新概念英语第二册笔记[完美打印版]

新概念英语第二册笔记

Lesson 1 A private conversation

【New words and expressions】

★private adj. 私人的

private life 私生活 private school 私立学校public adj. 公众的，公开的（private的反义词）public school 公立学校 public letter 公开信public place 公共场所 privacy n.隐私

It’s my privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的)

★conversation n.谈话

have a + talk/dialogue/conversation conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式subject of conversation 话题

They are having a conversation.

talk 内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人

Let’s have a talk.

dialogue 对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈

China and Korea are having a dialogue.

chat 闲聊，说的是无关紧要的事。

gossip cn.嚼舌头, 说长道短

have a gossip with 与…闲聊

be fond of gossip 喜欢说人闲话

★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧cinema n.电影院

★seat n.座位

这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair.

take a seat/take your seat 坐下来, 就坐

Is the seat taken? 这个位置有人吗?

请坐的3种说法 :

Sit down, please. (命令性)

Take your seat, please.

Be seated, please. (更礼貌)

作为动词的seat与sit的区别

sit（sat）vi. 就座He is sitting there.他坐在那儿。seat vt.让某人就座Seat yourself.

seat sb. 让某人就坐，后面会加人

You seat him.你给他找个位置.

When all those present(到场者)_D_ he began his lecture.

A. sit

B. set

C. seated

D. were seated

sit down 坐下；be seated=take a seat 就坐

★angry adj. 生气的

★angrily adv. 生气的 angry =cross

I was angry. /He was cross.

annoyed: 恼火的;

程 I was annoyed.

度 I was angry/cross.

加 I was very angry.

深 I am blue in the face. (脸色都青了,相当生气)★attention n. 注意

Attention ,please. 请注意(口语)

pay attention 注意pay attention to … 对……注意

You must pay attention to that girl.

pay a little attention 稍加注意pay much attention 多加注意pay more attention 更多注意pay no attention 不用注意pay close attention 特别注意

★bear(bore, born) v. 容忍

① vt. 承受，支撑，承担，负担

Can the ice bear my weight?

Who will bear the cost? 谁来承担这笔费用？

② vt. 忍受（与can/could连用于疑问及否定句中）She eats too fast. I can’t bear to watch/watching her.

How can you bear living in this place?

bear =stand =put up with I can't bear/stand you. endure:忍受,容忍、put up with :忍受

I got divorced（离婚）.I could not put up with him bear/stand/endure 忍受的极限在加大

③.生育 She has borne two children. 她生了两个孩子。

比较: She was born in Paris. 她生于巴黎。

borne 生育 born 出生

★business n. 事, 生意

① n. 生意 business man :生意人/do business: 做生意 go to some place on business:因公出差

② n. 某人自己的私人的事情

It's my business.

It's none of your business. 不关你的事。

★rudely adv. 无礼地, 粗鲁地rude adj.

★pay vt. &vi. 支付

① vt. &vi. 支付（价款等）

You can pay a deposit of thirty pounds… 您可以先付30英镑的定金……I’ll pay by installments.（pay…for sth. 花/支付……（钱）买……）

② vt. &vi. 给予（注意等）；去（访问）

They did not pay any attention.

We paid a visit to our teacher last Sunday.

③ n. 工资，报酬I have not received my pay yet. 【课文讲解】

1、Last week I went to the theatre.

动词go的原义是离开一个地方去另一个地方，与介词to连用后，常加上主语所要去的目的来代表主语的动作目的。

go to the +地点表示去某地干嘛

go to the theatre = go to the theatre to see a play 去剧场看戏go to the cinema =see a film去电影院看电影

go to the dairy 去牛奶店

go to the + 人 + 's 表示去这个人开的店

go to the doctor's 去看病；go to the butcher's 买

肉

以下短语中名词前不加冠词：

go to school 去上学；go to church 去做礼拜；go to hospital(医院) 去看病；go to bed 上床，睡觉；go home

I am at home. 在家休息

2、I had a very good seat.

seat一般指戏院、汽车等配置的固定座位，也可以抽象地表示“座位”或“位子”等概念。

the front seat of a car 汽车的前座

Take a seat, please. 请坐。

3、I did not enjoy it.

① enjoy +n. 喜欢,从当中得到一种享受（后面不能跟人I enjoy the music. /the dinner/film/program/game ② enjoy oneself/代词玩的开心

We always enjoy ourselves.

③ enjoy +动名词Jane doesn’t enjoy swimming.

4、I got very angry.

get在这里有“逐渐变得”的含义，接近become，是个表示过程的动词，表示状态的变化。而I was very angry 则仅表示当时的状态是生气，并不暗示过程。

I am/was angry. 是一个事实、I got angry. 强调变化过程It is hot.、It got hot.

got取代be动词，got是半系动词,可直接加形容词。

5、I could not hear the actors. I turned round. hear+人:听见某人的话

I could not hear you. Beg your pardon?

I couldn't hear you./I couldn't hear a word./I couldn't catch your words.

I couldn't hear you clearly./I couldn't catch your words.

Beg your pardon? /I couldn't catch your words. turn round =turn around 转身

6、In the end, I could not bear it.

in the end 最后，终于，表示一段较长的时间之后或某种努力之后 She tried hard to finish her homework by herself. In the end, she had to ask her brother for help.

7、I can't hear a word!

I can't hear a word.

hear a word of sb. （a word 等于一句话）

He didn't say a word.

May I speak to Jim?/May I have a word with Jim?

8、It's none of your business.

one’s business 指某人（所关心的或份内）的事

It's none of your business./None of your business./It's my business. 不关你的事。

It is my business to look after your health. none相当于not any或no one，但语气较强。

She kept none of his letters. none of 这个短语有时可以表达一种断然、甚至粗暴的口气，尤其是在祈使句中：None of your silly remarks! 别说傻话了！【Key structures】

简单陈述句的语序

陈述句一定是有主语,有动词,有宾语,有句号

1 ---主语，一般由名词、代词或名词短语构成，通常位于动词之前，动词必须与主语一致，即主语决定动词的单复数形式

2 ---谓语，由动词充当

3 ---宾语，一般为名词、代词或名词短语

4 ---副词或介词短语,对方式或状态提问,往往做状语

I like her very much

5 --地点状语，一般在方式副词之后，时间副词之前

6 ---时间状语，可以放在句首或句末

简单陈述句一定不能少的是主语, 谓语.

如果问何时何地,是一个固定搭配 when and where [Multiple choice]

7 The young man and the young woman paid ___d___ attention to the writer.

a. none

b. any

c. not any

d. no

none——代词，没有任何东西、没有任何人

None knows./None of us knows.

not——否定词,要放在非实义动词后面

not any=no He didn't pay attention.

no——形容词、修饰名词

I don't have any friends./I have no friends.

I have no time./I don't have any time.

11 The writer could not bear it. He could not ___c___ it. a. carry b. suffer c. stand d. lift bear 忍受=stand

suffer 遭受,忍受 (精神或肉体上)痛苦，suffer后面必须加一种痛苦I suffer the headache.（肉体上的痛苦）He often suffers defeat.（精神上痛苦）Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch?

【New words and expressions】（5）

★until prep.直到

until用于表示动作、状态等的持续，可译为“一直到……为止”或“在……以前”。在肯定句中，它与表示持续性状态的动词连用，表示持续到某一时刻：

I’ll wait here until 5. 我会在这里等到5点钟。在否定句中，它通常与描述短暂动作的动词连用，表示“到……为止”、“直到……才”：

She cannot arrive until 6. 她到6点才能来。

His father didn't die until he came back.

★o utside adv. 外面（作状语）

He is waiting for me outside.

★ring(rang. rung) v.(铃、电话等)响

① vt. 鸣，(铃、电话等)响(这种响是刺耳的, 往往是提醒人做某事)

Every morning the clock rings at 6.

The telephone(door bell) is ringing.

而风铃等响要用jingle，jingle (bell) (铃儿) 响叮当

② vt. 打电话给（美语中用call）

ring sb. 给某人打电话

③ n. （打）电话give sb. a ring

Remember to give me a ring. /Remember to ring me.

④ n. 戒指

★aunt n. 姑,姨,婶,舅妈(所有长一辈的女性都用这

个称呼)男性则是uncle: 叔叔

他们的孩子：cousin 堂兄妹(不分男女)cousin的孩子：nephew 外甥；niece 外甥女

★repeat v. 重复

① vt. 重复Will you repeat the last word?

② vi. 重做，重说Please repeat after me.

【课文讲解】

1、It was Sunday.

it指时间、天气、温度或距离，it被称为“虚主语”（empty subject）。作为第三人称单数的中性代词，it

可以指一件东西、一件事件或用来指是什么人：

It is a lovely baby.

2、I never get up early on Sundays.

on Sundays: 所有的星期天,每逢星期天,与一般现在时

连用，表示经常性的行为。

介词on一般用于表示某一天的时间短语中：on Monday，on Monday morning，on that day

当使用last，next，this，that时，介词（以及定冠词）必须省略：I’ll see you next/this Friday.

never 从来不 (可以直接用在动词前面)=助动词+not (变成否定句,前面一定要加助动词)

I don't like her.=I never like her.

3、I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.

在表达卧床时bed前不需加冠词：

It’s time for bed now.

You must stay/remain in bed for another two days.

4、Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.

just then: 就在那时

如果不知道对方性别, 他/她可以用it取代Who are you?/Who is it ?

5、I've just arrived by train,

by 直接加交通工具(不能有任何修饰词, 复数)；如果加

修饰词, 就要换掉by用in或on

I go out in/on two buses. （指具体的两辆车介词用

in/on）如果是特指的交通工具，则要加冠词或其他限定词：My aunt left by the 9:15 train.

by air 乘飞机by bicycle/bike 骑自行车by boat 乘船by bus 乘公共汽车by car 乘小汽车by land 由陆路by plane 乘飞机by sea 由海路by ship乘船by train 乘火车

6、I'm coming to see you. 我将要来看你.

用 come 的现在进行时态 be coming 表示一般将来，表

示近期按计划或安排要进行的动作。同样用法的动词有：go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join…

7、Dear me!天哪!英国人说Dear me!或My dear!美国人说 : My god! (发啊的音)美英的发音不同. 【Key structures】

现在进行时和一般现在时

现在进行时表示说话的当时正在发生或正在发生的事件,也用来表示现阶段(一段时间)的动向。现在进行时常与now，just，still等副词连用：

I am working as a teacher. "现阶段"

He is still sleeping. （现在还在睡觉）

Jane is just dressing up. 简正在打扮。

一般现在时表示习惯性动作, 真理, 是过去、现在和未来都会发生的事情。一般现在时一般与频率副词often，always，sometimes，never，frequently，rarely，ever 等连用。

Helen never writes to her brother Tony. She sometimes rings him.

频率副词往往放在句子中的实义动词前, 非实义动词后；如果既有实义动词又有非实义动词, 要放在两个之间；疑问句中副词往往放在主语后面。在否定句中not 必须放在always之前，而且也出现在generally、normally、often、regularly和usually之前；not必须出现在sometimes和frequently之后。表示肯定的速记可以用在句尾；在特别强调和需要对比时，frequently、generally、normally、sometimes、usually 等副词可用于句首。I get paid on Friday usually. very often the phone rings when I’m in bath.

非实义动词 :

① 系动词(be) ② 帮助动词构成时态的助动词

③ 情态动词(must, can, may) 除此外皆实义动词.

I frequently go to bed hungry. （形容词作状语）He went to school hungry.饿着肚子上学.

You must come here hungry.空腹来这里.

【Special Difficulties】

以what开头的感叹句：

在英语中可用what引导的感叹句来表示惊奇、愤怒、赞赏、喜悦等感情，在感叹中主谓语采用正常语序。What 对名词感叹，结构：What +a/an (+adj.)+n.(+主语+谓语)!What a good girl (she is)! （主、谓可省）有上下文和一定的语境, 才能省略形容词。一般省形容词表示批评或不大好的意思。

What a thing to say! 多么难听的话啊！

What (a lot of) trouble( he is causing)!【Multiple choice questions】

8 He ___a___ out of the window and saw that it was raining. b. saw c. remarked d. watched

look 表示看的动作，后面一定要加介词

see 表示看的结果，后面直接加宾语

watch 表示观看，后面直接加宾语, 但宾语一定是能够活动的东西

look at pictures (对)；watch pictures(错)

11 Breakfast is the first ___d___ of the day.

a. food

b. dinner

c. lunch

d.

meal

lunch 中餐 food 食物 dinner 正餐

一天中最丰盛的那顿饭, 可能是中餐, 也可能是晚餐, 但决不会是早餐. meal 一顿饭

Lesson 3 Please Send Me a Card

【New words and expressions】（11）

★send v. 寄, 送

send sth. to sb. /send sb. sth. 给某人送（寄）东西

send/take children to school：take强调某人亲自送；send则是通过第三人去送, 如美国的校车

take flowers to his wife 自己送

send flowers to his wife 叫店里的人送

★postcard n. 明信片

两个爆破音在一起，前者失去爆破音。这里/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音

name card /visiting card 名片

Here is my name card. (口语常用, 同时伴随着递出的动作) ID card 身份证（ID 身份）

credit card 信用卡

cash card 现金卡储蓄卡工资卡(不能透支)

★spoil(spoiled，spoilt) v. 使索然无味, 损坏

① vt. 弄坏，损坏，糟蹋 The rain spoiled the school sports. ② vt. 宠坏，惯坏，溺爱

Don’t spoil your children. 不能太惯孩子。spoil: 把东西质量变差; 生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱；break: 打破; break the windows 打破玻璃damage: 破坏, 程度不一定很重

destroy : 破坏, 彻底摧毁

以上三个指物理上的破坏;spoil主要指精神上的

★museum n. 博物馆Palace Museum 故宫

★public adj. 公共的

① adj. 公共的，公众的，社会的

There is a public library in this town.

