]

6. 体积流量 volumetric flow rate

7. 质量流量 mass flow rate

8. 层流 laminar flow

9. 紊流 turbulence/turbulentflow

10. 雷诺数 Reynolds number

11. 摩擦力 friction/frictionalforce

12. 摩擦系数 coefficient of friction

13. 微分方程 differential equation

14. 阻力 drag force 或 resistance

15. 阻力系数 drag coefficient

传热学

1. 热传递 heat transfer

2. 热传导 thermal conduction

3. 热对流 thermal convection

4. 热辐射 thermal radiation

5. 层流底层 laminar sublayer

6. 过渡层 buffer layer, 缓冲区或人, buffer dinner 自助餐 buffet 英[ˈbʌfit]

7. 强迫对流 forced convection

8. 自然 /自由对流 natural/freeconvection

9. 稳态导热 steady-state conduction

10. 导热系数 thermal conductivity

11. 热阻 thermal resistance

12. (总传热系数 (overallheat transfer coefficient

13. 表面积 surface area

14. 串联 series 系列

15. 并联 parallel 英[ˈpærəlel]并行, Parallel computing 并行计算

16. 接触热阻 contact thermal resistance

17. (对数平均温差(logarithmicmean temperature difference [ˌlɒɡə'rɪðmɪk]

18. 顺流 parallel flow

19. 逆流 counter flow

20. 相变 phase change

21. 冷库 cold storage 热库 thermal reservoir/heat bath

22. 边界条件 boundary condition

23. 黑体辐射 blackbody radiation

24. 辐射力 emissive power

25. 维恩位移定律Wien’s displacement Law 26. 半球发射率 hemispherical emittance [ˌhemɪˈsferɪkl]

27. 吸收率 absorptance 英 [əb'sɔ:ptəns] 28. 透射率 transmittance

英 [træns'mɪtns]n. 播送 ; 发射 ; 传动 ; 透明度 ; 29. 反射率 reflectance

30. 漫射辐射 diffuse radiation

31.(充分发展的层流 /紊流 fully developed laminar/turbulentflow

湿空气

1. 湿空气学 psychrometrics

2. 干空气 dry air

3. 湿空气 moistair

4. 大气压 barometricpressure

5. 热力学温标 thermodynamic temperature scale

6. 含湿量 humidity ratio

7. 比焓 specific enthalpy 英[en'θælpɪ]

8. 比熵 specific entropy 英[ˈentrəpi]

9. 绝对湿度 absolute humidity

10. 饱和含湿量 saturation humidity ratio 英[ˌsætʃəˈreɪʃn]英[ˈreɪʃiəʊ]

11. 相对湿度 relative humidity

12. 热力学湿球温度 thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature

13. 分压力 partial pressure

14. 总压 total pressure

15. 通用气体常数 universal gas constant 16. 湿球 /干球温度 dry-bulb/wet-bulbtemperature 17. 焓湿图 psychrometric chart

制冷空调

1. 集中 /分散供冷 central/decentralizedcooling 英[ˌdi:'sentrəlaɪzd]

2. 锅炉 boiler

3. 往复 /螺杆 /离心 /涡旋式压缩机 /冷水机组 reciprocating/helicalrotary(或

screw/centrifugal/scrollcompressor/waterchiller unit

4. 吸收式制冷 /冷水机组 absorption refrigeration/waterchiller unit

5. 热回收 heat reclaim/recovery

6. 冷却塔 cooling tower

7. 空气 /水冷却冷凝器 air-cooled/water-cooled condenser

8. 蒸发式冷凝器 evaporative condenser

9. 净正吸入压力 /压头 netpositive suction pressure/head

10. 供 /回干管 main supply/returnline

11. 二 /三通阀 two/three-wayvalve

12. 平衡阀 balancing valve

13.一次/二次冷冻水系统primary/secondary chilled water system

14.备用泵spare pump

15.疏水器、存水弯、水封trap

16.水/冰蓄冷water/ice thermal storage

17.空气/水/地源热泵air/water/ground source heat pump

18.定/变风量constant/variable air volume

19.经济器economizer

20.静/动压static/dynamic pressure

21.毛细管capillary tube英[kəˈpɪləri]

