英语作文Summary方法大汇总

Summary Writing

Characteristics of a Good Summary: A good summary has the following characteristics:

?Proper Citation: The summary begins by citing the title, author, source, and, in the case of a magazine or journal article, the date of publication and the text.

?Thesis Statement: The overall thesis of the text selection is the author’s central theme. There are several aspects to an effective thesis statement:

- It comprises two parts: a) the topic or general subject matter of the text, and b) the author’s major assertion, comment, or position on the topic.

- This central theme is summarized clearly and accurately in a one sentence thesis statement.

- The thesis statement does not contain specific details discussed in the text.

- The thesis statement is stated at the beginning of the summary.

?Supporting Ideas: The author supports his/her thesis with supporting ideas. Use the following basic guidelines when summarising supporting ideas:

- Cover all of the author’s major supporting ideas.

- Show the relationships among these ideas.

- Omit specifics, such as illustrations, descriptions, and detailed explanations.

- Indicate the author’s purpose in writing: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. If the passage is a persuasive piece, report the author’s bias o r position on the issue.

- Omit all personal opinions, ideas, and inferences. Let the reader know that you are reporting the author’s ideas.

?Grammar and the Mechanics of Writing: Grammar and related concerns ensure that, as a writer, you communicate clearly to your reader. The following are particularly important:

- Restate the ideas in your own words as much as possible. Avoid direct quotations.

- Use transitional words for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.

- Edit and re-write your work.

- Check your grammar, punctuation, and spelling

?Length: The length of a summary depends on how long the original document is. It may vary between one third the original text and one tenth.

Steps in Writing a Summary: Initially, summary writing can seem like a challenging task. It requires careful reading and reflective thinking about the article. Most of us, however, tend to skim read without focused reflection, but with time and effort, the steps listed here can help you become an effective summary writer.

?Read the article

?Reread the Article.

- Divide the article into segments or sections of ideas. Each segment deals with one aspect of the central theme. A segment can comprise one or more paragraphs. Note: news magazine articles tend to begin with an anecdote. This i s the writer’s lead into the article, but does not contain the thesis or supporting ideas. Typically, a

feature lead does not constitute a segment of thought.

- Label each segment. Use a general phrase that captures the subject matter of the segment. Write the label in the margin next to the segment.

- Highlight or underline the main points and key phrases.

?Write One-Sentence summaries.

- Write a one-sentence summary for each segment of thought on a separate sheet of paper.

?Formulate the Thesis Statement.

- Formulate a central theme that weaves the one-sentence segment summaries together. This is your thesis statement.

- In many articles, the author will state this directly. You may wish to take his direct statement of the thesis and restate it in your own words. Note: In news magazine articles, the thesis is often suggested through the article’s title and sub-title.

- In other articles, you may have to write your own one-sentence thesis statement that summarizes this central theme.

?Write Your First Draft.

- Begin with a proper citation of the title, author, source, and date of publication of the article summarised.

- Combine the thesis statement and your one-sentence segment summaries into a one-to-two-paragraph summary.

- Eliminate all unnecessary words and repetitions.

- Eliminate all personal ideas and inferences.

- Use transitions for a smooth and logical flow of ideas.

- Conclude with a “summing up” sentence by stating what can be learned from reading the article.

?Edit Your Draft. Check your summary by asking the following questions:

- Have I answered the who, what, when, why, and how questions?

- Is my grammar, punctuation, and spelling correct?

- Have I left out my personal views and ideas?

- Does my summary “hang together”? Does it flow when I read it aloud?

- Have someone else read it. Does the summary give them the central ideas of the article?

?Write Your Final Draft.

A Sample Summary of “National Security Justifies

Censorship”

By Roger S. Thomas

Introduction

The article "National Security Justifies Censorship" by Elmo R. Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt, appears in Censorship, a book in the Opposing Viewpoints Series. The article asserts that information that is secret and vital to the security of the nation should not be released to the press. The arguments made by Zumwalt Senior and Junior are summarized below.

Summary

Although many journalists contend that the First Amendment guarantees unrestricted printing freedom, the authors believe the press has gained more power than the framers of the Constitution foresaw and therefore neglected to install safe guards that would protect national security. According to the authors, the power of the media has gone far past what the constitutional framers expected; consequently, several acts since the writing of the Constitution have been implemented to deal with the lack of protection regarding national security. The authors continue to affirm that even though significant risk exists when confidential information is released to the press, this danger has remained unresolved by the courts.