I always sit in public gardens on Sundays.

② adj. 公开的，众人皆知的

Their secret meeting was made public 20 years later. public house（酒吧简称pub public place 公共场所in public 公开的；in private 私下里的

Let’s have a conversation in private.让我们私下谈谈?--Why not have a conversation in public? 为什么不公开谈呢?(当面说呢?)

③ n. 公众，群众，大众

The public is/are pleased with his explanation. 公The museum is open to the public on Sunday.

★friendly adj. 友好的

friendly是形容词，单独使用时一般做定语；作状语表人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way

He always greets me in a friendly way.

以-ly结尾的形容词还有lovely，brotherly，fatherly，manly，motherly

★waiter n. 服务员, 招待员waiter(男服务员), waitress(女服务员), 只出现在餐

馆里chief waiter 领班

shop assistant 商店里的店员

attendant n. （其他公共场所的）服务员

★lend v. 借给

lend to（借出）：lend sth. to sb/lend sb. sth. borrow from（借进）：borrow sth. from sb./borrow sth. （borrow不能用 borrow sb sth.）

He borrowed my pen yesterday.

★decision n. 决定

make /take a decision作出决定

It was not easy for me to make/take this decision. make a big/great decision (big：重大；great：伟大, 更重大) decide v. 决定

★whole adj. 整个的

a whole bottle of milk 一整瓶牛奶

the whole…，the whole day 整天，two whole weeks 整整两星期

all th…，all the day (the可省略) 整天

all of后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词；一旦

要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of us；all of the students

★sing le adj. 唯一的, 单一的反义词double 双倍的【课文讲解】

1、Last summer, I went to Italy.

last：① adj. 上一个last summe

② adj. 最后一个，表示“最后一个”时要加冠词the the last day 最后一天（具体到一天及一天的早中

晚都要用on）

2、A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.

Italian于Italy 注意重读音的位置不同

teach sb. sth. 教某人做某事

He teaches our English.(错)He teaches us English.(对)

语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of Italian

I can speak a little English/a few words of English.

a few可与复数可数名词连用，表示肯定，含有some，a small number of（一些，少数几个）的意思。

The police would like to ask him a few questions. 警察要问他一些问题。

3、Everyday I thought about postcards.

think about/of 考虑, 思考，指某一段时间一直在想/

考虑某事, think of还可指想到

What do you think of TV program last night?

think over 仔细考虑，反复思考

What’s the weather like today?

cold, chilly（非常非常冷）, freeze

I'll freeze.我要冻僵了

4、I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!

spend与表示时间的词或短语连和时，意思为“花（时间）”、“度过”. spend+时间+地点 : 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间

I spend three hours in the sea.

I spend my weekend at my mother's.

I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞) spend还可以表示“花钱”

I can’t spend any more on this car.

【Key structures】

一般过去时

一般过去时通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。它通常指动作何时发生，而不指动作持续多久。

Do you ever catch a cold in the winter?

Yes, I caught a cold last winter.

【Special Difficulties】

直接宾语与间接宾语

双宾语：直接宾语(表示动作结果，动作所涉及的事物)和间接宾语(动作目标，动作是谁做的或为谁做的，通常是人)。间接宾语大多数情况下置于直接宾语之前，如果间接宾语在后，间接宾主前必须加“to”（表示动作对什么人做）或“for”（表示动作为什么人而做）。give sb. sth./give sth to sb

间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加to(对……而言)或for(为……而做)。可以翻译为“给”、“替”、“为”的，就用for；如果只能翻译为“给”的, 就用to

与to相连的give, take, pass, read, sell, buy，pay，hand，bring，show，promise，offer，owe

take flowers to my wife.

与for相连的 buy, order, make, find

I buy a book for you ./make a cake for you

find sth. for sb./do sb. a favor 帮某人一个忙

Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me? 帮我个忙

Can I order something for you?

Can I buy you a bottle of beer ?我请你喝杯酒的意思

【Multiple choice questions】

4 ___a___ him a few words of Italian? The waiter.

a. Who taught

b. Who did teach

c. What did he teach

d. Whom did he teach

人做主语提问——who 对宾语提问——whom

who既可以对主语提问也可以对宾语提问, 而whom只能对宾语提问如果对主语提问, 则句子的语序和陈述句语序一样；如果对非主语来提问, 则句子要使用特殊疑问词+一般疑问句的语序

7 He spent the whole day in his room. He was in his room ___c___ day.

a. the hole

b. the all

c. all

d.

all of

all (the) day

all of 后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词all of us；一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加the

all of the friends all of my friends all of the students

11 He made a big decision. He ___b___ .

a. thought about it

b. made up his mind

c. changed his mind

d. made a wish

think about:考虑、思考、想 make up one's mind:

下定决心change one's mind:改变主意 make a wish : 许个心愿, 愿望, 许愿

Lesson 4 An exciting trip

【New words and expressions】（6）

★exciting adj. 令人兴奋的

exciting adj. 令人兴奋的；excited adj. 兴奋的

-ed: 自己感到 / -ing:令人感到

The news was exciting.

an exciting boy 令人兴奋的男孩

I am excited.

excite v. 使。。激动The news excited me. interesting adj. 令人感到有趣的；interested adj. 感到有意思的interesting man

interest v. 让……感兴趣

The book interests me. 那本书让我感到很有趣

★receive v. 接受, 收到

① vt. 接到收到，得到

② vt. 招待，接待

You need a large room if you are going to receive

so many guests.

receive是“收到”，指的是一个被动的动作，主观上

接受与否不清楚。receive/have a letter from sb. accept 同意接收

This morning I received a bunch of flowers from a boy,but I didn't accept it.

take则是主动的“拿”、“取”

I received a beautiful pen from my uncle. My brother took it from me yesterday.

take 也可以作收到

take the exam 接受考试； take advice 接受建议

★firm n. 商行, 公司 company n. 公司

区别：company针对的是某一个特定的公司。例如说“我

们公司”这句话英文就该说“Our company”而不说“Our firm”

firm是任何的一个企业，可以是独资、合资或是股份有

限公司。firm和company相比之下概念更广泛，一般来说，对一般企业的总称用firm多余company。

★different adj. 不同的

① adj. 不同的，相异的（经常与from连用）

We are planning something different this year.

我们今年有不同的打算。

My room is different from yours.

② adj. 各种各样的，不同的

This department store sells a large number of different things.这家百货商店出售许多各种各样的

东西。

He has visited many different places in China. ★abroad adv. 在国外（副词, 直接和动词连用）

go abroad 去国外 /live abroad国外定居

study abroad 国外学习

【课文讲解】

1、He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia.

work for 在……上班/供职于，强调work

I am working for a school.

work in 强调地点（在哪个地方上班）

I am working in the New Oriental school.

work at 上班 She works at a department store.

a number of后面一定要加可数名词复数；通常number

前有great，large，good，small，certain等形容词，数量大小也随之改变。a great number of 类似于, 约

等于a lot of；

A large/great number of our students are Danish. There are a small number of spelling mistakes in your homework.

a lot of 可加可数名词也可加不可数名词

2、He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice springs, a small town in the centre of Australia.

has gone to 去了某地没回来

has been to 曾经去过某地, 现在不在那个地方

3、My brother has never been abroad before, so he is fending this trip very exciting.

before在句子后是副词, 译为“在此之前”，是现在完

成时态的标志

find作“发现”、“发觉”讲时宾语往往带补足语（一

般为形容词），说明宾语的状况、性质等。

find +宾语+形容词做宾补

find the room clean/ find her happy

be finding在口语中经常使用

I'm finding... . . We’re finding... ...

下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于

进行时：believe，doubt，see，hear，know，understand，belong，think，consider，feel，look，seem，show，mind，have，sound，taste，require，possess，care，like，hate，love，detest，desire

【Key structures】

现在完成时

现在完成时表示动作现存的结果，或者过去发生的事对

现在的影响。常与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语：before (now)（以前）；it’s the first tiem（第一次）；so for（到目前为止）；so far this morning（到上午

为止）；up to now（直到现在）；up to the present（直

到目前）；just（刚刚）；recently（最近）；already（已经）；lately（最近）；now（现在）；for 一段时间；since+

时间；still（还；仍）；at last（终于）；finally（最终）；疑问句和否定句中常用ever，yet，never，not…ever等。

I’ve planted fourteen rose bushes so far this morning.

I have lived here for several years now and I’ve made many new friends since I have lived here.

现在完成时还可和表示频度的副词连用，表示反复和习惯性动作，如often（经常），frequently（屡次），three times（三次）等。

I’ve watched him on TV several times.【Multiple choice questions】

3 Tim is in Australia. He went ___a___ Australia six months ago. a. to b. in c. at d. into

at… 表示位置（be at是典型表示位置的介词短语）go to… 只要有to这个感念, 它的后面一定要有宾语, go to the theater

go in… (in 做副词)很少加宾语He went in.

go into… 有去向的动作, 还有进入的动作go into the room

move常用的意义是“动”、“移动”，在表达“搬家”这个意思时move可以单独使用，也可组成短语move to，move into，move in，move out。

move in:搬进来、move to the new house:正在搬move into :搬进去了/move out 搬走

11 He will soon visit Darwin. He will visit Darwin ＿c＿. a. quickly b. for a short time c. shortly d. in a hurry

quickly 指的是动作上的快He went quickly .

for a short time 不久, 表示动作延续一段时间soon = shortly 不久以后, 表示在这段时间之后，强调的是时间上的快

in a hurry:匆忙的（指动作）

Lesson 5 No wrong numbers

【New words and expressions】（7）

★message n. （口头或书面的）信息

Here is a message for you from your sister.

an oral/written message 口信/便条

leave sb. a message 给……留便条

I'll leave you a message.

take a message for sb. 替某人捎口信

Can I take a message for you? 我能替你捎个口信吗? Can you take a message for me?

take a message to sb. 给某人口信

打电话 :

Hello!--May I have a word with Tom ?/May I speak with/to Tom?--Can you take a message for me? information n.信息（不可数）

messenger n. 送信人，信使

★cover v. 越过；覆盖

① vt. 盖，覆盖

She covered the child with a coat.

② vt. 行过（一段距离），走过（通常不用被动语态）cover+距离越过……

You can cover the distance to the museum in ten minutes. 、

③ n. 覆盖物，盖子，罩子，套子

Put a cover on the box!

★distance n. 距离 keep distance 保持距离distant adj.远距离的

importance n. 重要 important adj. 重要的difference n. 不同 different adj. 不同的★request n. 要求, 请求

① n. request for 对……有请求, 有需求

I have a request for the cake.

He granted my request for more time. 他同意了我延长时间的请求。

She sent a request for help to Gary. 她向加里求助。require do sth. 要求某人做……

You are required/asked to do sth.

★spare adj. 备用的

① vt. 抽出（时间等），让给

Have you got five minutes to spare?

② vt. 饶恕，赦免The robbers spared his life.

③ adj. 多余的，空闲的，剩下的，备用的

You can sleep in the spare bedroom.

Where can I get spare parts for this machine?

★service n. 业务, 服务

service作不可数名词时通常用于表示旅馆、餐馆以及商店等对旅客、顾客等的侍候、接待或服务；作可数名词时可以表示为帮助他人所采取的行动或所做的工作。The service in that hotel is quite good.

You have done me a great service.

service既可以指公用事业的业务，如：the mail service（邮政业务）、the telephone service（电话业务）；也可指办这些业务的机构，如：a travel service （旅行社）、a news service（通讯社）。

At your service. = I am glad to be at your service. 我很乐意为您效劳.

serve v. 服务, 接待

【课文讲解】

1、 Scott has a garage in Silbury and now he has just bought another garage in Pinhurst.

garage n. 车库, 车行（英美读音不同）

another(+单数名词) 其它的很多个中的一个，

Can you show me another?

other(+名词) adj.其它的(可加单/复数名词)

the other 两个之中的另外一个

one…the other… 一个……另一个……

One is watering the flowers, and the other is reading.

others(不用再加名词)= other + 名词复数

Some boys are playing football, and others are rowing/(going boating).