22.全封闭压缩机hermetically sealed/hermetic compressor英[hɜ:ˈmetɪk]

23.半封闭式压缩机semi-hermetic

/semi-hermetically sealed compressor

24.直接膨胀direct expansion

26.离心/轴流式风机centrifugal/axial fan

英[ˈæksiəl]

27.立管riser英['raɪzə]

28.内/外平衡式热力膨胀阀internally/

externally equalized thermostatic expansion valve

29.吸/排气管suction/discharge line

30.电磁阀solenoid valve美['solə,nɔɪd]

31.恒压阀constant pressure valve

32.迎风面积/速度face area/velocity

33.(一拖多分体式空调器(multi-split air conditioner

34.水环热泵water loop heat pump

35.能效比energy efficiency ratio

36.变容压缩/压缩机positive displacement compression/compressor

37.速度/动压式压缩/压缩机velocity/dynamic compression/compressor

38.流量系数flow coefficient

39.水锤water hammer

40.闸阀gate valve

41.球阀ball valve

42.蝶阀butterfly valve

43.平衡阀balancing valve

44.安全阀safety/relief valve n.救济;减轻,解除;安慰;浮雕

45.止回阀check/backflow prevention valve boiler锅炉

1.air heater空气预热器

2.auxiliary辅助的,辅机[ɔ:gˈzɪliəri]

3.bare tube光管

4.blast[英][blɑ:st]鼓风

5.blowdown排污

6.capacity[英][kəˈpæsəti]出力

7.cogenerator热电联产机组

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,pressor压缩机

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,bustion燃烧

10.condenser凝汽器

11.counterflow逆流

12.critical pressure临界压力

13.diesel oil柴油gasoline,gaslene, gas,petro(英,汽油

14.drainage疏水、排水设备,排水系统

15.drum汽包

16.economizer[英][i:'kɒnəmaɪzə]省煤器

17.excess air[英][ɪkˈses]过量空气

18.extended surface扩展受热面

19.fin鳍片、肋片、散热片、翅片

20.flue gas烟气

21.fluid(-bed流化床(fluidized

bed[英]['flu:ɪdaɪzd

22.furnace炉膛

23.fouling污垢,击球出界(羽毛球 [英]['faʊlɪŋ]

24.generator发电机

25.header联箱、集箱,集管

26.hopper[英][ˈhɒpə(r]斗、料斗

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,l磨煤机(pulverizer[英]['pʌlvəraɪzə]

28.motor汽车、马达、电动机

29.platen屏、管屏[美]['plætən]

30.Prandtl numbers普朗特数

31.pressure loss压力损失

32.regenerator回热器,蓄热器,再生器[英][rɪ'dʒenəˌreɪtə]

33.Reynolds numbers雷诺数

34.slag结渣美[slæɡ]

35.sootblower吹灰器美[su:tb'ləʊər]

36.steam line blowing蒸汽管路吹洗

37.superheater过热器

38.turbine汽轮机

39.suction真空,负压steam turbine蒸汽轮机

40.gas turbine燃气轮机

41.back pressure背压

42.blower送风机、吹灰器

43.boundary layer边界层

44.chimney英[ˈtʃɪmni]

烟囱、烟道、烟筒

45.cooling tower冷却水塔

46.coupling连接,连接法兰,耦合

47.critical speed临界转速

48.cylinder圆筒、汽缸

49.head汽包封头、扬程、水头

50.impeller叶轮、推进器、压缩器

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,rge turbine-generator unit大型汽轮发电机组

