工业设计学术论文-外文翻译

题目：“3r”原则对工业设计的影响

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2012年4月5日

“3r”原则对工业设计的影响

摘要：当工业设计创造现代生活和人们生活环境时，也加快自然资源能源消耗。此外，它也损害生态平衡，威胁生存和人类可持续发展。对这一情况，20世纪90年代提议的可持续发展战略被广泛接受。为了经济循环及其关键处，“3r”原则应运而生，成为各种经济活动和设计制造领域重要原则。通过破译“3r”原则内涵，本文分析“3r”原则下工业设计影响与导向。且本文试图讨论重新设计概念，作为工业设计领域“3r”原则延伸，并最终解说关于循环经济工业设计4R原则。

关键词：“3r”原则；工业设计；循环经济；重新设计

1介绍

工业设计作为一项跨领域技术和艺术法则，它密切关联经济、自身发展维护与社会进程。可概括为：首先，为大量工业生产服务，使工业产品增强附加价值。其次，引导时尚，有效刺激消费，消费者就不仅同时使用产品，还享受新技术材料。再次，用技术联结市场，使产品更具竞争力。最后但同等重要的，为企业带来革新。因此，经济的发展需要对于国家经济建设已经不可或缺的工业设计。

而随着传统工业设计创造高质现代生活方式、居住环境，促进经济发展时，也加速资源能源消耗。更重要的，它损害地球生态平衡，为人类生存可持续发展带来严重巨大的损害。尤其工业设计过度商品化、功利并过度追逐利益，不考虑生产预算、使用、过程浪费的“商品废除系统计划”实施，如环境，对资源的影响。可以说人们在不适当并超支的生活方式中，工业设计客观成为鼓励人们消费失控的实质媒介，而这与工业设计本质——创造科学健康生活方式完全相反。

面对人类生存和可持续发展的威胁，20世纪人们开始询问人类可持续发展，实行对可持续发展深远的反思，提出循环经济一个合适的模型，循环经济原则是“3r”(减少化、再利用、再循环)，对社会经济稳定性、可持续发展实现促进有重要显著作用。该背景下，基于进行的探索实践，进入飞速经济发展的可持续发展概念不免联系设计。“3r”原则对于工业设计各方向与指导作用整理此文，并试图探索工业设计“3r”原则的延伸。

2循环经济模型与“3r”原则

经济从事生产、消费与复制活动，为满足它们自己材料中人类材料需求。循环经济被认为跟随原始经济、农业经济，后工业经济后的工业经济，工业经济在资源与环境关系上不同。随着指向材料循环自然生态系统的经济循环与经济系统下能量流动重建，它和谐地进入材料能量的自然生态系统循环进程，生产清洁产品，资源循环与高效循环都有生态经济发展方式特性，也叫生态经济，绿色经济。

2.1经济模型、环境与资源的关系

人类生存和经济活动依赖资源、环境。一方面，它是人类材料系统来源：另一方面，它承担各种角色产生的人类废弃物的经济活动。地球提供资源但有限，尽管它必须有净化能力，但它排放能力有限，制约人类经济活动。

工业经济发展方式来自材料单方向流动和开放式经济下“一种产品，一种资源污染”的定位，这种开放引向全球资源损耗浪费，生态环境严重恶化。

循环经济发展方式来自封闭式循环反馈下循环进程中物质能量定位的“一种再生资源，一种绿色产品”，这种封闭式循环系统，能维持低质、高质、低损耗经济生产，将成为自然资源经济活动和损失最小化的环境影响力。

2.2解释3r原则的循环经济模式

“3r”原则是经济循环基本表现，具体如下：

“减少化”原则是循环经济第一原则，即控制办法的来源，并要求经济活动源头——设计阶段，注意资源使用，完成产品或消费确立目标的节约并用更少资源减少环境污染的要求。在生产领域，通常是节能生产过程、材料和资源保护，小而轻的产品，以达减少排放目的简便包装的要求；在消费领域，消费者生活风格变成节约至上的原则并提倡节制消费、绿色消费。“再利用”原则是循环经济第二原则，即加工的控制法。目的是提高产品、资源有效利用，它要求初始化多种包装物品形式的产品设计，预防过早生产作废。设计中，为使用标准尺寸部分，需替换而修理升级，延长产品服务寿命；在消