2、Pinhurst is only five miles from Silbury, but Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his new garage, so he has just bought twelve pigeons.

介词from在这里表示距离上相隔，作“距……”、“离……”讲，常与away连用

It is far (away) from here.

Bus stop is only one mile from school/here.

Bus stop is only one mile (away).

How far...? 多远（对距离提问）

How far(away) is the bus stop?

How far is your home(from here)?

My home is ten miles away from here.

get a telephone 得到电话, 安装电话

3、Yesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurst to Silbury.

carry v. 带着, 携带（其强调所携带的东西不会着地）I carried my son. （背或抱着）

take v. 带着I take my sister to the cinema. from…to…表示从一个地方到另一个地方

He looked at the girl from head to foot.

The news spread from house to house. 家家户户都得知了这条消息。

4、The bird covered the distance in three minutes. cover the distance 飞过那段距离

5、Up to now, has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other.

up to now =up till now 到目前为止，到现在为止(作时间状语，时态多用现在完成时，相当于until/till now) request for 对……的需求

a great many(+可数名词复数) 许多……

a great many可以做形容词短语：

A great many trees were destroyed in the storm.

也可作代词短语：

He has read a great many of the books in this room.

a great number of(+可数名词复数) 许多……urgent adj. 紧急的something urgent 紧急的事情【Key structures】

一般过去时与现在完成时

在表示过去某个特定时间发生的事情或动作时，要用一般过去时。在表示刚刚或者已经完成一个动作并且对现在有影响时，则要用现在完成时，时间状语可以是不特指的now，just或者for引导的一段时间，或者不加任何时间状语。

一般过去时与现在完成时的共同点：动作在过去都做过了；区别：过去式只能强调过去的事, 和现在没有任何关系.

I ate a piece of bread.

现在完成时, 强调过去的事情对现在产生的影响.

I have eaten a piece of bread this morning. I'm not hungry.

The clock stopped. 陈述事实

The clock has stopped. 过去的事实对现在造成影响

It snowed yesterday.

It has snowed yesterday. 强调对现在造成影响【Special Difficulties】

带way的短语

in the way 按照，以……方式

Do your work in the way I have shown you. 按我给你示范的方法来做你的工作。

I fly the kite in the way you showed me.

in the/one’s way 挡路；妨碍（某人）

Sorry, you are in the way.

Don’t stand in the way. I can’t see the blackboard.

in this way 这样,以这种方式

He saves old envelopes. In this way, he has collected a great many stamps.

in a way 从某种意义上来说，在某种程度上

In a way, you are kind.

in a friendly way 用友好的方式

in the family way 怀孕了, 快有小孩了(have a baby)The woman is in the family way.

by the way 随便说一声, 随便问一下

By the way, have you seen Harry recently?

on the/one’s way(to) 在去……的途中(陈述句) : on the way to school/the office；on the way home out of the way 让路

Get out of the way! 你给我滚出去!

get one's own way 随心所欲(at one’s pleasure) Children get their own way during the holidays.【Multiple choice questions】

4 Mr. Scott cannot get a telephone for his garage. ___b___ he has just bought twelve pigeons.

a. That's so

b. That's why

c. Because

d. For

so表示前面是原因, 后面是结果

That's why+从句那就是……原因, 前者是原因, 后者why后面是结果was caught in the traffic jam. That's why I was late.

That's后面的表语从句常常用特殊疑问词引导, 再加一个句子.That's when we can start class.

That's where we will have a meeting.

That's how I get to school.

Mr. Scott has a garage in Silbury. His ___b___ garage is in Pinhurst

.a. another b. other c. else d. different

在语法上, 冠词（an/a）、形容词性物主代词（his/my/your）、名词所有格（my mother's）不能同时并存的, 一般要用只能用其中一个

another=an +other 另外一个，强调的是剩下的还有好几个当中的一个, 强调的是有三个以上

other 其它的, 加单数就表示一个, his取代the的位置语法的范围正在放宽松, his another 也对, 但不太好else 其他的，放在被修饰词的后面, 会修饰两种词, 疑问词和不定代词

修饰疑问代词：who else,…

What else can I do for you?

修饰不定代词：anyone else, anything else Lesson 6 Percy Buttons

【New words and expressions】（4）

★beggar n. 乞丐

beg v.乞求I beg your pardon? beg for 乞求得到ask for 请求得到（ask sb. for sth.向某人索要某物）★food n. 食物（不可数）a lot of food

★pocket n. 衣服口袋

inner pocket 内口袋；jacket pocket 夹克的口袋；coat pocket 大衣口袋pocket book 袖珍书

pocket dictionary袖珍词典pocket pick 车上的小偷pocket money (小孩的)零花钱

change 零钱get exact change准备好正确的零花钱beer money (男人的)零花钱

★call v. 拜访, 光顾

① vt.&vi. 叫，喊I heard someone calling.

call out =shout 大声喊

② vt. 呼唤，召唤Lucy is sick. Please call a doctor.

③ vi. 访问，拜访；（车、船等）停靠

Amy called (at our house) yesterday.

The train calls at large stations only. 这列火车只停大站。call on sb. 拜访某人

call at+地点＝visit someplace 拜访某地

④ vt.&vi. 打电话

call sb =call up sb. 给某人打电话

call back 回某人电话

Can you take a message for me? =Can you tell him to call back? call in sb. 招集和邀请某人

For the project, the government called in a lot of experts.

【课文讲解】

1、Yesterday a beggar knocked at my door.

★knock ①vi. 敲门I knocked, but no one answered.. knock at 敲（门、窗等）

knock at the door；knock at the window

② vt.&vi. 碰撞You always knock things off the table. 你总是碰掉桌上的东西。

Jim was knocked over by a bus this morning. 今天上午吉姆被一辆公共汽车撞倒了。

She has knocked a cup over again.她又碰倒了一杯子。

③ vt. 把（某人）打成……状态

He knocked Tom out yesterday. 他昨天把汤姆打昏过去了。

④与off连用时有一些特殊含义，一般用于口语

vt. （价格上）减去，除去，打折扣

They knocked five dollars off the price of the coat.

The shop assistant knocked 10% off the bill.（He reduced the price by 10%.）

vi. 下班，停止，中断（工作等）

When do you usually knock off? 你一般何时下班？He knocked off for lunch at half past eleven. 他十一点半休息吃中午饭。

2、He asked me for a meal and a glass of beer. ask (sb.) for sth =request for sth. 问某人要什么东西

（for为了这个目的去请求某人, sb.更多的时候不出现, ask for sth.）

The boy asked (his parents)for money again.

3、In return for this, the beggar stood on his head and sang songs.

in return for this 作为对……的回报，作为交换

I'll buy a present for him in return for hospitality.

in return 作为回报

In return for your help, I invite you to spend the weekend with my family.

He doesn't want anything in return. 他不想得到任何回报

stood on his head 倒立

stand on one's hands 用手着地(hand单数就是一只手, 双手复数)stand on one's knees 跪着, 膝盖

lie on one's back 仰面躺着

lie on one's side 侧躺/lie on one's stomach 趴着

4、Later a neighbour told me about him.

介词about可以和一些动词连用，以表示“关于……（的）”、“涉及……（的）”

Please tell me about the accident.

tell sb. about sth. 告诉某人某事（about关于, 通过其他事自己得出的结论）

tell you about the word 解释这个单词的意思

tell sb. sth. 告诉某人某件事(把事情直接告诉) 5、Everybody knows him.

everybody作主语一定作单数看待, 属于不定代词

所有的不定代词作为主语一律为单数看待 : somebody，anybody，everything等

6、He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer. calls at 光顾，拜访

in the street（英国）/on the street（美国）

once a month 一个月一次, 单位表达方式

once adj. 表示每……一次（表示频率时后面直接加表示时间的名词）, 计量单位“/” （每……）

five kilometers an hour

He goes back to the South once a year.

【Key structures】

A, The and Some

当表示不确定的某个人或物时，用不定冠词a/an（单数, 可数名词）；当表示不可数的名词时，则需要由不定冠词加量词组成词组。

在表示一种笼统概念（某某一类/一种东西）的陈述句中可以省略a和some

A tiger is a dangerous animal. /Tigers are dangerous.

Salt is necessary for/to us all.

表示某个确定的人或事物或者上文已提到过的人或事物，则要用定冠词the（有时相当于this/that/these/those）,可数名词单/复数或不可数名词均可。

在姓名、地名、国名（非复合词）以及月份、星期等前面不加任何冠词。

a和the的区别：a是泛指, a man；特指, the man

在文章当中第一次出现名词的时候往往用a和an修饰, 第二次出现的时候用the

A man is walking towards me. The man is carrying a parcel. The parcel is full of meat.

She always buys flour, sugar and tea at the grocer's.

一般姓名前一般不能加冠词，表示“某某一类人当中, 具有这种特征当中的一个”，加不定冠词a

a Mr. Zhang 张先生这类人

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词

某些动词的后面加上介词或副词以后就会改变词义, 这种新的组合称作短语动词

put v. 放put on 穿上，戴上

take v. 拿走take off 脱掉，摘掉

look v. 看look at 看；look for 寻找；look after 照顾；look out 当心；look out of 向外看

call :call at；call on；call in；call back；

call for 去取某物, 去接某人；需要

The problem calls for immediate action. 这个问题需要立即采取行动

knock v. 敲knock at 敲门

knock off 下班He knocked off earlier.

knock off 打折 Knock 10% off the price.把……撞倒，如果有地点，用介词off；无地点，用介词over knock sth. off+地点

I knocked the boy off the bicycle.

knock over A car knocked the boy over.

knock out 打晕, 在拳击场合中, 把人打倒在地叫knock out(专用术语) He did not know how to fight, but he knocked the boxer out.

【Multiple choice questions】

6 Everybody knows him. ___a___ know him.

a. They all

b. Each

c. Every

d.

All they

all of us, we all 我们所有人

every +n. 每一个(书, 本, 人等)

every person likes…

each adj.&pron. 每一个

each +n；each 直接作主语或者宾语

each person likes.../each likes... every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、

不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，

又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有

限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三

人称单数

Every child enjoys Christmas.

Each of us has his own work to do.

They each have a share.

10 She gave him a piece of cheese. He put the

___a___ of cheese in his pocket.

a. bit

b. bar

c. block

d.

packet

a bit of /a piece of 在英文中经常互用

bar 门闩 : 长条状 : a bar of chocolate/soap

block n. 房子；块, 一大块；v. 堵塞

packet 一包

12 All the houses in our ___a___ are the same age and size. a. street b. way c. road d. route same age and size 同年代同样式

street 两边有房子的街道, 强调城市里的街道

way, on the way, in the way 挡住某人的路(强调方向) road 路的通称

road home 通往家的路 (《我的父亲母亲》英文名)

route 路线

〖语法精粹〗

girl even won't have her lunch before she__D__her .

will finish B. is finishing D. finishes

状语从句中, 用一般现在时取代将来时.

who have applied for the post__A__in the office. A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing

C. interviewing (光动词+ing不能构成谓语)

D. to be interviewing (不定式不能构成谓语动词)

apply for 申请 interview 面试

old scientist __C___to do more for the country.

A. is wishing

B. has been wishing

C. wishes

D. has been wished

D为被动语态，从语法上说合理, 但不合情

表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行

时态.wish sb. to do 希望某人做某事

Lesson 7 Too late

【New words and expressions】（13）

★detective n. 侦探detective story 侦探小说

★airport n. 机场

★airfield n. 飞机起落的场地

port 港口；airport 航空港at the airport 在机

场

field 田野；airfield 停机坪on the airfield在停机

坪上★expect v. 期待, 等待① vt.&vi. 预计，预料

Jim has failed in mathematics as his teacher expected.

正如他老师所预料的那样，吉姆数学考试没及格。

② vt. 等待，期待，盼望（心理上的等待）

They are expecting guests tonight. 今晚有人要去他们那里作客。

expect所表示的等待一般暗含着根据某些信息或规律而作出相应反应的意思，而wait for主要接续“等待”这个动作本身。

expect expect a letter from Jimmy.

expect do sth. 期待某人做某事

I expect you to write back.

wait for sth./sb. 动作上的等待I wait for my mother.