52.non-destructive testing(NDT无损检验

53.digital-controlled machine数控机床

54.fixed blade固定叶片,导向叶片

55.operational speed运行转速

56.outing casing外缸

57.inner casing内缸

58.rigid coupling刚性连轴器solid coupling

59.rotor转子

60.stress concentration应力集中

61.two-shift operation两班制运行

62.wake尾流

Thermal Power Plant:热电厂

1.automatic control system:自动控制系统

2.boiler feed pump:锅炉给水泵feed pump:给水泵

3.chamber:燃烧室/ei/

4.circulating water:循环水

5.check valve:止回阀,逆止阀

6.non-return valve:逆止阀,止回阀

7.controlling valve:控制阀,调节阀

8.cooling water(CW:冷却水

9.cycle efficiency:循环效率

10.data processing system:数据处理系统

11.de-aerator[英]['eɪəreɪtə]除氧器

12.de-aerator tank:除氧水箱

13.desuperheater:减温器

14.desuperheater spraywater:喷水减温

15.drain pump:疏水泵

16.full-load:满负荷

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,erning system:调速系统(governing:调节,调整

18.heat-transfer coefficient:换热系数

19.isolating valve:隔离阀

20.load rejection:甩(抛负荷

21.main steam:主汽

22.motorized isolating valve:电动隔离阀

23.lubricating oil:润滑油

24.nuclear plant:核电厂

25.orifice:[orifis]孔,口,孔板

26.pipework:管路

27.power station:电厂

28.pressure reducing valve:减压装置

29.reliability:安全性,可靠性

30.relief valve:安全阀

31.running speed:运行转速

32.sealing:密封,封闭,焊封

33.self-sealing:自密封的

34.stainless steel:不锈钢

35.stop valve:断流阀,截止阀

36.strainer:滤盆,滤器,滤网,拉紧装置

37.supercritical plant:超临界机组

38.synchronizer:英]['sɪŋkrənaɪzə]同步器,同步机,同步装置

39.throttle:节流阀[美]/ˈθrɑ:tl/喉咙,气管,vt.&vi.扼杀,压制;勒死,使窒息;使节流

40.turbine-generator unit:汽轮发电机组

41.ultra-supercritical:超超临界英][ˈʌltrə] [美]['ʌltrə]

42.vacuum:真空

43.vent:通道,通风口

44.actuator:/aiktjueite/执行机构

45.brake:闸,制动器

46.damper:[美]['dæmpər]挡板,调节风门

47.distributed control system(DCS分散控制系统

48.disturbance:干扰,扰动

49.feedback control:反馈控制

50.forced draught(FDfan:送风机[英][fɔ:st drɑ:ft/

51.furnace purge:炉膛吹扫

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,ernor valve:调节阀

53.induced draught(IDfan:引风机

54.make-up pump:补水泵

55.overheating:过热,超温

56.preamp:前置放大器/ˈpriæmp/

57.primary air fan:一次风机

58.sensor:传感器

59.shutdown:停机,停炉,停运,关机,关闭;倒闭,停工,停业,停播。

60.slow down:减速

61.start up:启动

62.transformer:/trænsˈfɔ:mə(r/变压器

63.trip:跳闸,旅行,出行,使犯错误,绊倒

64.hot start:热态启动

65.warm start:暖态启动,半热态启动

66.inadvertent trip:误动作[美][ˌɪnədˈvə:tn:t]adj 不经意的,出于无心的;疏忽的,漫不经心的;粗心大意;

67.internal combustion engine:内燃机

68.alternator:交流发电机

69.bearing:轴承;bear忍受

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,pression ratio:压缩比,压缩率

71.diesel engine:柴油机

72.piston:活塞

73.reaction engine:喷气式发动机

74.reciprocating engine:/rɪ'sɪprəˌkeɪtɪŋ]往复式发动机,往复的,来回的,交替的

75.spark plug:火花塞

76.stroke:冲程,行程

77.vibrate:振动,摇摆[美][ˈvaɪˌbret/

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e319022416.html,missioning:美][kə'mɪʃənɪŋ]试车,试运行,启动