The authors cite an example to prove this point. The CIA during the Reagan administration recognized Muhamar Quadaffi as a known terrorist and a potential threat to national security in a classified document. The Washington Post somehow had the document disclosed to them, and they soon published the information. Several months after the operation had been abandoned, the CIA found Quadaffi responsible for the bombing of a West Berlin discotheque. Military action had to be taken because of the earlier release of the classified document. The operation incurred military casualties.

The authors then offer a two-part solution: (1) make the publication of classified information a punishable offense, and (2) incorporate a "code of ethics" into media guidelines that safeguards national security. The paper ends by discussing how ethics are the responsibility of good

journalism.

Conclusion

Elmo R. Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt assert that the media are overpowered and the national security is underprotected. They believe that the government and the media must take steps to assure a disaster does not occur.

The first sentence of a summary

You are expected to identify the title of the text and the author in the first sentence, as w ell as the author’s thesis or controlling idea. A general format for the first sentence is as follows:

In the article {“title of Article,”}, {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.

Example: In the article “How Children Fail,” John Holt argues that most children fail because they do not develop their full potential.

The most commonly used primary verbs include:

1. claim

2. recommend

3. argue

4. report

5. show

6. insist

7. explain

8. describe

9. suggest 10. believe

Model Summaries of Articles

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

成功之路 The Way to Success_英语作文

成功之路The Way to Success There is a famous remark from Abraham Lincoln “Give mesix hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening theaxe." That's to say, sharpening your knife won't waste your time forcutting your firewood. 有一句名言，亚伯拉罕.林肯的“给我留个小时砍倒一棵树，我会先花四小时磨斧头。”这就是说，磨练你的刀不会浪费你的时间，减少您砍的柴火。 If your axe is blunt, it will seriously affect thespeed and efficiency of cutting trees. Even though sharpening the axe beforechopping down a tree takes you sometime, the speed and efficiency of it will beimproved a lot, and you will spend less time cutting down the same tree.Similarly, if we want to succeed, we'd better improve ourselves first. Whatshould we do to achieve success? Many of us have set lofty goals, but we hadbetter start by preparing to confront difficulties, and proceeding with the veryfoundation. Just stop talking and get down to working. With the exception ofperseverance and diligence, it is extremely necessary for us to have someuseful methods.

英语作文——如何通往成功

如何才能通往成功呢？不同的人有不同的看法。有些人认为成功来源于冒险和机遇。而另一些人认为成功是仔细的规划的结果。那到底究竟什么才是通往成功的关键呢？我想答案不是唯一的，每个人都有每个人成功的方式。 在我看来，要想成功应该具备一下几个必要条件。首先，你要有非常专业的领域知识。如果想在一个方面取得成功，那么坚实的专业知识肯定是少不了的。就像sony的leader Ibuka和Morita精通电子技术，王安精通电脑方面的知识。其次，你要有敏锐的洞察力和开拓创新的精神。就像sony公司一样，如果不是Ibuka 和Morita两个人extraordinary intuitive，和他们不断的创新，生产出符合消费者需求的产品，那么sony恐怕不会有今天的令人adulation地位。再次，你必须要对未来做好详细的规划。王安谈及他的成功时说道，他的成功也是他在他们成长的每一步所做的决定的结果。他对未来进行了预测，并指定了详细的计划。最后，你必须要具备吃苦耐劳的精神，坚持不懈的奋斗。任何一个成功的例子之中都缺少不了艰辛的努力和付出。正如sony的Ibuka和Morita，正是因为他们极力地向别人推销他们的产品和日复一日的艰苦努力，才使得sony的电子产品为世人所认识所推崇。同时，在通往成功的路上，难免会遇到挫折，在这个时候，你要能够禁得住压力，勇敢地继续前进，才终将走向成功。当然，取得成功还有很多其他方面的因素。例如好的运气，良好的交流能力，好的帮手等等。 每个人都渴望成功。但成功不只是嘴上说说便可以实现的，需要实际行动。相信只要我们明确目标，并为之不断学习和努力，每个人都会取得不错的成绩的。 The Way to Success How to lead to success? Different people have different perspectives. Some people believe that success comes from taking risks and chances. While others believe that success is the result of careful planning. What is the key to success in the end ? I think the answer may be not unique, everyone has a special way to success individually. In my opinion, to be successful should have the following necessary conditions. First of all, you need to have sufficient professional knowledge. If you want to be successful at one aspect, it is certainly indispensable to have solid expertise. As the leaders of sony, Ibuka and Morita, are proficient in electronics technology, and Wang An is proficient in computer knowledge. Secondly, you should have a keen insight and innovation spirit. Such as the sony company, without I buka’s and Morita’s extraordinary intuitive and their constant innovation, sony cannot produce so many products, which meet the desires of most consumers. Then sony probably will not have today’s enviable status. Furthermore, you have to do careful planning for the future. When Wang An said about his success, he said that his success is also the result of the decisions he made every stage of their growth. He predicted the future, and specified careful planning. Finally, you must have the spirit of hard-work and persistent struggle. Any lack of successful examples donot come from the hard-work and dedication. Sony's success is precisely the result of that Ibuka and Morita try their best to sell their products to others and work hard every day.It makes their electronic products world famous. Meanwhile, the road to success will inevitably encounter setbacks, at this time, you should be able to withstand the pressure, and to take heart of grace to move forward, then you will eventually succeed. Of course, there are many other aspects of the success factors. For example, good luck, excellent