③ vt. 认为，猜想（一般用于口语）

I expect so./I think so. 我希望如此［口语］

I expect you’ve heard the news. 我想你已经听到这个消息了。

★valuable adj. 贵重的★precious adj. 珍贵的value n.&v. 价值；valuable adj.有价值的

valuable/ precious

precious adj. 珍贵的（带有一定的感情色彩）precious photo 珍贵的照片

-less 表否定;

priceless adj. 没有价格的, 无价的

valueless adj. 没有价值, 不足道的

worthless adj. 无价值的

★diamond n. 钻石diamond ring 钻石戒指precious stone 宝石；crystal 水晶；jade 玉

★steal（stole，stolen） v. 偷

① vt.&vi. 偷盗，行窃

英语中“偷”用steal和rob来表达，宾语是物，用steal；宾语是人，用rob；跟地点相连，也用rob steal sth. 偷(某物)My wallet was stolen.

rob sb. 抢(某人) rob the bank

② vt. 巧妙地占用，偷偷地弄到手

He has stolen away Mary’s heart. 他已赢得玛丽的芳心。③ vi. 偷偷地行动，悄悄靠近

He stole into the room. 他悄悄地进了房间。

★main adj. 主要的

main building；main street；main sentence；main idea main不能与人连用

★guard n. 警戒, 守卫

life guard 救生员/body guard 保镖

keep guard 守望，警戒

They kept a close guard over the thieves. 他们对小偷们严加看管。stand guard 站岗，放哨

【课文讲解】

1、The plane was late and detectives were waiting at the airport all morning.

all一般直接加表示时间的单数名词构成副词短语，如：

all day，all night，all week，all winter，all year 等。但不说all hour。

whole在表达同样的意思时一般要加冠词或数词，如a whole day/year，two whole weeks。

all morning=all the morning

detectives 没有强调一些侦探或者那些侦探, 强调侦探这种人，笼统感念, 可不加some, the

2、A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds.

a few hours earlier 几个小时以前

= a few hours before/a few hours ago

would +do 过去将来时,间接方式, 转述, 站在过去看未来

3、When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

代词others常常和some连用，表示“有些（人）……，也有些（人）……”或“有的……，其余的……”one…the other… 一个……另一个……some…others… 一些……另一些……

Some students are very hard-working, others are not.

others=other+名词复数

5、Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Customs House.

take sth. off…=take sth. away from…

and carried it into…carried 表示看得很重Customs House 海关

6、While two detectives were keeping guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!

…were keeping guard at the door,two others opened the parcel.

表面上是分工, 两个动作同时发生, 不是同时开始同时结束, 延续时间不一致, 长一点时间的动作用进行时态, 短时间的动作用过去时.

When someone knocked at the door, I was having dinner.

keep guard守卫

They kept a close guard over the thieves.

at the door 在门边(固定搭配)

two others=two other detectives

to one's surprise,让某人惊讶的是

To one’s +表情绪名词to one's joy/to one's excitement

be full of ...装满My bag was full of books.【Key structures】

过去进行时

过去进行时的构成：be的过去式+现在分词

过去进行时和一般过去时经常同在一个句子里使用。过去进行时表示过去正在进行的动作或情况，一般过去时则表示比较短暂的动作或事件。正在进行中的动作或情况往往由连词when，while，as，just as等引导。when，while 当……时候（强调动作同时发生）while+从句, 动词一定是延续性动词

when+延续性动词/瞬间动词

while能用when代替，但是when却不一定能用while 代替。while通常只引导持续时间较长的动作，并且主句和从句可以同时用过去进行时，而when和as一般不这么用。

John was watching TV while his wife was talking with a neighbour over the phone.

Just as I was leaving the house, you came in. when也可引导较短暂的动作，while和as一般不行。We were having supper when the lights went out.过去进行时往往与表示一段时间的状语连用，如all morning，all night，all day，all evening，the whole week等，表示这段时间一直在干什么。

What were you doing all evening? I couldn’t find you anywhere.

过去动作同时发生的时态

①过去两个动作同时发生, 习惯上一个用一般过去时, 另一个用过去进行时；动作长用过去进行时, 动作短用一般过去时; 分工的情况, 动作的开始时间和结束时间几乎相同, 均用过去进行时;

I was listening to the radio, my sister was dancing. When my mother was doing the housework, my father was watching TV.

②两个动作在同时段进行, 在不同时间结束, 先发生的动作未结束, 另一个动作发生, 先发生的动作用进行时态, 另一个动作用过去时.

When I was opening the door, the telephone rang.先开门/When the telephone was ringing, I opened the door. 电话先响

③瞬间动词（如：arrive）没有进行时态, 所以两个动作同时发生, 延续性动词用进行时态, 瞬间动词使用过去时态.

When he arrived, I was having dinner.

I am arriving 进行时态表示将要

【Special Difficulties】

短语动词中的小品词

许多动词加上介词或副词后就会改变词义，这些介词和副词通常被称为小品词。它们没有词形的变化。有些小品词既可以作介词又可以作副词。判断一个小品词是副词还是介词要看小品词有没有带宾语。有宾语的是介词，没有宾语的是副词，介词的位置相对固定，不能变动。

① vi.&vt.+ prep./adv.+宾语(n.)

She is walking up the hill.

② vt.+宾语(n./pron.)+adv.

take off the coat =take the coat off =take it off put on your shoes =put your shoes on =put them on I always take money with me.我身上总带些钱【Multiple choice questions】

9 The parcel was valuable. It was ___c___ .

a. worth

b. worthy

c. precious

d. value valuable= precious value n. 价值

worth v. 值得……，后面一定要加词

something is worth…

The book is worth reading. (动名词)

The book is worth three dollars.

worthy adj. 有价值的

be worthy of… 值得……

This book is worthy of being read [to be read]. acts worthy of punishment 应该受处分的行为

worthless adj. 无价值的

something is worthless(后面不加任何东西)

Lesson 8 The best and the worst

【New words and expressions】（5）

★competition n. 比赛，竞赛（暗地里的竞争）

race n. 比赛，竞赛car race

match n. 比赛football match

contest n. 比赛（更广泛）

baby contest 宝宝大赛；beauty contest 选美

game : 游戏, 运动

★neat adj. 整齐的, 整洁的，井井有条

clean adj. 干净的neat=tidy

tidy (up) the room 整理房间

★pool n. 水池(人工的) swimming pool 游泳池pond 池塘（天然的）《golden pond》—金色池塘

【课文讲解】

1、Joe Sanders has the most beautiful garden in our town.=Joe's garden is the most beautiful.

Bill's garden is the largest.

Bill’s garden is larger than Joe’s. （比较的东

西都是同类的事物joe’s 的“’s”不能省略）

2、Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time. nearly和almost意义相似，表示“几乎”、“差不多”、“差点儿”的意思。I have nearly forgotten his name. enter for 报名参加（各种竞赛，考试等活动）

win（won，won） v. 赢

① vi. 赢I win. /I lose. (输了)

② vt. 赢得……win something 后面往往是奖品,不

能接对手I win the book.

win a prize 赢了奖win a prize for…因为……而获

奖

defeat+对手I defeat you.

3、Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe's.

名词加-’s表示所属关系，构成名词的所有格。这类名

词往往指有生命的东西，特别是人。所有格的语法作用

相当于形容词，限定后面的名词。这个被限定的名词在

上下文中第二次被提到时可以省略，只要不引起误解。4、He has made neat paths and has built a wooden bridge over a pool.

make和build在这里是同义词，“修建，建造”。make 的词义比较笼统、广泛，可解释为“做、作出、制造”等，而build主要限于建筑业，指“建造，建设，盖房子，修筑（桥梁）等” Have you made the skirt by yourself? They have made a road along the river.【Key structures】

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级

比较级相当于汉语中“比……更……”这种句型，最高级则表示在某个范围“最……”的概念。最高级在使用时前面通常要加定冠词the，并有一个短语或从句限定其范围。

1、比较级和最高级的构成：

①单音节词和少数双音节词在词尾加-er，-est，以辅音加-y结尾的词变-y为-i，再加-er，-est

②以-e结尾的词加-r，-st

③以一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词要双写最后一个字母，再加-er，-est

④三个或者是三个音节以上（多音节）

比较级的构成 : more+原级

最高级的构成 : the most+原级

有一些双音节词既可在单词结尾加-er，-est，也可与more/less和most/least连用，如narrow，clever，common，pleasant等。

clever— cleverer— more clever

fun adj. 快乐more fun （美国人用）

⑤有些构成是不规则的：

good/well(better best)；bad/ill(worse worst)；many/much(more most)；little(less least)；

far(farther further , farthest furthest)（farther:距离上远和更远further:程度上更进一步）further more(更有甚者)

old(older elder, oldest eldest)

older 比……大She is older than somebody elder 做定语修饰其他名词elder sister (年长的)姐姐

2、比较级和最高级的用法

在使用比较级时，如果需要把所比较的两项都提到，那么就必须比较级后用than：

My room is cleaner than the one next door.

如果比较级之所指很清楚，它可独立存在：

Which house do you prefer?I prefer the older one.最高级的限定范围一般用of，among，in等介词短语；限定范围也可以是从句；如果范围很清楚，则可以省略。John is the tallest of the three brother.

Mary is the most intelligent person I’ve ever met.

【Special Difficulties】

every构成的合成词

every和one，body，thing可以构成复合不定代词everyone，everybody，everything。Everyone和everybody一般可以替换使用，后面的代词既可以用单数，也可以用复数，但它们本身均被视为单数。Everyone/Everybody knows what he has to do.

=Everyone/Everybody knows what they have to do. 每个人都知道自己必须做什么。

Everything is going well. 一切都很顺利。

each和every均可译为“每一个”，两者常可互换。every只能是形容词性，强调整体，常用来指一个大的、不确定的数目，不能直接做主语；each既可作形容词，又可作代词，强调个体，常用以一个确定的并通常是有

限的数目，在作代词时，直接作主语或宾语，使用第三

人称单数

Every/Each time I wash the car it rains.

Enter and Enter for

enter① vt.&vi. 进入enter+地点名词

Always knock on the door before you enter.

② vt.&vi. 参加，加入

W e’ve entered into an agreement. 我们已达成一项

协议。He soon entered their conversation.

enter for+表示比赛、竞赛、考试的名词报名参加, 强调报名enter for the exam

She entered (her name/herself) for the mathematics competition. 她报名参加数学竞赛。

take part in 真正的参加

2 Will you enter ___for___ this week's crossword competition? crossward 文字游戏

3 Many athletes have entered ___for___ the Olympic Games this year.

【Multiple choice questions】

8 Joe wins every time. He always ___b___ Bill Frith.

a. wins

b. beats

c. gains

d. earns

对手关系不能用win

defeat v. 击败 defeat sb. beat v. 打败；打

gain =get sth. earn vt. 挣得 earn money

9 Joe grows more flowers. More flowers ___a___ in his garden. a. grow b. grow tall c. grow up d. grow big

grow vt. 种植: grow sth; grow flowers…

vi. 生长: sth. grow; flowers are growing

grow tall/grow big 变得……（一般不加形容词）grow up 只和人连用, 表示人的长大

Lesson 9 A cold welcome

【New words and expressions】（7）

★welcome n. 欢迎；v. 欢迎

① n. 欢迎 a cold welcome 冷遇

② v. 欢迎 welcome to+地点

welcome to China；；welcome home；welcome back

③ adj. 受欢迎的You are welcome.

You are welcome to+地点

★crowd n. 人群

① n. 人群 in the crowd 在人群中

I spotted him in the crowd. 我在人群中一眼就认出

了他a crowd of people 一群人，没有次序的人群, 拥挤的

人群a group of people 一群人，有次序的人群

② v.拥挤, 挤满

a large crowd of people 一大群人

crowds of people 许多人, 人山人海

★gather v. 聚集

① vt. 使集拢，集合，召集

He gathered a large crowd of people round him.

② vt 收集，采集，收（庄稼等）

The children are out in the field gathering flowers. 孩子们在外面地里采花。

It has taken me a lifetime to gather all these books.

③ vi. 集拢，聚集，集合

They gathered under the Town Hall clock.

people gathered 人们聚集在一起, 尤指自发性的

★hand n. (表或机器的)指针；手

minute hand；second hand；hour hand

second hand 二手的，旧的，秒针

wait me a moment/wait me a few seconds(for a few secs.) （secs.是seconds的缩写）

★refuse v. 拒绝

① vt. 拒绝（接受、服从等）She refused the gift.

② vt. 拒不，不肯，不愿

John refused to change his mind. 约翰拒不改变主意。

③ vi. 拒绝，不接受

I offered to pay him for his help, but he refused.。★shout v. 喊叫 scream 尖叫

call out 大声喊叫cry out 大声哭喊

【课文讲解】

1、A cold welcome 冷遇

cold adj. 冷的, 寒冷的, 冷淡的

cold fish 冷漠的人My brother is a cold fish.

lucky dog 幸运的人

2、On Wednesday evening, we went to the Town Hall. morning，afternoon，evening前如果加修饰词则用介

词on，否则用in .Town Hall 市政厅

3、It would strike twelve in twenty minutes' time.

★strike v. 打，击；敲，弹（钟，乐器等）

① v. 打，击She struck the man in the face.

② v. 敲，弹（钟，乐器等）

strike the clock（人）敲钟clock strike 钟自己响Listen, the clock is striking.

strike twelve 数字表示敲击的次数

minutes'名词所有格，用来表达时间

名词所有格表示时间或距离

It will leave in five minutes'time.

in twenty(minutes'time)名词所有格可省略

How far is the school from here?

3 minutes' walk. 三分钟路程。

4、We waited and waited, but nothing happened. waited and waited 等啊等啊, 强调动作的重复（walked and walked；run and run）

happen vi.事情做主语, 事情发生

What happened? Nothing happened.