79.grid:电网

80.megawatt:[ˈmegəwɑ:t]兆瓦特

81.air conditioning:空调

82.absorbent:吸收剂,能吸收的,

83.absorption refrigeration:吸收式制冷

84.ambient:周围的

85.centrifugal compressor:/sentrifjugaol]/:离心式压缩机

86.reciprocating compressor:往复式压缩机

87.rotary compressor:/roteri/涡旋式压缩机

88.screw compressor:螺杆式压缩机

89.condenser:冷凝器

90.cooling coil:[英][kɔɪl]冷却盘管heating coil:加热盘管

91.evaporator:蒸发器

92.expansion valve:膨胀阀

93.filter:[英][fɪltə(r]过滤器

94.HVAC(heating,ventilation

and air conditioning:英[ˌventɪ'leɪʃn]供热,通风与空调

95.hot water boiler:热水锅炉

96.humidity:湿度,潮湿,湿气

97.induced draft:引风

98.moisture:潮湿,湿气

99.natural convection:自然对流

100.return duct:回风管道

101.return outlet:回风风口

102.reversing valve:换向阀

103.supply duct:送风管道

104.supply outlet:送风风口

105.ventilation:通风英[ˌventɪ'leɪʃn] 106.fuel cell:燃料电池107.geothermal:/ji(:outhermal]/地热108.intensity:强度109.renewable energy:可再生能源110.solar power:太阳能111.tidal energy:潮汐能[美]/ˈtaɪdl/ 112.velocity:速度

113.windmill:风车

114.limestone:/laimstone/石灰石115.dessication:/e/干燥116.scrubber:洗涤塔

117.sorbent:吸附剂

1st

1axial[‘æksiəl]轴向的

2blade[bleid]叶片

3case/casing[keis]壳体

4centrifugal[sen‘trifjuɡəl]离心的

5chambe r[‘tʃeimbə]室

6diffuser[di‘fju:zə]扩压器

7discharge[dis‘tʃɑ:dʒ]流量;排出,卸货8draft[drɑ:ft]吸出,通风

热能与动力工程专业英语第1,2,3,4,7,8,9章译文

第一章热科学基础 1.1工程热力学基础 热力学是一门研究能量储存、转换及传递的科学。能量以内能(与温度有关)、动能(由物体运动引起)、势能(由高度引起)和化学能(与化学组成相关)的形式储存。不同形式的能量可以相互转化,而且能量在边界上可以以热和功的形式进行传递。 在热力学中,我们将推导有关能量转化和传递与物性参数,如温度、压强及密度等关系间的方程。因此,在热力学中,物质及其性质变得非常重要。许多热力学方程都是建立在实验观察的基础之上,而且这些实验观察的结果已被整理成数学表达式或定律的形式。其中,热力学第一定律和第二定律应用最为广泛。 1.1.1热力系统和控制体 热力系统是一包围在某一封闭边界内的具有固定质量的物质。系统边界通常是比较明显的(如气缸内气体的固定边界)。然而,系统边界也可以是假想的(如一定质量的流体流经泵时不断变形的边界)。 系统之外的所有物质和空间统称外界或环境。热力学主要研究系统与外界或系统与系统之间的相互作用。系统通过在边界上进行能量传递,从而与外界进行相互作用,但在边界上没有质量交换。当系统与外界间没有能量交换时,这样的系统称为孤立系统。 在许多情况下,当我们只关心空间中有物质流进或流出的某个特定体积时,分析可以得到简化。这样的特定体积称为控制体。例如泵、透平、充气或放气的气球都是控制体的例子。包含控制体的表面称为控制表面。 因此,对于具体的问题,我们必须确定是选取系统作为研究对象有利还是选取控制体作为研究对象有利。如果边界上有质量交换,则选取控制体有利;反之,则应选取系统作为研究对象。 1.1.2平衡、过程和循环 对于某一参考系统,假设系统内各点温度完全相同。当物质内部各点的特性参数均相同且不随时间变化时,则称系统处于热力学平衡状态。当系统边界某部分的温度突然上升时,则系统内的温度将自发地重新分布,直至处处相同。 当系统从一个平衡状态转变为另一个平衡状态时,系统所经历的一系列由中间状态组成的变化历程称为过程。若从一个状态到达另一个状态的过程中,始终无限小地偏离平衡态,则称该过程为准静态过程,可以把其中任一个中间状态看作为平衡状态。准静态过程可近似视为许多过程的叠加结果,而不会显著减小其精确性,例如气体在内燃机内的压缩和膨胀过程。如果系统经历一系列不平衡状态(如燃烧),从一个平衡状态转变为另一个平衡状态,则其过程为非平衡过程。 当系统从一给定的初始状态出发,经历一系列中间过程又回到其初始状态,则称系统经历了一个循环。循环结束时,系统中的各参数又与初始参数相同。 在任一特性参数名称前加上前缀iso-,表示该参数在整个过程保持不变。等温(isothermal)过程中温度保持不变;等压(isobaric)过程中压强恒定;等容(isometric)过程中体积保持不变。 1.1.3纯物质的气-液相平衡 如图1-1(a)所示,由活塞和气缸组成的装置中装有1kg水。假定活塞和其上的重物使气缸内压强维持在0.1Mpa,初始温度20℃。当有热量开始传递给水时,缸内水温迅速上升,而比容略有增加,气缸内