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19

英语作文机会与成功精编版

英语作文机会与成功精 编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】

英语作文12 .机会与成功 Opportunity and Success 1) 有人说机会对取得成功起重要作用 2) 也有人说智慧和勤奋才是通向成功的惟一途径 3) 我的看法 Some deem that opportunity is the key to success. For example, those global business giants like Google owe their success to the huge opportunities they meet. Google's boom benefits from the frenzy of Internet. Another striking example is Zhang Liangying's overnight sensation. Super Girl Voice Contest, a golden opportunity for her, put the spotlight on her. Others argue that intelligence and diligence outweigh opportunity. There is solely a Google around the planet. The Internet superpower gains from its co-founders' advanced technology and keen insight into the global internet market. Zhang Liangying demonstrated her distinguished talent and the very wide vocal range. For this reason, she left an favorable impression with judges and won a host of diehard fans. In my eyes, success is strongly linked with both. The combination of these two factors breeds success. There are enormous opportunities beckoning us,. We must seize them and exert our all-out intelligence and ability.

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

My Summary(个人工作总结英文版)

My Summary Gradualy ,it has been six months since I graduated from the university. Now I can still remember how I found this job. When I got lost on my way finding a work,xxxxx gives me the olive branch. So luckily , I’m doing what I want to do and what I like to do. Besides,the workmates are kind to me so that we can work in harmony. It’s a long way for a fresh graduate who wants to work well to go ,cuz things are not as easy and simple as they were in the school. My work is not only about the daily administrative work,which gives me more chances to try new get to know how to design the company websites,how to write the bid documents,how to deal with social security,and how to apply for registration of copyright,and so ’m learning what I can’t learn from the textbooks,which makes me become more and more confident and skillful. But no one is perfect,so am I. There are some mistakes that I shouldn’t make,especially when the work is related to Staff Salaries. So I should pay more attention to avoid the same mistake & be more careful. Moreover, I need to improve my work efficiency. In a word,this is a company that I want to stay. I’m full

关于成功的英语作文

关于成功的英语作文 成功的定义是什么?我相信不同的人会有不同的看法。如果有人问我对我来说成功是什么，我会告诉他进步就是成功。以下是出国留学网小编为大家整理的关于成功的英语作文，供大家参考，欢迎阅读! 关于成功的英语作文一 Disposition Decides to Man’s Success As we all known， the man who wants to be success should have a good disposition. As the saying goes，“disposition decide to everything.” I remember a famous motto： there are no two identical people in the world， but the success people are similar in many ways. Exactly， good disposition is the foundation of success. From my point of view， I deemed it success should also rely on these factors： diligent， confident， humor. It can help us to open the door of success. There is no denying that diligent is the first step to the success. As the proverb says， no pains， no gains. Absolutely， guess that a person without diligent， how can he get achievements. Many successful people have become famous in the world by their diligent. Therefore we should take diligence as a good habit rather than lazy at every time. Edison said “confident is the mother of the success. There is no doubt that confidence is important to our daily life someone without confident， he will never succeed in the end of his life. If someone trusted himself， he would gained more chance to succeed. How could you get other’s trust if you didn't trust yourself? In addition，humor plays an important role in our life. It’s obvious that a sense of humor can bring happiness to others and get involved to a group easily. Just like my friend who is an energetic and lovely boy. The boss and staff like him very much. Boss thinks highly of him in the company. Sometimes， we should learn to how express humorously. A sense of humor can create unexpected result. From what has been mention above， a good disposition is an important factor to our success. Therefore， how to develop a good disposition is essential. 关于成功的英语作文二

新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing)

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