费者领域，促进耐用产品购买，减少用一次性产品，如强化尽量无浪费延长产品寿命手段的售后服务。

“再循环”原则是循环经济第三原则，即产品终端控制法和废物产生过程的消耗，通过原料再加工手段的资源可再利用或生产，回到消费。所谓一类资源常包括初始和二次资源。初始资源是初始产品同样形成后资源的废物，子资源是新产品生产后各种资源的废物。为促进废物循环，经济是充分实现资源循环利用的综合资源中初始类与子类的来源。

3“3r”原则对工业设计影响

“3r”原则不仅从设计、生产、销售、使用、处理等作用于产品，贯穿影响一切的生活圈，还对工业设计本身，产生更广泛深远的变化：

3.1设计概念影响

现代工业经济里，产品设计常为人服务，以人为本满足需要，以解决问题出发，不考虑后续产品、资源使用、能量消耗，对环境排放与其它生态问题。“以人为本”到“天人合一”绿色设计影响下的设计概念“3r”原则尊重人们需求时，应考虑生态系统安全。设计概念下工业设计循环经济模型，首先使人和自然和谐共处同发展，系统理论思想与工业设计所有行为校准，从宏观环境开端的产品设计优先思考，注意运作进程中产品各元素协调实现系统最优。这里，环境因素是整个设计和目标的出发点，通过设计在生产中提升降低产品作用、使用，循环过程，如对环境不利影响，所以绿色设计产品在人与自然和谐发展思想指导下“天人合一”，人类原则是——机器对环境一次考虑，即一种新概念工业设计综合最优化。

3.2设计风格的影响

简洁是极端者对简易风格设计的审美追求，20世纪美国80岁时流行。若说工业经济模型里，产品设计美学简易风是人们主观追求，循环经济模式中，用最简单最少材料结构，最美模型、产品设计最原始外观简易性、可持续发展概念是产品综合表现。产品“3r”规定使这种简易风格意义更深，更明确，更具实践重要性。

一，就选择回收利用材料而言，确保功能的前提，如生物材料，是少精炼材料，较适合；二，促进。“小就是美丽”。“少即是多”，产品轻便美好的外观。三，物体校对的设计外观、评价、定义，必须总是集中合并，简化、最优，概括产品核心功能；四，产品用简洁清晰语言；五、结构简便，易操作；六，降解材料选择，简单方案结构，例如一同保留。

3．3设计方法的影响

“3r”原则影响指引下，绿色设计实施方法有：模块化设计，可移动设计，再生设计，长寿命设计。

模块化设计是某特定范围不同功能或同性能不同功能、基于功能分析的产品不同规格，通过收集与模型结合构成不同产品设计迎合各种需要。模块化设计好处：一，使产品有可循环拆除的良好性能，为设计设置各种产品与资源消耗；二，更易使用或复制独立回收功能，增强组件多用性，产品寿命终结可再利用、回收；三，提升产品维修能延伸产品寿命。

产品设计在设计阶段可移动，所以产品一些部分有良好拆除性能。利于容量再利用或省再生材料，不止保护材料、环境。设计拆除要求，产品首先连接各部分元件、尽量用可拆连接，如螺纹连接、统一型紧固件，减少紧固件数，尽量不用焊接、铆钉、纽带和其他固定连接；二，选加工原料时，拆除连接；为使用与重用再生材料，料种尽量减少。

再生设计指产品设计，承担各种材料的所有记述。产品组件可能的循环，回收处理，再生，产品回收成本与一系列问题相关，从而省料减耗、为设计方法目标将环境污染最小化。长寿命设计是基于指示经济的生活的产品设计，确保产品、价值、环境，同时要尽量延长产品寿命达到资源消耗缓慢的设计方法。具体包括如下：一，增强产品可靠耐用；二，易于产品修理维护；三，使用标准、模块化产品结构。

3．4设计材料的影响

“3r”原则指引规范下、产品设计、材料选择应考虑：一，材料使用最少化。尝试优质材料增加产品服务寿命，禁用污染材料与大数额相抗，找相应吸声材料替代，尽量重复多用再生材料。二，生态环境首选声音材料，分解的废物和自然界吸收材料后，首选低耗、低成本、低污染材料、首选便易加工，零污染或少污染材料加工、首选再生材料。最后，减少用料类型，减少再生材料成本；保持原料，尽量用简单材料，合金材料，避免表面加工对环境的材料损害；为材料标记产品材料组成促进回收等。