热能与动力工程专业英语重点 原版

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1st 1.axial [‘æksiəl] 轴向的 2.blade [bleid] 叶片 3.case/casing [keis] 壳体 4.centrifugal [sen‘trifjuɡəl] 离心的 5.chamber [‘tʃeimbə] 室 6.diffuser [di‘fju:zə] 扩压器 7.discharge [dis‘tʃɑ:dʒ] 流量;排出 8.draft [drɑ:ft] 吸出,通风 9.generator [‘dʒenəreitə] 发电机 10.hydraulic/hydro [hai‘drɔ:lik] 水(力)的 11.impeller [im‘pelə] 叶轮 12.machinery [mə‘ʃi:nəri] 机械 13.mixed-flow 混流的 14.passage ['pæsidʒ] 流道 15.pressure [‘preʃə] 压力 16.pump [pʌmp] 泵 17.runner [‘rʌnə] 转轮 18.rotor [‘rəutə] 转子 19.shaft [ʃɑ:ft] 传动轴 20.spiral [‘spaiərəl] 螺旋形的 21.stator [‘steitə] 定子 22.suction [‘sʌkʃən] 吸入(出) 23.turbine [‘tə:bain] 水轮机,透平,涡轮机 24.tubular [‘tju:bjulə] 管状的 25.vane [vein] 叶片 26.volute [və‘lju:t] 螺旋形 27.wheel [hwi:l] 水轮 28.wicket [‘wikit] 导叶;小闸门 29.Axial/mixed-flow/centrifugal/volute pump 轴流/混流/离心/旋流泵 30.Kaplan/Francis/bulb/tubular/Pelton turbine 轴流/混流/灯泡/贯流/水斗水轮机 31.Hydraulic machinery/pump/turbine 水力机械/水泵/水轮机 32.Pump turbine 水泵水轮机 33.Spiral/volute casing 蜗壳 34.Volute/runner chamber 蜗壳室/转轮室 35.Draft tube/bend/cone/elbow 尾水管/弯管/泄水锥/肘管 36.Diffuser vane 扩压叶片 37.Diffusing passage 扩压流道 38.Stay vane 固定导叶 39.Wicket gate 活动导叶 40.Pressure/suction side 压力/吸力侧 41.Suction eye 吸入孔 42.Suction height 吸出高度

