论文中英文摘要格式

论文中英文摘要格式

作者姓名：姚艳斌

论文题目：煤层气储层精细定量表征与综合评价模型

作者简介：姚艳斌，男，1978年12月出生，2005年9月师从于中国地质大学（北京）刘大锰教授，于2009年1月获博士学位。

中文摘要

煤储层表征与评价是煤层气勘探阶段优选有利储层和煤层气生产阶段设计开发方案的主要依据，也是煤层气勘探开发领域的重要研究内容。煤储层表征与评价既对煤储层的吸附性、孔裂隙性、渗透性和非均质性等特征进行全面分析，更重要的是研究煤储层发育特征的地质控制机理，从而实现准确地预测有利储层的目的。

目前，煤的吸附性微观煤岩学控制作用、煤的孔裂隙发育的微观煤岩—煤相学制约机理、煤的孔隙非均质性对煤中气体的吸附和渗流的影响机制等有待深入剖析。同时，岩浆侵入引起的原位煤储层的改造及其对煤层气的富集、运移的地质控制缺乏深入研究。系统阐明并解决存在的上述问题，丰富煤储层表征与评价内容，对于有利煤储层预测具有重要理论和现实意义。

我国高丰度煤层气储层以高煤级为主，且多具有―低孔、低渗和高非均质性‖的特点，需要针对性地开展精细表征与综合评价研究。一方面，常规油气储层表征技术在煤储层中的应用需要进一步系统化和规范化；另一方面，也需要进一步拓展新的技术手段，实施精细化和无损化定量表征煤储层；同时，在完善煤储层精细表征体系的基础上，还需要进一步建立数值化的有利煤储层综合评价模型，为我国煤层气勘探开发提供理论依据和技术指导。

针对煤储层表征与评价内容和方法中存在的问题，论文通过对43个矿井的井下观测，180余件煤样的煤岩鉴定和孔裂隙分析，145件煤样的压汞孔隙结构分析，121件煤样的低温氮比表面分析，70件煤样的孔隙度和渗透率分析，83件煤样的等温吸附分析，以及煤样的低场核磁共振、微焦点计算机层析和恒速压汞等开创性实验，建立了一套完整的煤储层精细定量表征技术体系和综合评价模型。取得的创新性研究成果有：

（1）综合采用低温氮吸附法、压汞法和显微裂隙分析法和甲烷等温吸附分析法，建立了煤储层孔裂隙性和吸附性表征方法体系，系统分析并阐明了华北重点矿区煤储层物性发育特征及其主控因素。①华北煤储层渗流孔（>100nm）发育以两淮最好，荥巩、大同和永夏煤田最差。②吸附孔（<100nm）以大同和淮北的连通性较好；荥巩、平顶山、安鹤和淮南发育大量―双峰‖孔，不利于气体解吸；焦作和沁水盆地煤的吸附孔所占孔隙的比例较大，这有利于气体储集，但不利于气体的扩散渗透。③提出了煤中内、外生微裂隙的显微鉴别标志：在形态上外生微裂隙多密集发育、呈树枝状、丝状或龟背状，内生微裂隙多呈斜交或正交状；外生微裂隙密度多高达数百条/9cm2，内生微裂隙密度多在100条/9cm2以内。④煤的微裂隙通

常发育于均质镜质体为主的组分中，且常见于条带状亮煤或以微镜煤为主的亮煤中，潮湿、弱氧化和弱水动力的成煤环境有利于微裂隙的发育。⑤从褐煤到无烟煤，煤的吸附能力随煤级增高呈指数关系增强，在烟煤和无烟煤中惰质组组分的吸附能力最强，煤中水分和灰分的存在会降低煤的吸附性能。

（2）采用孔隙分形表征技术，率先研究并阐明了孔隙非均质性对煤的吸附性和渗透性的影响规律。①吸附孔的孔表面非均质性和孔径结构非均质性对煤吸附甲烷具有两种不同的影响机制：孔表面非均质性反映了吸附过程中的分子间作用力特征，孔表面非均质性越强，煤对甲烷的吸附位越多，煤吸附能力越强；孔径结构非均质性反映了吸附过程中的气液表面张力特征，孔结构非均质性越强，煤的孔结构越复杂，越不利于煤对甲烷的吸附。②煤的渗流孔非均质性越强，其渗透性越差。渗流孔非均质性随煤级的增高呈现―U型‖变化关系，并在R o为1.1~1.3%处达到极小值。煤变质演化通过控制煤的显微组成、微孔发育和煤中水分含量等要素，进而影响煤的孔结构非均质性和渗透性。