5、It was true that+从句……是一个事实

6、The big clock refused to welcome the New Year. refuse to do sth. 拒绝去做某事

7、At that moment, everybody began to laugh and sing. at that moment = just then 就在那时

at the moment = now 现在, 此刻, 在此时

【Key structures】

引导时间状语的介词in/on/at/during/till与until

1、用in的时间短语有：

①表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning；in the afternoon；in the evening

②表示周、月份、年份：in a week；in January；③表示季节：in summer；in spring；in autumn； in+表示时间长度的短语可以表示“在某段时间之内”，这时可以与现在时、过去时或将来时连用，一般与完成某动作有关；还可译为“……时间之后”，一般与将来时连用。根据时态判别in 表示的含义

in twenty minutes' time 20分钟之后

We will finish class in half an hour.

2、用on的时间短语有：

①表示星期：on Monday；on Friday

②表示日期：on June 1st；on 23rd March（在书写日期时没有冠词，但在口语中则分别读为：on June the first；on the 23rd of March）

③表示星期+日期：on Monday, June 1st

④表示具体时间：on Wednesday evening on that day

3、用at的时间短语有：

①表示确切的时间：at five to twelve；at ten o'clock

②表示用餐时间：at lunch/dinner time；at teatime

③表示其他时刻： at noon；at midnight；at that time

4、during在……期间，后必须跟一个名词，可以指整个一段时间，有时可以用in替代

He has phoned four times during the last half hour.

I met him sometime during the week.（不能用in代替）我是在这一周的某天遇到他的。

during the holiday 强调假期的从头到尾

He enjoyed himself during his holiday.

in the holiday 强调这段时间其中某一点时间, 并不表示自始至终

I was caught in an accident in the holiday.

5、from…till… 指一段明确的时间：

The tourist season runs from June till October.

6、until prep.&coin. 直到……时候，直到什么时候为止, 直到什么时候才

until主句和从句两个都用一般过去时对(最习惯的一种用法), 主从句任何一个用过去完成是也对

I can't enter for the sports meeting until tomorrow. We hadn't disturbed him until he finished work. We didn't disturb him until he had finished work. We didn't disturb him until he finished work.(更习惯于这种用法)

7、时间表示方法: What’s the time?/What time is it? A整点: A o’clock A点B分（B<30）: A B / B past A

A点15分 : A fifteen / fifteen past A / a quarter past A

A点30分 : A thirty / half past A

A点B分(B>30) : A B / (60-B) to (A+1)

A点45分 : A forty-five / a quarter to (A+1) / fifteen to (A+1)

【Special Difficulties】

Any，Not...Any and No

any 用于否定句和疑问句中, some用于肯定句(或要求得到肯定回答的疑问句)

Do you have any friends?/I don't have any friends. not 用在非实义动词后面, 实义动词前面.

not any=no 用在名词前面，no比not any的语气要强，但这两种否定的意义是相同的。

I have no friends.

no可构成复合词nobody，none，nothing，nowhere；any 可构成复合词anybody，anything和anywhere。

一句通常只能有一个否定词（包括never，hardly等）【Multiple choice questions】

8 How many times did the clock ___d___ ?

a. hit

b. beat

c. knock

d. strike

敲门用knock；敲钟用strike

hit（轻）和strike（重hit hard)在一定的时候可以互换, 一般表示打一下beat v. 连续不断的打

beat drums 敲鼓

12 It refused to welcome the New Year. It ___c___ .

a. denied it

b. wanted to

c. didn't want to

d. wished to

deny v. 否认, 拒绝去承认, 后面一般加名词

deny the fact/ I denied that I had stolen the bicycle.

Lesson 10 Not for jazz

【New words and expressions】（11）

★musical adj. 音乐的

musical student 有音乐天赋的人

music student 学音乐的人

★instrument n. 乐器=musical instrument instrument常用的意思是“器械”、“器具”，尤指医疗、机器等方面的。也可用来泛指各种乐器。

★clavichord n. 古钢琴, 不是现代的piano

a kind of instrument

★recently adv. 最近(=lately)

★damage v. 损坏

① n. 损害，损失，伤害

The storm has done a lot of damage to the village.

② vt. 损害，毁坏，损坏

The car was badly damaged in the accident.

★key n. 琴键

① n. 琴键② n. 钥匙，答案

key to the door 门钥匙

Do you know the key to the question?

③ adj. 关键的key structure

★shock v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊

① v. 使不悦或生气, 震惊

跟人的情绪有关的动词的宾语往往是“人” (以sth.为主语)The news shocks me. 这个消息使我震惊

② adj. 令人震惊的It is shocking.

③ adj. 感到震惊

凡是能够用“人” 做宾语, 又是表示人的情绪活动的动词, 有两个形容词形成：令人……（V+ing）；感到……（V+ed）I'm shocked.

④ n. 震惊get a shock /sb. get a shock 某人很吃惊

shock 必指坏事, 令人不悦, 生气的

surprise 好事坏事都可以, 只要你没有料到的

I want to give you surprise.

★allow v. 允许, 让allow doing sth.

Smoking is allowed.＝people allow smoking

allow sb. to do sth. / allowed to do sth.

allow常用于被动语态

★touch v. 触摸

① vt.&vi. 触摸，碰

You are not allowed to touch the vase.

② vt. 谈及，涉及，关系到

A rise in the cost of living touches everyone. 生活费用的增加与每个人都有关系。

【课文讲解】

1、It is called a clavichord.

call在这里的意思是“把……称为”、“称呼”，既可用于主动态，也可用于被动语态。

call ./ called 称某人为……，什么被称为… What do you call this? 你们把这称为什么？

2、It has belonged to our family for a long time. belong是一个表示状态的动词，而不是行为动词，所以不能用于进行时，常用的时态是一般现在时和现在过去时。This farm belongs to me and it belonged to my father before me.

3、She tried to play jazz on it!

play n. 玩，演奏（乐器等）

①跟球类连用, 直接+球类;

②跟乐器连用, +the+乐器, 演奏乐器而非音乐

③ play music on + 乐器 , 一定要用“on”

【Key structures】

被动语态

主动语态与被动语态皆指动词的形式而言。在主动句中，动词的主语是执行动作的人或物；在被动句中，动作是对主语执行的。

被动语态由be的一种形式和过去分词构成。主动语态的时态用法规则也适用于被动语态。动词作及物动词用时才能构成被动语态。如果要说明是什么人或什么东西做了某事，则用“by+行为主体”结构。“行为主体”也可以不表示出来。

【Special Difficulties】

与被动语态的made连用的几个介词

made in表示产地或时间 It was made in Germany. made of用某种材料制成（通常指制造后不变该材料原来的性质或形状）The tea pot is made of silver. made from用数种材料制成或是制造后改变了材料原来的性质或形状 Paper can be made from wood.

made by由谁制造This cake was made by my sister. be made into 被制成……

The gold is made into a ring.

双重所有格/双重属格 : 名词+of+名词所有格(名词性的物主代词)

英语中通常用-’s和of结构来表示所有格。-’s结构通常用在人名和表示人称的名词的末尾，而of结构则常与无生命的名词连用。-’s结构的所有格可用于of结构之后，称为双重所有格。在名词前可以用a，this，that，these，some，any，no等，但不用the。

He is a friend of mine. 含有“他是我的一个特殊的或惟一的朋友”之意。

He is no friend of mine. 含义是“我根本不认识他”或“他是我的敌人”

强调很多当中的一个或几个的时候, 选用双重属格结构a friend of my father/my father's friend(s) 只有一个朋友a friend of my father's 很多朋友中的一个It happened to a friend of mine. 我的很多朋友中的一个

【Multiple choice questions】

9 It's kept in the living room. That's where we ___a___ it. a. have b. hold c. lift d. carry keep(kept,kept) v. 保持，保存

keep sth.+地点在某地放……(状态)

put v. 放(动作)；lift v. 举起；carry v. 扛着, 背着, 抱着

hold v. 拥有, 持有, 握着；have v. 拥有

That's后面+以特殊疑问词引导的从句

That's where 那就是……的地方

That's why 那就是……的原因

10 The visitor damaged it. She ___c___ it.

a. hurt

b. pained

c. broke

d. destroyed damaged：可以修复destroy：无法修复

pain：有身体的疼痛broke：打破, 打断, 打碎

I broke my leg.

★hurt ① hurt oneself/身体的某个部位……受伤

②身体的某个部位+hurt ……疼痛

My hand hurts.

③ hurt feelings 伤害……感情，……受伤Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 【New words and expressions】（6）

★turn n. 行为, 举止

turn n.（帮助或损害他人的）举动、行为

Yesterday George did me a good/an ill turn. 乔治昨天做了一件对我有利/不利的事。

He is always ready to do a turn for others.

★deserve v. 应得到, 值得

① deserve + n. 应该得到……，值得……，应得（奖

赏、惩罚等）

He deserves praise. 他应该得到表扬

Yor deserve the best. 你应该得到最好的

He deserved a promotion. （promotion n. 提升）

② deserve sth./to do sth. 应该……

She deserved to be punished.

Good work deserves good pay. 多劳多得

★lawyer n. 律师lawyer's office 律师事务所

★bank n. 银行rob the bank 抢银行

★salary n. 工资

pay n. 工资(salary+wage，通用)

salary n. 薪金，薪水(月薪, 年薪，通常指职员、

脑力劳动者（如律师、教师、医生等）有固定工作或管

理阶层的收入，数额比较固定，一般按月支付)

My salary is paid on the 28th of the month.

wage n. 工资，工钱(按小时, 周计算的，通常指技

工或一般体力劳动者，不稳定的工作人的收入，按周或

天支付。一般用复数形式wages)。

When I worked as a waiter, the wages were low, but

the tips were good.我当侍者时工资不高但小费可观。bonus n. 奖金, 分红

collet v. 搜集, 领取collect salary/wage 领工

资

★immediately（= right away =at once） adv. 立

刻

right now 现在

【课文讲解】

1、One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来, 善有

善报one bad turn deserves another 恶有恶报

2、Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but

he is now working at a bank.

work for…强调工作work in… 强调in后面的地点working at a bank

(some/several) years ago 名词-s,前面省略了some

3、He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.

The teachers in the New Oriental school can get a good salary.

borrow sth. from sb. 从……借……

never=not 前面不需要加助动词

pay在这里的意思是“偿还（债务等）”，还可解释为“付，支付（价款、账单）等”。Pay既是及物动词也

可以是不及物动词。How much did you pay for that dress? paid the bill. pay back 还钱

4、Tony saw me and came and sat at the same table.and连接三个并列的动词

at the same table 坐在同一张桌子旁边

at table 吃饭at the table 坐在桌子旁边

5、'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'

pay for 为……而付钱I have paid for you a dinner. ask (sb.) for sth. 问……要……

It's my treat. 我请客

This time is your treat. Next time is my turn.

Let's go dutch. AA制

【Key structures】复习动词时态：p53 D

【Special Difficulties】

动词+名词/代词+带to的不定式

某些动词之后的带to的不定式之前可以有一个名词或

代词。有些动词后的名词/代词可有可无，但有和没有经

常影响影响整个句子的意义。

I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.

I want to speak to John./I’d like sb. to do sth. I’d like to do sth.

还有一些动词后面用不定式作宾语时，其后通常必须有

一名词或代词。这类动词有allow，advise，help，teach，tell，request等，这类动词不但可用于主动语态，也

可用于被动语态：

We were not allowed to see the picture.

hope一定不能说hope sb. to do sth.，正确用法是hope

to do (希望自己)或hope that(希望别人)

【Multiple choice questions】

8 He gets a good salary. His salary is very

___a___ .

a. good

b. well

c. fine

d. beautiful

good salary 不错的薪水beautiful 美丽,漂亮的well表示好的时候一般用作副词

fine用来形容天气好, 质量好

10 Tony must pay the money back. He must

___c___ .a. pay it again b. pay it c. repay

it

d. pay it once more

pay back 还钱；pay something 付钱；pay again 再次付钱；pay it 付钱

once more=again repay it =pay back

Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck

【New words and expressions】（6）

★luck n. 运气, 幸运

good luck =break your leg 祝你好运

bless you 保重（比如在别人打喷嚏时说的话）

lucky adj. 幸运的lucky dog 幸运儿

lucky day 幸运日It’s my lucky day.今天我真幸运luckily adv. 幸运地unlucky adj. 不幸的

★sail v. 航行

① vi. （船）航行，扬帆行驶

The ship is sailing for New York.

② vi. （人）乘船航行I want to sail around the

world.

③ n. 帆，篷This boat has white salis.

★harbour n. 港口

port n. 港口 air port 航空港

★proud adj. 自豪，自满

be proud of 以……为自豪，为（某人）感到自豪Parents are proud of their children.

pride n. 自豪take pride in 以……为自豪

★important adj. 重要的importance n. 重大【课文讲解】

1、We'll meet him at the harbour early in the morning.