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摘要:本文用沉淀法制备了新型氧化铜-氧化锌的催化剂并将其用于水煤气变换反应。详细考察了焙烧温度、铜含量对催化剂活性的影响。应用XRD、BET、TPR技术分析了催化剂的比表面积。结果表明:随着铜含量的增加,催化剂活性提高。而催化剂活性与氧化锌面积无关,纳米铜晶粒是催化剂高活性的原因。 Abstract:in the work,the novel CuO-ZnO catalysts have been prepared by precipitation method for water gas shift reaction. The effect of temperature and copper content on the performance of catalysts has been investigated in detail. The XRD BET and TPR technology has been employed to analyze the specific surface area of catalysts. The results indicate: the activity of catalysts increase with increasing of copper content. However the activity of catalysts is independent of surface area of ZnO. The highly activity of catalysts can be attributed to nano- copper crystalline. 摘要:本文用两步法制备了新型光电聚合物材料并测试了其光电转化效率等性能。典型的制备过程如下:首先将10mL的乙醇和50mL的甲酸加入到反应器中,然后在剧烈搅拌下将氢氧化钠溶解于上述体系中,在催化剂存在下70摄氏度下搅拌三小时。产品经过蒸馏、洗涤、结晶、真空干燥得到。详细考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、反应浓度对产品性能的影响。应用BET技术分析了固体产品的比表面积。结果表明:随着反应时间的延长,产品收率提高;而所得聚合物的性能与催化剂的孔隙率无关,所得聚合物效率高的原因是催化剂活性高。 Abstract:in the paper,the novel flexible photo-electrical polymer materials have been prepared by two-steps procedure for photoelectrical conversion efficiency testing. (4分) In a typical synthesis, firstly 10mL of ethanol and 10mL of acetic acid was mixed in a reactor. subsequently a desired mount of NaOH was dissolved in the above solution under vigorous stirring.

热能与动力工程专业英语翻译3

Unit2: An atom’s nucleus can be……原子核可以分裂,当这种分裂发生时,巨大的能量就会释放出来。这是一股发热发光的能量。爱因斯坦曾说过微小质量的物体包含巨大的能量。当这种能量缓慢释放时,就可以利用它产生动力发电。当这种能量瞬间释放时,就如原子弹一样产生巨大的爆炸。 A nuclear power plant……核电站用铀作为燃料。铀是一种能从世界上的许多地方挖出的元素。它被加工成小丸装入伸进核反应堆的长棒中。 The word fission means to……裂变一词意思就是分裂。在核电站的反应堆内部,铀原子以可拉链式反应进行分裂。 In a chain reaction……在链式反应中,原子分裂释放的粒子离开并且撞击正在分裂的其它铀原子。在核电站的链式反应中,那些分裂产生的粒子继续分裂其它的原子,控制棒用来使这种分裂受控因此这种分裂就不会进行得太快。 Unit3 Continued research has made renewable……不断的研究使现在可再生能源的利用比25年前更能支付得起。但是对于可再生能源的利用仍有一些缺点。 For example, solar thermal energy……例如,通过收集器收集太阳光来得到太阳能需要大量的占地面积来安装收集器。这会影响生态环境,也就是会影响当地的动植物。当建筑物、道路、输电线和变压器建造时,环境也会受到影响。通常太阳能电站所用的流体大多数是有毒的而且泄露可能会发生。 Solar or PV cells……太阳能或光伏电池使用相同的技术生产电脑硅芯片。生产过程使用了有毒的化学药品。有毒的化学药品用来制造电池储存太阳电能来渡过黑夜和阴天。制造这种装置也会有环境影响。 Also,even if we……即使我们想马上转换太阳能,仍然存在很大的问题。世界上所有的太阳能生产设备使太阳能电池满载也只能产生大约350MW,大约够一个300000人口的城市使用,相对我们的需求而言那是微不足道的。而且生产相同量的电,它的成本比常规天然气发电站贵四倍。 So ,even though……因此,虽然可再生能源发电站不释放空气污染物也不使用宝贵的化石燃料,但是它还是会影响环境。 Unit5 The simulation result of the constructed……构建控制系统的仿真结果是为了证明提出的控制策略的效果。在这系统中初始化通过读取现场记录的数据来实现。因此初始条件与实际系统的一样。多变量约束(MCC)控制器和传统的比例积分微分(PID)控制器被使用,仿真的结果用图形表示。PID控制器的参数与实际装置一样。因为MCC的最优指数的设定支持温度追踪的精度要求,所以矩阵Q 是最重要的,矩阵R、S通过微小的喷油量变化来建立。 The simulation covers 5h……仿真实验包括5小时,仅能展示一个仿真结果。在PID和MCC控制参数没改变情况下,温度将追踪预热区和加热区的结果。两个区域包括四个操纵变量和四个控制变量,他们是紧密耦合的。 The fluctuation of the fuel……喷油量的波动对残氧含量有重要的影响,也是炉膛内燃烧分析的一个重要指数。低的残氧含量意味着燃料更充分的燃烧更节能。因为MCC可以通过修改相应的在线优化中的权矩阵来调节喷油量,它也是最