4“3r”到4R

循环经济模式中，产品生命周期从寿命终止前到回收后寿命延伸。应注意产品废弃开始时对产品考虑二次利用，产品设计不同往昔，已成别的产品。因此，该设计过程我们叫“重建（重设计）”。

4.1重建概念

所谓重建，即通过产品元件及他们再设计的全部方法省资源。英国环境设计联盟定义：“有效再利用方式结构，达到节省资源前提的目的，延长产品生命周期、发掘潜力生态价值的产品材料设计法。”简言之，产品重建指再利用设计后的产品生命周期。

他们与可持续发展战略一致性相关的重建新趋势与否的设计，或自身活动改变设计属于绿色设计范围。若说绿色设计常被认为是整个产品生命周期的环境影响，再设计思想产于产品生命末期，减少环境影响难题，即延伸工业设计领域的“3r”原则。所以，同“3r”原则重建，是工业设计4R原则循环经济模式。

4.2重建形式

产品重建对新产品有效利用产品材料原件。产品重建有多种，对同种产品也是，重建分：同化、异化。

同化指产品前后重建再设计，他们自己前后不变部分重建的回收。如，重建汽车音响前，室内音响重建。

异化指前后产品不同的重建设计，有必要再利用元件转化。如手机重建重要部分后变成对讲机前的零件重建；又如，重建旧牛仔裤，重建后可成短裤、背心等。

5结论

循环经济实现新经济发展模式下人类可持续发展，“3r”原则是经济循环核心内容，循环经济思想是根本表达。“再设计”为工业设计领域发展延伸充分利用“3r”深究实践新任务，应同“3r”原则成为工业设计4R原则循环经济模型。

全球工业设计学会联盟主席彼得先生说“人类发展的设计这项重要因素，除了可能损害人类的自我毁灭，也可成为更美好世界的捷径。”如今，国际可持续发展战略框架中，工业设计角色在转换，扮演积极寻找各程度循环经济发展新方向的角色。工业设计将成为我国强大的经济循环。

本文摘译自Blogbus网站

The impact of“3r”principles to industrial design

Abstract:While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people,it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources.Besides,it has done harm to the ecological balance,and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings.Confront with this situation,the strategy of sustainable development,proposed in1990s,is accepted by many people.Recycling economy and its key point,“3r”principle,were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture.By decoding the connotation of “3r”principle,the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of“3r”principle.Furthermore,the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign,which is the extension of the“3r”principle in the area of industrial design,and explicates4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last.

Key words:3R principle;industrial design;recycling economy;redesign

1Introduction

Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines,it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society.It can be summarized: First,it services for industrial mass production,making industrial products enhance the value and value-added.Second,It leads the fashion,to effectively stimulate consumption,so that consumers not only use the product at the same time,but also enjoy the new technology and material;Third,it puts technology to link up with the market,making products enhance competitiveness;Last but not the least,it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore,the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction.

However,along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development,it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy.What’s more,it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design,utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit,the implementation of"merchandise has plans to abolish the system"without taking into account production,use,process waste,such as the environment,the impact of resources.It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life,the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume,which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.

Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development,in the20th century,people began to question the sustainable development of humanity,to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy,the principle of circular economy is“3r”(ie Reduce,Reuse,Recycle)which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability,sustainable development.

Against this background,the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design,based on this ongoing exploration and practice.“3r”principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role,and attempts to explore the“3r”principles of industrial design at the extension.

2Cycle economic model and the principle of“3r”

Economy is engaged in production,consumption and reproduction activities,which is to meet human material needs of their own material.Recycling economy is considered following the original economy,the agricultural economy,industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy,with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production, resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns,

also known as eco-economy,green economy.

2.1The relationship between economic model,environment and the resources

Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand,it is the source of the human beings material system;on the other hand,it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles.The Earth can provide resources but are limited,even though it must have the ability to purify,however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.

Industrial economic development patterns are from"One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy,this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste,as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.