在表示时间的短语in the morning，in the afternoon 等前面可以再加上early，late等副词，以便确切地表示时间.early in the morning 一大早

late in the afternoon 傍晚

2、It has sailed across the Atlantic many times. across是对某个细长物“横切、横断、横渡”等，尤指河流、马路、海洋等；过桥用over

the Atlantic =the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋once，twice，three times…

表示次数的时候, for 一定不能加

I do something twice.

3、Captain Alison will set out at eight o'clock, so we'll have plenty of time.

set out/set off/begin something 出发，动身plenty =enough 相对多，充足的，足够的

plenty of 足够多的……

I have plenty of money. a lot of 指客观上的多

4、We'll see his boat and then we'll say goodbye to him. see = visit 参观 Can I see it?

say goodbye (to sb.)；say hello to (to sb.)；say sorry to (to sb.)

5、He will be away for two months.

瞬间动词不是不能用完成时态, 而是指不能与段时间连用, 一旦要用段时间就要将其变为“系表结构” 即“be + 形容词或介词短语构成”

He has been away for two hours.

=He left two hours ago.点时间

有的动词可用be+形容词系表结构表状态来代替

arrive= be here/there ；leave= be away ；die = be dead ；join(也是瞬间动词) = be a soldier/in the army 6、He will take part in an important race across the part (in) 参加，参与（某项活动）

enter for 报名参加

I have entered for the meeting,but now I don't want to take part in the meeting.

an important race across the Atlantic 横渡大西洋的比赛（介词短语做定语放在被修饰词的后面）

the person at the door

be in the race = take part in the race 参加比赛at the race 在比赛场地观看比赛

【Key structures】

一般将来时

１、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态

２、①基本结构: shall/will + 动词原形

shall常用在第一人称I或we的后面，而will可用于所有人称，缩略为’ll，否定式中，will not可缩略为’ll not或won’t，shall not缩略shan’t（在美语中很少用shall）

② be going to do sth./ be gonna do sth.（美语）打算做某事; 与will一般可以互换，但与打算无关含义的句子, will与be going to do 不能互换

I’ll miss you. （不能用be going to）

He'll lose. 他要输了。（不能用be going to）

I'll be sixteen years old next year（不能用be going to）

③ be + to do sth. 表示计划安排在某事或用来征求意见 I am to have a holiday.

④ be about to do sth. 即将做某事.

⑤ will be doing 表示将要做某事

⑥ be doing （瞬间动词）用进行时表示将来时态.动词有：go，come，arrive，leave，die，land，join

⑦ be 一般现在时表示将要发生If it rains, …【Special Difficulties】

be+副词构成的表语

动词be如与不同的副词连用意义不同，意思主要由副词的意义决定：

be in 在家；be out 出去；be away 离开；be on 上映；be back 回来；be over 结束；be up to sth.胜任某件事情, 能够做某件事

set+副词构成的短语动词

set out 出发，动身When’ll you set out for London? set off 出发，启程I’ll set off for home the day after tomorrow. set up 创立，建立；（a record）创造……记录 Has Tom set up a new world record? Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys

【New words and expressions】（5）

★group n. 小组, 团体a group of 一群或一个团体group n. 组合，指合唱团（如Back Street 后街男孩）band n.乐队（如零点乐队, 只有一个主唱）

★pop singer 流行歌手

pop adj. 受欢迎的，通俗的，流行的，大众的（popular 的缩写）pop song(music)流行音乐

★club n. 俱乐部night club 夜总会

★performance n. 演出

① n. 执行，完成，履行He is praised for the excellent performance of his duties.

②n. 表现，工作情况His performance in the mathematics exam is not very good.

③ n. 演出，表演

The pop singers will give five performances.

-mance 名词后缀 perform v. 演出

★occasion n. 场合

中文 : 在某种场合, 某种条件下, 某种环境中

英文 : occasion = time 某个时候

this occasion；on the(this) occasion 在这种时候occasionally ＝sometimes 有时候, 偶尔

【课文讲解】

1、At present, they are visiting all parts of the country.

at present =now 目前，现在 nowadays adv. 目前up to now =so far 到现在为止

visit v.拜访、参观；(歌手)巡演

all parts of the country 全国各地（all在这里的意思是“各种的，各个”）

in all parts of the world 在全世界各地

2、They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.

will be doing 将来进行时态，用来表示最近的将来正在进行的动作或说话人设想已经安排好的事情，将来进行时态的意思往往等于一般将来时态.

We will be acting. 我们将要行动了

most of the young people in the town 镇上的大部分年轻人(介词短语作定语)

most of + the… 大多数的……(一定要加‘the’) most of the books; most of the time

most of the young people = most young people most students = most of the students.

★meet

① vt.&vi.（偶然）遇见，遇到We met at a restaurant.

② vt.（约定地点或时间）和……会面，迎接

meet sb. +地点去某地接某人

Who will be meet you when you arrive in London? see sb. off 送行, 目送

③ vt.（经介绍）和……相识/见面

I’d like to meet your brother.

3、Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Workers' Club 在工人俱乐部

4、The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days. During this time, they will give five performances. …will be staying here for five days 逗留五天…give five performances 演出五场

5、As usual, the police will have a difficult time. as usual 象往常一样，照例

difficult这里解释为“难对付的”、“费劲的”，指麻烦比较多。have a good time 玩得开心

have a hard time 生活得艰辛

have a difficult time 日子不象平时那样惬意6、They will be trying to keep order. It is always the same on these occasions.

try to do sth. 设法做某事, 尽力做某事

order常用的意义是“次序、顺序”，也可当“治安、秩序”讲keep order 维持次序public order 治安

当用occasion表示在某个/些场合时，它与介词on连用

on these occasion(s)每逢这种场合

the same 表示情况相同

注意同一意思的多种表达方式

Why are you late? = What took you so long? 【Key structures】

将来进行时

将来进行时由will/shall+be+现在分词构成，通常用于

表示最近或很久的将来正在进行的动作。将来进行时常

用来表示说话人设想已经安排好的事。

I’ll be working for my exams next month. 下

个月我将用功看书准备考试。

By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach.

将来进行时与一般将来时有时表达的意思差不多，但一

般将来时中的will经常具有蓄意为之的含义（如表示主

语的意愿、决心、许诺等），将来进行时不具有这些含义，

只表示单纯的将来，或者说只陈述将来的事实，但它语

气比单用will时委婉客气。

When will you finish these letters? （如上司对下

属）When will you be seeing Mr. White?（如下属对

上司）

Mary won’t pay this bill. （她拒绝付帐）

Mary won’t be paying this bill. （将来的事实）Won’t you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃

饭好吗？（邀请）Won’t you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗？（将来的事实）

【语法精粹】

1."The meeting is scheduled to begin at 7 o'clock" "But__C___a delay."

A. it will be

B. there'd be

C. there will be

D. there is schedule 按计划；delay n. 延迟, 拖

延和耽误it be 它是，be动词的后面一旦加名词, 往

往认为主语和名词之间是等号关系

'll leave for Paris before you___C__next week.

A. will come back

B. will be back

C.

come back D. came back

next meeting__C___on 1st December

A. has been held

B. will hold

C. is

to be held D. is holding

be to,将来的标志, 是将来还是被动

will,there is a way.

A. there will have

B. has been there

C. there is

D. there has been.

是个谚语“有志者事竞成”where 引导地点状语从句

Wednesday tomorrow.

A. is going to

B. will

C. is about to

D.

is to

Will和be going to一般可以互换, 遇上没有办法打算

和计划安排的, 只能用will be（单纯的表将来）

be about to 计划打算； be to 计划打算； be going

to 计划打算

【Special Difficulties】

名词所有格：

一般只对人和某些生物用-’s，名词所有格放在其所修

饰的名词之前，但在上下文很清楚时名词可省略。名词

所有格的规则

①在单数名词及不以 -s 结尾的人名后加 -'s；

②在以 -s 结尾的单数名词后加-'s；

③在规则的复数名词的 -s 后面加所有格符号 '；

④ -s 结尾的人名后可用 's 也可用所有格符号 '；

⑤如果是用and连接的两个人名，则在第二个人名上加

-'s；也可以同时有两个所有格：

My bro ther’s neighbour’s sister is a nurse. 我兄弟的邻居的姐姐/妹妹是一名护士。

⑥有些无生命的物体后面也可以用所有格，如与时间有

关的：in twenty minutes' time。3 minutes' walk(drive) 走路或开车三分钟的路程

a month’s salary

表示值多少钱也可以用所有格：

I want ten pounds' worth of minced meat. （minced meat 碎肉）

How much damage was there? 哪儿有多大的损失?

There was a hundred pounds'worth of damage.

【语法精粹】

I want ( C ).

dollar worth candy a dollar's worth

dollar's worth of candy dollar worth's candy 【Multiple choice questions】

5 During this time, they will give five performances. That's what they'll do ___a___ this time.

a. in

b. on

c. of

d. while

during this time: 在这段期间

during和in之间有区别, 但是它们之间却是近义词

during this time=in this time （this time 这一

次）

12 It's always the same on these occasions. It's always the same at ___d___ like this.

a. situation

b. conditions

c. place

d. times

on these occasions:在一个时候

situation: 情况, in the situation

condition: 状态, 条件, in the condition

11 The Greenwood Boys will give five performances. They will give five ___a___ .

a. recital

b. executions

c. play

d. songs

recital n. 朗诵，（对外公开）的演出

execution n. 演出(倾向技巧)；play n. 戏剧；Lesson 14 Do you speak English?

【New words and expressions】（7）

★amusing adj. 好笑的, 有趣的

The story is amusing. （好笑的）amused adj. 感到好笑的（要笑出声）

amuse v. 使发笑，使愉快The story amused me.

funny adj. 好笑的（不一定要笑出声可以指贬义），开

心的，令人开心的interesting / funny story

★experience n. 经历（可数）；经验（不可数）

① n. 经历（可数）He has a lot of experiences.

② n. 经验，体验（不可数）Does she have any experience in teaching?③ vt. 经验，体验The village has experienced great changes since 1980. experienced adj. 有经验的，经验丰富的

He is an experienced doctor.

★wave v. 招手wave to sb. 向某人招手

★lift n. 搭便车A give B a lift. 让某人搭便车

take a bus/taxi/lift 乘公共汽车/乘出租汽车/搭便

车 B wants to take a lift. 某人想搭便车

thumb lift 拇指便车(向过路车辆竖起拇指表示要

求免费搭车)

★reply v. 回答

reply与answer的区别：

①作为不及物动词是一样的 :He answered/replied.

②作为及物动词就不一样了 :

answer sth. answer the letter 回信

reply to sth. I will reply to the letter. 回信

★language n. 语言

native language 母语mother tongue 母语(口语中用)

My mother tongue is Chinese.

★journey n. 旅行所有的旅行，偏重于陆地旅行

go on a journey；3 days' journey(三天路程)

trip n. 短距离旅行或出差(时间或距离上较短)

go on a trip = go on business

travel n. 周游（长途旅行）tour n. 游玩（为了玩）tourist n. 游客 voyage n. 旅行(海上)

flight n. 空中飞行

【课文讲解】

1、After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

after引导的从句如果一个是过去时，一个是过去完成

时，那一定是从句用过去完成时；before引导的从句表

示“在……之前”，主句发生在从句之前, 主句用过去

完成时。

drive on 继续开往（on加在动词的后面表示继续）

My heart will go on 《我心永恒》

副词on紧跟在动词后面时可以表示“向前”、“继续下

去”等意义：He talked on until everybody had gone. 他滔滔不绝地讲到大家都走了。

表达方位的表达方式一共有3个介词, in（在……里面）,on（接壤），to（没有相接的, 是相离的）

A is to the east of

B （A B不相接）A is on the east

of B （A B接壤）A is in the east of B （A在B里

面）

2、On the way, a young man waved to me.

on the way 在路上, 在途中

wave to sb. 冲某人挥手

3、As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language. as soon as 一……就……，后面一定要加一个句子(时间状语从句), 强调两个动作几乎是连在一起的，“一” 后面的先发生

只要是状语从句, 一旦遇到将来时, 变为一般现在时As soon as you arrive,you must call me.

表示用某种语言作为交际手段时介词用in，表示讲某种语言时可以不加介词。

I speak English. I say a word in Chinese.

reply 要想加宾语要加 to (+要回答的内容)，而in the same language 在句中作状语, 不是replay所应回答的问题(宾语), 故用in

4、Apart from a few words, I do not know any French at all. apart from… 除……以外

not … at all 一点都不，表强调

5、I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said, very slowly, "Do you speak English?' nearly 将要

when的翻译要看具体情况, 在这里译为“就在此时”

I had nearly reached home when I found my mother standing there.

Do you speak English? 你说英语吗? 你是说英语国家的人吗?（问的是一个事实，不是问会说英语吗）Do you swim? 你去游泳吗?

Can you swim? 你会游泳吗?

6、As I soon learnt, he was English himself!'

I learn 我得知； I know 我知道(我本来就知道) As+主语+动词，从句（As my mother said/As I heard/ As I learnt）正如……

As we know,the New Concept English is very good. 正如我们所知……

As I think,it is the coldest day in the year.