能源与动力工程专业英语

For practical reasons,most impulse turbines mount their buckets on the rims of disks (wheels),and nozzles feed steam from one side steam from the nozzle box flows through parallel converging nozzles formed by vane or leaves as a broad high-speed jet to flow through the slower moving-bucket passages,which turn the steam flow to an axial direction as they absorb its kinetic steam leaves with lower internal energy and speed. 由于实用性的原因,大部分冲击式汽轮机把他们的叶片安装在轮缘,并且喷嘴从一边提供蒸汽。高压蒸汽从喷嘴室流过由叶片或翼形成的平行的渐缩喷嘴。蒸汽离开的时候是一个宽阔的高速气流,它流过较慢的动叶片通道,把蒸汽换向流到一个轴线方向,在那里吸收他们的动能。蒸汽带着较低的内能和速度离开。 Steam pressure and speed vary through the true impulse the impulse stage are pressure-compouned,which are called Rateau stages,pressure drop occurs in steps and exhausted steam from one-stage folws through following similar impulse stages,where it expands to a lower the impulse stages are velocity-compounded,which are called Curtiss stages,steam velocity is absorbed in a series of constant-pressure steps. 流过一个完全的冲击级时,蒸汽压力和速度是不同的。当冲击级是压力复合的,这样的就被称做压力级,在过程中发生压降,并且乏汽从一级流过相似的冲击级,在那里它膨胀成低压。如果冲击级是复速的,那就被称作复速级,在一系列压力不变的过程中蒸汽速度被吸收。In the reaction stage ,steam enters the fixed-blade passage;it leaves as a steam jet that fills the entire rotor flows between moving blades that form moving it drops in pressure,and its speed rises relative to the blades,which creates the reactive force that does the rising relative speed,the overall effect reduces the absolute steam speed through one the enthalpy drop is about equal in moving and stationary blades,it is called a 50 percent reaction stage. 在反应级中,蒸汽进入静叶片通道,它作为一种蒸汽气流而离开,并且充满整个边缘。蒸汽流经形成动的喷嘴的动叶片。在这里,压力下降,速度随着叶片而上升,这样就导致反冲击力工作。尽管速度上升,通过一级的时候,总的影响是减少绝对速度。在动叶片和静叶片中焓降是相同的,那就被称作一个50%的反冲击级 shows a velocity-compounded control stage followed by two reaction high speed steam jet gives up only part of its kinetic energy in the first row of moving buckets. The come reversing blades that redirect the slowed-up steam into the second row of moving buckets,where most of its remaining kinetic energy is then enters the series of reaction stages. 图展示了一个复速控制级随着反冲击级流动。在动叶片的第一行中,高速蒸汽气流仅释放一部分动能。转向式叶片改变方向进入动叶片第二行,在那里他保留的动能被吸收。蒸汽进入一系列反冲击级。 In practice,so-called impulse-stage turbine use about 5%to 10%reaction in their means there is a small steam pressure drop through the moving-blade buckets,instead of taking the symmetrical shape, have a longer tail to form a slightly coverging passage at the exit. 在实际中,这种被称作冲击级式的汽轮机在设计中有5%到10%的都使用反冲击式。这就是说通过动叶片通道时会有一个小的蒸汽压降。这些叶片代替采用对称的形状,有一个较长的尾巴为了在出口形成一个小的渐缩的通道。