Circular economy development pattern is from"one of resources of renewable resources,one of green products"posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process,this closed loop system,can maintain economic production of low,high-quality,low-waste,which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.

2.2Interpretation of the circular economy mode“3r”principle

“3r”principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle,and its specific contents are as follows:

“Reduction”principle is the first principle of circular economy,that is the source of control method,which requires the source of economic activity-the design stage,pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas,usually the energy-saving production processes,materials and conservation of resources,the products of small size and lightweight,and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;In the consumer area,reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption."Reuse"principle is the second principle of circular economy,that is,process

control methods,with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency,it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste.In the design,to the use of standard-sized parts,repair and upgrade in order to replace,thus prolonging the service life of products;In the consumer area,to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods,to reduce the use of disposable products,such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste.

“Recycling”principle is the third principle of circular economy,that is,terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated,through the"resources"of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product,put it back on consumption.Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources.The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products,sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products.To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.

3The impact of the“3r”principle of to industrial design

“3r”principle is not only on products from the design,production,sales,use,disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect,but also on the industrial design itself,a more extensive and profound changes:

3.1The impact of design concept

In modern industrial economy,the product design is often to serve the people,just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point,and do not consider the follow-up products,use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems.“3r”principle in the design concept under the influence from the"people-oriented"towards the"harmony between man and nature"of green design,while respecting the needs of people,but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept,put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place,the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design,from product design at the beginning of the

macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization.Here,the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points,through the design,efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production,use,recycling process, such as the adverse impact of the environment.So Green Design Products are in the"harmony between man and nature"under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature,the principle of human-machine system one considers the environment,a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.

3.2The impact of design style

Simple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style,popular in the20th century,in the United States age80.If we say that in the industrial economic model,the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people,then in the recycling economy mode,the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials,the most beautiful modeling,the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design,sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation.“3r”Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth,specific,practical significance.

First,the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled, such as biological materials,so less material on refined,appropriate;Second,to promote. Small is beautiful".Less Is More",the lightweight and pleasant form of products.Third,the design features of the object collation,evaluation,definition,must always focus on the merger, to simplify,optimize,and makes the core functions briefly products;Fourth,the product is intended to be simple and clear language;Fifth,the structure of simple,easy to create;Sixth, the choice of degradable material,the structure of easy solutions,such as withholding together.

3.3The impact of design method

The impact of the“3r”principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are:modular design,removable design,recyclable design,long-life design.

Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance,different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis,and design into a series of functional modules,through the selection and combination of modules

can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways.The benefits of modular design:First,make products with good performance Recycling demolition,settled design different types of products and waste of resources;Second,it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery,enhance the versatility of the components,once the end-of-life products,they can re-use or recycling;Third,improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.

Product design is removable at the design stage,so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition.Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials.The demolition of the design requirements, Product First,connect the various parts and components,as far as possible the use of detachable connection,such as threaded connections,unified type fasteners,reducing the number of fasteners,try not to use welding,riveting,bonding and other non-removable the connection;Second,in the selection and processing of raw materials,the demolition of the connection;to use and reuse of recyclable materials,the types of materials,such as less as possible.

Recyclable design refers to product design,to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling,recovery treatment,recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions,thus saving materials and reducing waste,minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method.Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products,value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method.Specifically include the following: First,improving product reliability and durability;Second,products are easy to repair and maintenance;Third,using standard,modular product structure.

3.4The impact of design material

“3r”principle in guidance and norms,product design,material selection should be taken into consideration:First of all,minimize the use of materials.Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products;the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big,look for the corresponding sound material substitution;reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials.Secondly,the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material,after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the

material,preferred low power,low cost,low-polluting materials,preferred easy processing, and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials,preferred materials recycling. Finally,to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials;maintain original material,as far as possible the use of simple materials,the use of alloy materials,to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment;marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.

4From“3r”to4R

In the recycling economy mode,the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product,after the extension to the end-of-life recycling.It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them,so that the product design is no longer a product before,but the other products.Therefore,the design process we will call it "re-engineering(Redesign)"

4.1The concept of re-engineering

The so-called re-engineering,that is,through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources.Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as:Materials by Product,the structure of a meaningful way to re-use,in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise,to extend the product life cycle,and tap the potential ecological value of the design method."In short,the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.

Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend,or the design of a self-activity changes,which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design.If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact,and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem,it is the“3r”principle in the extension of the field of industrial design.Therefore,the re-engineering in conjunction with the“3r”principle,as a mode of circular economy4R principles of industrial design.

4.2The form of re-engineering

Product re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials.Product re-engineering have a variety of forms,for the

same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms,can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering re-engineering.

Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products,have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after.For example,before the re-design car audio,re-engineering the home was converted into sound.

Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products,re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation.For example,re-engineering before the cell phone components,into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of;In another example,the re-engineering of old jeans before,by re-engineering can be turned into shorts,vest and so on.

5Conclusion

Circular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model,“3r”principle is the core substance of the economic cycle,the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression."Re-design"are able to make the best of“3r”in the extension of the field of industrial design and development,is a matter of deep study and practice the new task,it should be,together with the“3r”principle,become a model of circular economy are industrial4R principles of design.

As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design,Mr.Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor,with the exception of self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind,human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today,in the framework of national sustainable development strategies,the role of industrial design is changing,and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role.Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.

教师评语

教师签名：

2012年5月20日

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

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DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

英语专业翻译类论文参考文献

参考文献 一、翻译理论与实践相关书目 谢天振主编. 《当代国外翻译理论导读》. 天津：南开大学出版社，2008. Jeremy Munday. 《翻译学导论——理论与实践》Introducing Translation Studies---Theories and Applications. 李德凤等译. 北京：商务印书馆，2007. 包惠南、包昂. 《中国文化与汉英翻译》. 北京：外文出版社, 2004. 包惠南. 《文化语境与语言翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 2001. 毕继万. 《世界文化史故事大系——英国卷》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2003. 蔡基刚. 《英汉汉英段落翻译与实践》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英汉写作对比研究》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2001. 蔡基刚. 《英语写作与抽象名词表达》. 上海：复旦大学出版社, 2003. 曹雪芹、高鄂. 《红楼梦》. 陈定安. 《英汉比较与翻译》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1991. 陈福康. 《中国译学理论史稿》（修订本）. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2000. 陈生保. 《英汉翻译津指》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 陈廷祐. 《英文汉译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2001. 陈望道. 《修辞学发凡》. 上海：上海教育出版社, 1979. 陈文伯. 《英汉翻译技法与练习》. 北京：世界知识出版社. 1998. 陈中绳、吴娟. 《英汉新词新义佳译》. 上海：上海翻译出版公司. 1990. 陈忠诚. 《词语翻译丛谈》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1983. 程希岚. 《修辞学新编》. 吉林：吉林人民出版社, 1984. 程镇球. 《翻译论文集》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 2002. 程镇球. 《翻译问题探索》. 北京：商务印书馆, 1980. 崔刚. 《广告英语》. 北京：北京理工大学出版社, 1993. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译技巧》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1990. 单其昌. 《汉英翻译讲评》. 北京：对外贸易教育出版社. 1989. 邓炎昌、刘润清. 《语言与文化——英汉语言文化对比》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. 丁树德. 《英汉汉英翻译教学综合指导》. 天津：天津大学出版社, 1996. 杜承南等，《中国当代翻译百论》. 重庆：重庆大学出版社, 1994. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1894-1948）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. 《翻译通讯》编辑部. 《翻译研究论文集（1949-1983）》. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社. 1984. . 范勇主编. 《新编汉英翻译教程》. 天津：南开大学出版社. 2006. 方梦之、马秉义（编选）. 《汉译英实践与技巧》. 北京：旅游教育出版社. 1996. 方梦之. 《英语汉译实践与技巧》. 天津：天津科技翻译出版公司. 1994. 方梦之主编. 《译学辞典》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2004. 冯翠华. 《英语修辞大全》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1995. 冯庆华. 《文体与翻译》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社, 2002. 冯庆华主编. 《文体翻译论》. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2002. 冯胜利. 《汉语的韵律、词法与句法》. 北京：北京大学出版社, 1997. 冯志杰. 《汉英科技翻译指要》. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1998. 耿占春. 《隐喻》. 北京：东方出版社, 1993.

模具设计与制造外文翻译

The mold designing and manufacturing The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly. Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year . The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops . The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;