As he said, English is easy to learn.

himself反身代词单独放在句尾, 起强调作用

I read English myself.

【Key structures】

过去完成时

过去完成时：由had+过去分词构成，它表示过去某时或某动作发生之前已经完成的动作或情况，即“较早的过去”。过去完成时一定要以一个过去时态作铺垫, 这个动作一定要发生在had done之后。

在用过去完成时态的句子中，常用连词when，after，as soon as，until，by that time等。常与现在完成时连用的副词如already，just，never，never…before 也常与过去完成时连用，以强调事件发生的先后次序：I didn’t know that she was a famous actress until you had told me.

在那些用过去完成时的句子中没有明确的时间状语，但通过上下文可以看出动作发生的先后。

Exercises D (用正确的时态填空)1 The moment he had said this, he ______ (regret) it.

the moment = as soon as 一……就……，后面直接加从句2 It ______ (begin) to rain before she took a 从句用一般过去时, 主句用过去完成时

【Special Difficulties】

Ask与Ask For：

ask v. 问，询问；请求，要求，邀请

ask a question/ask sb. 问（一个问题）/问某人I asked (Mary) a question.

They asked Tony to sing a song.

ask for 要，要求（某样东西）

I asked for a cup of coffee, but they gave me a cup of tea./You are always asking for help.

Except, Except for与Apart from

三者都表示“除……以外”，有时可以互换，但except 不用于句首，except for和apart from则可以。

Everyone has helped in some way apart from/except for/except you.

Apart from/Except for you, everyone has helped in some way. apart from习惯上喜欢放句首, apart from=except/besides

如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，还有这个人也做了（包括），是加号=besides；如果认为整体之中做这件事情的人除了整体之外，这个人没有做（排除），是减号=except；如果放在句首，统一用apart from 代替except/besides

All the passengers are millionaire except us. （减号）

I invited everyone except George. / Except for George I invited everyone.

Except for/apart from this, everything is in order. except for含有对整体中的某一个方面不满意，except for 可以不放在句首, 强调整体当中某一方面除外, 剩下的整体都不错

The article is very good except for his handwriing. Except for his height, he is very excellent. Which of，Either of，Neigher of与Both of

上面这些短语都可用于指两个人或两件事

either of 两者当中的任何一个neither of 两者都不which of 那一个both of 两者都

①当询问在两个或更多的人或事物中偏爱哪一个或选择哪一个时，可用which .I like both of these bags. Which of the two do you prefer?

② either与neither都是对两个人或物而言（后接单数名词）。either指one or the other（不是这个就是那个），either和neither后跟of时则指两个事物中的每一个

either of sb. 当中的任何一个

neither of sb. ……当中的任何一个都不.

③ both只指两个人或物。当它用在名词前时，of 可有可无；当用在代词前面时，其后必须加of

新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版

L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. New words and expressions recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后 叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 portray：描述 saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学 带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到 谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制） 如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人 fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民１）migrant ２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由

自考金融理论与实务笔记12

自考金融理论与实务笔记12

第十二章通货膨胀与通货紧缩 第一节通货膨胀与通货紧缩的内涵和度量 识记： 通货膨胀一般表述为：由于货币供应过多，超过流通中对货币的客观需要量，而引起的货币贬值，物价上涨现象。西方的看法定诳为物价总水平的持续上涨。 通货紧缩：作为通货膨胀的对称，一种表述是由于货币供给放慢或负增长，引起物价持续下跌的现象。另一种表述是指物价疲软乃至下跌的态势。 通货膨胀与通货紧缩都是一种货币现象。通货膨胀反映的是社会总需求大于社会总供给。通货紧缩反映的是社会总需求小于社会总供给。 领会： 通货膨胀的度量标志？ 一般所用的物价指数主要有消费物价指数、批发物价指数、国民生产总值平减指数。 消费物价指数是选择具有代表性的若干消费品的零售价格以及水电等劳务费用价格编制的指数。 批发物价指数反映商业部门或批发商从生产厂家购买商品劳务所支付的价格的变动程度。 国民生产总值平减指数，是按当年价格计算国民生产总值与按不变价格计算的国民生产总值的比率。 多数经济学家倾向于主要用消费物价指数。 第二节通货膨胀的成因 识记： 需求拉上型通货膨胀：这是指在社会再生产过程中社会总需求过度增加，超过了既定价格水平下商品和劳务方面的供给，而引起货币贬值、物价总水平上涨。

成本推动型通货膨胀认为在社会商品和劳务需求不变的情况下，由于生产成本提高也要引起物价总水平的上涨。 结构失调型通货膨胀：这是指在社会总需求不变的情况下，由于需求的组成发生结构性变化，相应导致物价总水平上涨。 领会： 需求拉上型通货膨胀特点与成因？ 需求拉上型通货膨胀：这是指在社会再生产过程中社会总需求过度增加，超过了既定价格水平下商品和劳务方面的供给，而引起货币贬值、物价总水平上涨。 在经济尚未达到充分就业时，如果货币供给量增加，从而社会总需求增加，促进商品供给增加，当经济充分就业，将不再能促进商品供给增加，而只会导致物价总水平上涨。 这里的社会需求包括投资需求和消费需求，而促成社会需求增加的因素，又常与财政支出过度扩张和信用膨胀相关。 成本推动型通货膨胀特点与成因？ 成本推动型通货膨胀认为在社会商品和劳务需求不变的情况下，由于生产成本提高也要引起物价总水平的上涨。 造成生产成本提高有两方面力量，一是工会组织为了保证工人实际收入的增长不不降低，要求增加工资。二是一些垄断型企业大幅提高垄断商品价格，导致原材料成本上升。 结构失调型通货膨胀特点与成因？ 结构失调型通货膨胀：这是指在社会总需求不变的情况下，由于需求的组成发生结构性变化，相应导致物价总水平上涨。 需求增加的部门，产品价格和工资上涨；而需求减少的部门，由于工资和价格的刚性，其工资和商品价格并不随之而下跌，或跌幅很小，从而导致物价总水平上涨。 中国通货膨胀的成因？

新概念英语第2册课文word版

Lesson 1 A private conversation 私人谈话 Last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round. I looked at the man and the woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned round again. 'I can't hear a word!' I said angrily. ' It's none of your business,' the young man said rudely. 'This is a private conversation!'. Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch 早餐还是午餐 It was Sunday. I never get up early on Sundays. I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I got up very late. I looked out of the window. It was dark outside. 'What a day!' I thought. 'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang. It was my aunt Lucy.' I've just arrived by train,' she said. 'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said. 'What are you doing ' she asked. ' I'm having breakfast,' I repeated. 'Dear me,' she said. 'Do you always get up so late It's one o'clock!'' - Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums/博物馆/ and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. 'Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Every day I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send any cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card ! 明信片总会消耗着我的度假时间。去年夏天，我去了意大利，参观完毕博物馆后我坐在公共公园里，一个友善的作家教会我一些意大利语，然后他借给我一本书，我看了几行，但是我一个字都不认识，每天我想着关于明信片的事情，我的假期渡过

【第二次修订完全版】新概念英语第二册笔记pdf(96课全)

目录 Lesson 1 A private conversation 私人谈话 (4) Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐 (11) Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 (16) Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行 (21) Lesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞 (25) Lesson 6 Percy Buttons 珀西.巴顿斯 (31) Lesson 7 Too late 为时太晚 (38) Lesson 8 The best and the worst最好的和最差的 (44) Lesson 9 A cold welcome 冷遇 (49) Lesson 10 Not for jazz不适于演奏爵士乐 (55) Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another礼尚往来 (60) Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck 再见，一路顺风 (64) Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys 绿林少年 (68) Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？ (74) Lesson 15 Good news 佳音 (80) Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求 (85) Lesson 17 Always young 青春常驻 (90) Lesson 18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！ (96) Lesson 19 Sold out 票已售完 (99) Lesson 20 One man in a boat 独坐孤舟 (104) Lesson 21 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？ (110) Lesson 22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封 (115) Lesson 23 A new house 新居 (119) Lesson 24 It could be worse 不幸中之万幸 (122) Lesson 25 Do the English speak English? 英国人讲的是英语吗？ (125) Lesson 26 The best art critics 最佳艺术评论家 (130) Lesson 27 A wet night 雨夜 (136) Lesson 28 No parking 禁止停车 (143) Lesson 29 Taxi! 出租汽车！ (149) Lesson 30 Football or polo？足球还是水球？ (154) Lesson 31 Success story 成功者的故事 (159) Lesson 32 Shopping made easy 购物变得很方便 (165) Lesson 33 Out of the darkness 冲出黑暗 (171) Lesson 34 Quick work 破案“神速” (177) Lesson 35 Stop thief! 捉贼 (180) Lesson 36 Across the Channel 横渡海峡 (186) Lesson 37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会 (193) Lesson 38 Everything except the weather 唯独没有考虑到天气 (198) Lesson 39 Am I all right? 我是否痊愈? (203) Lesson 40 Food and talk 进餐与交谈 (208) Lesson 41 Do you call that a hat? 你把那个叫帽子吗？ (213)

新概念英语第一册笔记(完整版)

新概念英语第一册 笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg. It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。）?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法 这个短语经常被译作“对不起”，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作“劳驾”。 1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I borrow your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示“对不起”。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者 I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思 ?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1)adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答）?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示“什么事”。 ?eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ ?is v. be 动词现在时第三人称单数 ?be : is am are ?is 用于单数名词或单数第三人称代词。 ?eg. He is a student. 他是一个学生。 ?eg. That?s an egg. 那是一个鸡蛋。（That?s= That is） ?eg. This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 ?your 你的，你们的（物主代词后面加名词）?your key 你的钥匙 ?eg. This is your key. 这是你的钥匙。 ?eg. That is your book. 那是你的书。 ?your room 你们的房间 ?eg. That is your room. 那是你们的房间。 ?pardon 原谅，请再说一遍 ?pardon=pardon me=I beg your pardon? 能再说一遍吗？ ?eg. Is this your pencil? 这是你的铅笔吗？ --Yes, it is. 是的，它是。（it 指代 pencil） ?thank you 感谢你（们） 2）you 代词（你，你们） 主格-----作主语 ?eg. You are a good student. 你是一个好学生。 宾格------作宾语

国际金融理论与实务笔记()

第一章货币与货币制度 本章学习目的和要求 通过对本章的学习，考生应准确识记本章的基本概念、领会本章的基本理论。 了解货币的起源及相关理论；了解货币形式的演变历程；了解货币制度的基本构成及国家货币制度的演变；了解国际货币体系的演变历程。 理解货币的职能。 掌握我国人民币制度的主要内容；掌握布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体系的主要内容。 课程内容： 第一节货币的起源与货币形式的演变 一、货币的起源 货币产生后，出现了很多关于货币起源的理论。其中马克思的货币起源学说是其中的一个典型代表。 按照马克思的货币起源学说，货币是伴随着商品价值形式的不断发展变化而最终产生的。商品价值形式经历了四个不同的发展变化阶段： 1.简单的或偶然的价值形式阶段 在这一阶段上，一种商品的价值仅仅是简单的或偶然的表现在与它相交换的另外一种商品上。即：1只绵羊=2把石斧 2.总和的或扩大的价值形式阶段 在这一阶段上，一种商品的价值表现在了与它相交换的一系列商品上。即： 2把石斧 1件上衣

1只绵羊= 15公斤茶叶 一定数量的其它商品 3.一般价值形式（一般等价形式）阶段 在这一阶段，所有商品的价值都表现在了一个作为一般等价物的商品身上，即：2把石斧 1件上衣 15千克茶叶一定数量的其他产品都等于一只绵羊。 4.货币形式阶段 在这一阶段，所有商品的价值都表现在了作为固定的一般等价物的金或银上，即：2把石斧 1件上衣 15千克茶叶一定数量的其他产品都等于1克黄金。 二、货币形式的演变 货币产生后，伴随着商品生产和商品交换的发展，货币形式经历了从商品货币到信用货币的演变过程。 1.商品货币 商品货币最大的特点就是其自身价值（凝结在商品货币身上的无差别的一般的人类劳动）与其作为货币所购买的那种商品的价值在量上相等。也就是足值性。 商品货币又包括两种形式：实物货币、金属货币 （1）实物货币 实物货币是指以自然界中存在的某种物品或人们生产的某种商品来充当货币。 实物货币自身存在一些不利于商品交换的弊端，体现在如下三个方面： 1）实物货币不易分割、（无法满足小额商品交换的需要）； 2）实物货币不易保管； 3）实物货币不便携带。 （2）金属货币 金属货币：金、银