热能与动力工程专业英语

i.e. it is in steady-state.Often we will consider process that change “slowly”-termed quasi-equilibrium or quasi-static process.A process is quasi-equilibrium if the time rate of change of the process is slow relative to the time it takes for the system to reach thermodynamic equilibrium.It is necessary that a system be quasi-equilibrium before applying many of the thermodynamics relations to that system. 热力学第一二定律:In simplest terms,the law of thermodynamics dictate the specific for the movement of heat and work.Basically,the First Law of Thermodynamic is a statement of the conservation of energy-the Second Law is a statement about the direction of that conservation-and the Tired Law is a statement about reaching absolute Zero.The first law of thermodynamic is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy.It can also be considered as defining a property,the internal energy.The Second law of Thermodynamic states that in all energy exchanges,if no energy enters or leaves the system,the potential energy of the state will always be less than that of the initial states.This is also commonly referred to as entropy. 举例说明热力学定律应用:a cup of hot coffee left on a table eventually cools,but a cup of cool coffee in the same room never gets hot by itself.The high-temperature energy of the coffee is degraded(transformed into a less useful form at a lower temperature)once it is transferred to the surrounding air. An ordinary house is,in some respects,an exhibition hall filled with womders of thermodynamics.Many ordinary household utensils and applicances are designed,in whole or in part,by using the principles of thermodynamics.Some examples include the electric or gas range,the heating and air-condition systems,the refrigerator,the humidifier,the pressure cooker,the water heater,the iron,and even the computer,and the TV.On a large scale,thermodynamics plays a major part in the design and analysis of automotive engines,rockets,jet engine,and conventional or nuclear power plans,solar collectors,and the design of vehicle form ordinary cars to airplanes. 绝热系统:isolated systems:not exchangeing heat,matter or work with their environment. 开口系统:exchanging energy (heat and work )and matter with their environment . 闭口系统:exchangeing energy (heat and work )but not matter with their environment . 孤立系统:rigid boundary :not allowing exchange of work . 辐射换热:The mechanism in this case is electromagnetic radiation .We shall limit our discussion to electromagnetic radiation which is propagated as a result of a temperature difference ;this is called thermal radiation . 对流传热:when a fluid at rest or in motion is in contact with a surface at a temperature different from the plate ,energy flows in the direction of the lower temperature as required by the principle of thermodynamics .we say that heat is convected away ,and we call the process convection heat transfer . 对流传热的方式:There are two convection modes :forced convection and natural convection .If a heated plate were exposed to ambient room air without an external source of motion ,a movement of the air would be experienced as a result of the density gradients near the plate .We call this natural ,or free ,convection as opposed to forced convection ,which is experienced in the case of the fan blowing air over a plate . 传热学:Heat transfer is the science that seeks to predict the energy transfer that may take place between material bodies as a result of a temperature difference . 传热学和热力学的区别:Thermodynamics teaches that this energy transfer is defined as heat .The science of heat transfer seeks not merely to explain how heat energy may be transferred ,but also to predict the rate at which the exchange will take place under certain specified conditions .The fact that a heat -transfer rate is the desired objective of an analysis points out the difference between heat transfer and thermodynamics .Thermodynamics deals with systems in equilibrium ;it may be used to predict the amount of energy required to change a system from one equilibrium state to another ;it may not be used to predict how fast a change will take place since the system is not in equilibrium during the process .Heat transfer supplements the first and second principles of thermodynamics by providing additional experimental rules which may be used to establish energy -transfer rates .As in the science of thermodynamics ,the experimental rules used as a basis of the subject of heat transfer are rather simple and easily expanded to encompass a variety of practical situations . 影响辐射传热的因素:To take account of the “gray” nature of such surface we introduce another factor into

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