新概念英语2册课文及详解完美

NEW CONCEPT ENGLISH BOOK 2 practice : 训练, progress : 进步 If you practice more, then you can make great progress. 五项综合训练技能 listening : 听力 speaking : 说话 grammar : 语法 writing : 写作 reading : 阅读 translation : 译 knowledge +skills Lesson 1 a private con-versation ★New Words and Expressions ☆private adj.私人的 如果妈妈想看你的信，你可以说：It's my private letter. 如果陌生人想进你的房子，你可以说：It's my private house. private life 私生活 由此引申出privacy n.隐私 新东方是private school（私立学校），与此相反，公立学校是public school.所以，private的反义词是public. eg.public 公众；public letter 公开信；public place 公共场所 private还有一个值得注意的意思：普通的。 如：private citizen 普通公民；private soldier 大兵 我们熟悉的《拯救大兵瑞恩》就是《Private Ryan》 ☆conversation n.谈话 have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词subject of conversation 话题。（天气是英国人最喜爱的话题） They are having a conversation. 几种谈话： talk 内容可以正式，也可以私人 Let’s have a talk. conversation 一般用于正式文体中，内容上往往不正式 dialogue 对话，可以指正式国家与国家会谈。 eg.China and Korea are having a dialogue. chat 闲聊，就是北京人说的“侃”，说的是无关紧要的事。 gossip 嚼舌头，说长道短 用法：have a +... ☆theatre n.剧场，戏剧 [记忆]cinema 电影院 ☆seat n.座位 这个词很重要，考试常考。 have a good seat,这里的seat指place，而不是chair。 take a seat/take your seat 坐下来，就坐 下面这个句子在口语、电影里很常见：Is the seat taken?这个位置有人吗？ 请坐的3种说法： Sit down,please.（命令性） take your seat,please. Be seated,please.（更礼貌） 考点：作为动词的seat与sit的区别 sit--vi; seat--vt seat sb 让某人就坐 When all those present___he began his lecture.（D）（重点题） A.sit B.set C.seated D.were seated A,B改为sat就对了 ☆angry adj.生气的 cross=angry ☆attention n.注意 Attention,please. pay attention 注意 pay attention to 对……注意 pay a little/much/more/no attention ☆bear（bore,boren）v.容忍 忍受的几种说法：bear,stand,endure,put up with bear->stand->endure 忍受的极限在扩大 put up with=bear=stand bear n.熊 give sb a bear hug 给某人热情（热烈）的拥抱 ☆business n.事，生意 business man 生意人do business 做生意 go to some place on business 因公出差 business:某人自己的私人的事情 thing：可以指事情，也可以指东西 ★Text Last week,I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play was very interesting.I didn't enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry.I could not hear the actors.I turned round.I looked at the man and the woman angrily.They didnot pay any attention.In the end,I couldnot bear it.I turned round again."I can't hear a word."I said angrily."It's none of your business."The young man said rudely."It's a private conversation!" ☆go to the+地点：表示去某地干嘛 go to the cinema=see a film go to the +人+'s:表示去这个人开的店 go to the doctor's 去看病 go to the butcher's 买肉 1

2011年自考《金融理论与实务》复习笔记4

第四章金融机构体系 第一节金融机构体系的构成 识记： 金融机构体系：一国金融机构按照一定的结构形成的整体。分中央银行、商业银行、其他金融机构。 我国的金融机构体系是以中央银行为领导，政策性金融和商业性金融相分离，以国有独资商业银行为主体，多种金融机构并存的现代金融体系。具体实施中，主要是围绕贯彻“分业经营、分业管理”的原则推进的。 领会： 金融体系的经济职能及其实现方式？ 一国金融体系最基本的经济职能首先是充当资金流通的媒介，使资金由盈余的单位迅速流向资金短缺的单位，让资金发挥最大的效益。 这一职能的实现要借助于两种方式：一是间接融资方式。在银行信用中，银行等金融机构是信用活动的中间环节，是媒介。从银行组织存款看，它们是货币资金所有者即存款人的债务人；从银行发放贷款看，它们是货币资金需求者的债权人。货币资金的所有者和货币资金需求者，两者之闻并不发生直接的债权债务关系，银行成为媒介。所以这种资金筹集方式称为间接融资和间接金融。 二是直接融资方式。通过在金融市场上买卖股票、债券等方式实现资金的融通。在这个过程中，资金所有者和资金需求者两者之间直接建立金融联系，而不需要中介者扮演债务人和债权人这一环节。此时金融机构是金融市场的重要参与者。 西方各国金融体系的构成？ 西方国家都各有一个规范庞大的金融体系，是众多银行与非银行金融机构并存的格局。其中银行机构居支配地位。从银行机构的组成来看，一般可分为中央银行、存款货币银行和专业银行三大类。 中央银行是一国金融机构体系的中心环节，处于特殊地位，具有对全国金融活动进行宏

观调控的特殊功能。存款货币银行、又称商业银行、存款银行、普通银行。是西方各国金融机构体系中的骨干力量。以经营工商业存、放款为主要业务，并为顾客提供转账结算等多种服务。同时，起着创造存款货币的作用。专业银行是专门经营某种特定范围的金融业务和提供专门性金融服务的银行。非银行金融机构是在中央银行和商业银行以外的办理其他金融性业务的信用机构。其构成更为庞杂。包括有保险公司、投资公司、信用合作组织、基金组织、租赁公司、证券机构等。 我国金融机构体系的建立过程？ 我国金融机构体系的建立，是在各解放区银行的基础上，组建中国人民银行，没收官僚资本银行，改造民族资本银行，发展农村信用合作社，从而形成了以中国人民银行为中心的“大一统”的金融机构体系。 我国金融机构体系改革的三个阶段？ 我国金融机构体系的改革经历了三个阶段：1）高度集中的金融机构体系；2）多元混合型金融机构体系；3）中央银行制度下的金融机构体系。 第二节商业银行 识记： 商业银行是各国金融机构体系中最重要的组成部分，是通过吸收单位和个人的存款，从事贷款发放、投资等获取利润的企业。其性质是：以追求利润为目标的、以经营金融资产和负债为对象、综合性、多功能的金融企业。 商业银行的职能：信用中介职能；支付中介职能；信有创造职能；金融服务功能。 单一银行制。也称独家银行制。其特点是银行业务完全由各自独立的商业银行经营，不设或限设分支机构。是美国最古老的银行形式之一。 分行制。其特点是，法律允许除了总行以外，在本市及国内外各地普遍设立分支机构，总行二般设在各大中心城市，所有分支机构统一由总行领导指挥。这种银行制度起源于英国的股份银行。目前，世界上大多数国家采用这种银行制度。 银行持股公司。是指由一个集团成立股权公司，再由该公司控制或收购两家以上的银行。

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第82课

Lesson 82 Monster or fish? 是妖还是鱼？ 【New words and expressions】（7） monster n. 怪物sailor n. 海员 sight v. 见到creature n. 动物，生物peculiar adj. 奇怪的，不寻常的 shining adj. 闪闪发光的oarfish n. 桨鱼 ★ monster （1）n. 怪物 a one-eyed monster獨眼怪物 eg：A dragon is a fabulous monster . 龍是一個傳說中的怪物 （2）巨大物、（做形容詞）巨大 eg：The spaceship was a real monster . 巨大的宇宙飛船 a monster pumpkin 南瓜 monstrous adj. 畸形的, 怪異的, 巨大的 a monstrous iceberg 巨大的冰山 monstrously adv. ひどく、非常に ★ sailor （1）n. 海员、水手 eg：His father is a sailor . （2）乘船的人（與adj. 連用） a good sailor 不暈船的人←→ a bad sailor 暈船的人 sail（同音詞sale）（1）n. 帆put up a sail 揚帆 （2）n.航行、航程go for a sail 乘船去航行 eg：It’s a forty-minute sail from Dove to Calais . 從多佛到加來需45分鐘的航行 in full sail 以全速；set sail 啟航 （3）v. 揚帆、航行，（使）行使 eg：The yacht sailed around the cape . 那艘遊艇繞岬航行。 eg：He sailed his boat into the harbor . 他將船直接駛向港口。 eg：Can you sail a yacht ？你會駕駛遊艇？ sail close to the wind 幾乎犯法;冒風險 sailing n. 航海；sailing boat （英）帆船（美：sail boat）★ sight （1） v. 见到 eg：They sighted land at last . 他們終於看見陸地了 （2）n. 視力、視覺 near sighted ＝short sighted 近視 far sighted ＝long sighted 遠視 lose one’s sight 失明 （3）n. 視野 go out of sight 從視線消失、看不見了；come in sight 映入眼簾in sight 看得見，被見到；在望，在即 eg；I caught sight of his tall figure in the crowd . 在人群中我看見他高大的身影。

(完整版)新概念英语第一册笔记完整版

新概念英语第一册笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg.It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。） ?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法 这个短语经常被译作―对不起‖，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作―劳驾‖。 1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I borrow your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿 eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示―对不起‖。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1) adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答） ?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示―什么事‖。? eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ --我准备把它带给我的姐姐。 I‘m going to take it to my sister.

国际金融理论与实务笔记修订稿

国际金融理论与实务笔 记 集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]

第一章货币与货币制度 本章学习目的和要求通过对本章的学习，考生应准确识记本章的基本概念、领会本章的基本理论。了解货币的起源及相关理论；了解货币形式的演变历程；了解货币制度的基本构成及国家货币制度的演变；了解国际货币体系的演变历程。理解货币的职能。掌握我国人民币制度的主要内容；掌握布雷顿森林体系和牙买加体系的主要内容。课程内容： 第一节货币的起源与货币形式的演变 一、货币的起源 货币产生后，出现了很多关于货币起源的理论。其中马克思的货币起源学说是其中的一个典型代表。 按照马克思的货币起源学说，货币是伴随着商品价值形式的不断发展变化而最终产生的。商品价值形式经历了四个不同的发展变化阶段： 1.简单的或偶然的价值形式阶段 在这一阶段上，一种商品的价值仅仅是简单的或偶然的表现在与它相交换的另外一种商品上。即：1只绵羊=2把石斧 2.总和的或扩大的价值形式阶段 在这一阶段上，一种商品的价值表现在了与它相交换的一系列商品上。即： 2把石斧 1件上衣 1只绵羊= 15公斤茶叶 一定数量的其它商品 3.一般价值形式（一般等价形式）阶段 在这一阶段，所有商品的价值都表现在了一个作为一般等价物的商品身上，即：2把石斧 1件上衣 15千克茶叶一定数量的其他产品都等于一只绵羊。 4.货币形式阶段 在这一阶段，所有商品的价值都表现在了作为固定的一般等价物的金或银上，即：2把石斧1件上衣 15千克茶叶一定数量的其他产品都等于1克黄金。 二、货币形式的演变 货币产生后，伴随着商品生产和商品交换的发展，货币形式经历了从商品货币到信用货币的演变过程。 1.商品货币 商品货币最大的特点就是其自身价值（凝结在商品货币身上的无差别的一般的人类劳动）与其作为货币所购买的那种商品的价值在量上相等。也就是足值性。 商品货币又包括两种形式：实物货币、金属货币 （1）实物货币 实物货币是指以自然界中存在的某种物品或人们生产的某种商品来充当货币。 实物货币自身存在一些不利于商品交换的弊端，体现在如下三个方面： 1）实物货币不易分割、（无法满足小额商品交换的需要）； 2）实物货币不易保管； 3）实物货币不便携带。 （2）金属货币 金属货币：金、银

新概念英语第二册笔记_第67课

Lesson 67 Volcanoes 火山 【Text 】 Haroun T azieff, the Polish scientist, has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world. In 1948, he went to Lake Kivu in the Congo to observe a new volcano which he later named Kituro. Tazieff was able to set up his camp very close to the volcano while it was erupting violently. Though he managed to take a number of brilliant photographs, he could not stay near the volcano for very long. He noticed that a river of liquid rock was coming towards him. It threatened to surround him completely, but T azieff managed to escape just in time. He waited until the volcano became quiet and be was able to return two days later . This time, he managed to climb into the mouth of Kituro so that he could take photographs and measure temperatures. Tazieff has often risked his life in this way. He has been able to tell us more about active volcanoes than any man alive. 【课文翻译】 波兰科学家哈罗恩·塔捷耶夫花了毕生的精力来研究世界各地的活火山和深洞。1948年他去了刚果的基伍湖，对一座后来被他命名为基图罗的新火山进行观察。当火山正在猛烈地喷发时，塔捷耶夫有办法把帐篷搭在离它非常近的地方。尽管他设法拍了一些十分精彩的照片，但他却不能在火山附近停留太长的时间。他发现有一股岩浆正向他流过来，眼看就要将他团团围住，但塔捷耶夫还是设法及时逃离了。他等到火山平静下来，两天以后又返回去。这次他设法爬进了基图罗火山口，以便能拍摄照片和测试温度。塔捷耶夫经常冒这样的生命危险。他能告诉我们的有关活火山的情况比任何在世的人都要多。 New words and expressions 生词和短语 【生词讲解】 1. volcano n. 火山 (volcanoes) an active volcano 活火山 a dormant volcano 休眠火山 violently adv. 猛烈地，剧烈地 manage v. 设法 brilliant adj. 精彩的 liquid [5likwid] adj. 液态的；n. 液体 escape v. 逃脱 alive adj. 活着的