（3）通过井下观测和实验测试，系统剖析了“脉岩切层侵入型”、“层内侵入型”、“底板侵入型”、“顶板侵入型” 和“顶底混合侵入型”五种典型岩浆侵入模式对煤储层的结构、岩石学、煤的甲烷吸附及煤的孔裂隙发育的影响规律，揭示了岩墙和岩床两种侵入模式对煤层气富集成藏的控制效应。①各种侵入模式下岩浆侵入所引起的煤级变化主导了对煤的吸附能力影响的变化规律。总体上岩浆侵入导致煤的吸附能力降低，但影响程度与侵入后煤所达到的煤级高低有关。若侵入影响后煤级低于超无烟煤（R o<3.45%），侵入作用会适当降低煤的吸附能力；若侵入后的煤级高于超无烟煤（R o>3.45%），则侵入会显著降低煤的吸附能力，甚至使煤丧失吸附能力。②越靠近岩浆处，煤的外生微裂隙和孔容越发育，且变化规律与岩浆侵入的产状、规模，距岩体的远近，煤层的宏观展布特征与非均质性，侵入的多期性，侵入时的构造和水文活动等地质因素密切相关。③岩浆以岩床形式侵入煤层一般要经历―煤体塑性流变适应岩体侵入‖，―次生煤层气大量生成和部分裂解‖和―岩体冷却—煤基质收缩—次生裂隙生成—气体封存‖三个典型阶段。在这种模式下，由于岩床多为致密的低渗岩体，因此大多在岩床上部和下部分别形成两个独立的煤层气藏。与岩床不同，岩墙侵入模式多具有―切层侵入‖、―侵入体周边散热快‖、―常伴随煤层气的运移‖等特点。在这种模式下，岩体侵入通道常为裂隙的高度发育带，为煤层甲烷运移提供了有效通道，并使之在高渗围岩层中富集形成煤成气藏。

（4）率先研究并开发了基于低场核磁共振的煤的孔隙度、有效孔隙度、孔隙结构和渗透率等的精细表征新技术。①在煤的核磁共振驰豫时间（T2）谱中，T2为0.5~2.5 ms，20~50 ms 和>100 ms的三个峰值段分别反映了煤的吸附孔、渗流孔和裂隙发育特征，T2谱峰越大则该峰所代表的孔裂隙越发育。煤的T2谱一般具有多峰分布的特点，反映了煤的孔隙结构更复杂，孔隙类型更多。不同煤级煤的T2谱显著不同，高煤级煤以典型的吸附孔波峰为特征。②将核磁共振T2谱与常规压汞方法测得的孔径分布对比发现二者具有非常好的对应关系，据此提出了利用核磁共振T2谱构建孔径分布曲线的―离心—T2C法‖。事实证明，该方法用于估计煤的孔结构分布非常有效。③在煤的T2谱中，T2值大于横向驰豫时间截止值（T2C）的谱段反映了可动流体孔隙度的大小，而T2值小于T2C的谱段则反映了束缚水孔隙度的大小。当煤的T2C值较低（一般小于10ms），且T2谱中又不存在或仅存在很小的可动流体峰时，煤一般以吸附孔发育为主，渗透率很低；而当煤的T2C值较高，同时T2谱中存在明显的可动流体峰时，煤的渗透率一般较高。④研究发现，煤的渗透率主要取决于可动流体孔隙度，二者呈相关性极高的幂指数关系，据此建立了基于煤的可动流体孔隙度的核磁共振渗透率计算模型。该模

型与较常规油气储集岩中提出的模型（Coates模型和SDR模型）相比，准确性更高，对煤的实用性更强。

（5）率先研究并开发了基于微焦点计算机层析技术的煤的微结构和孔裂隙的精细定量表征技术体系。①发现煤中的矿物、有机组分和孔裂隙等三元介质的CT数分别为3000 HU 左右，1000～1800 HU和小于600HU，这为煤的微结构精细定量表征提供了理论基础。②采用CT图像切片方法，计算了煤的面孔率、孔隙度和煤中矿物含量，同时三维剖析了孔隙和矿物在煤中的非均质性分布。③基于微焦点计算机层析的三维空间分析技术，对煤的孔裂隙和矿物等开展了三维建模分析，实现了对煤中孔裂隙和矿物分布三维可视化的精细定量表征。

（6）基于大量的井下地质观测和样品分析测试，建立了一个由“煤地质特征评价”、“储集特征评价”和“储层物性评价”3项主层次、15项评价准则和18项评价参数所构成的多层次模糊综合评价体系和评价模型。利用建立的评价体系，对沁水盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气开发有利区进行了定量化预测，取得了良好的应用效果。该评价体系可有效应用于我国其它中高煤级煤盆地煤层气有利区块预测。

关键词：煤层气储层，储层物性，储层表征，储层评价，低场核磁共振（LFNMR），微焦点计算机层析技术（μCT）

Advanced Reservoir Quantitative Characterization and Comprehensive Evaluation Models of Coalbed Methane Reservoirs

Yao Yanbin

ABSTRACT

The characterization and evaluation of coalbed methane (CBM) reservoir is important not only for selecting the favorable CBM target area in exploration but also for designing reservoir engineering parameters during production. It is an essential research aspect in CBM exploration and development. There are two basic demands in characterizing and evaluating CBM reservoir: one is to analyze the development characteristics of adsorption capacity, pores-fractures, permeability and heterogeneity; more importantly, another is to study their geological controls for the purpose of predicting favorable reservoirs.

With respect to the geological controls of CBM reservoir characteristics, the current studies are still insufficient in three aspects: 1) the coal petrological controls on methane adsorption capacity;

2) the geological controls of coal micro-petrology and coal facies on the pores-fractures; and 3) the influences of pores heterogeneities on gas adsorption and permeability. Additionally, the influences of igneous intrusion on the changes of CBM reservoir, and the gas accumulation and migration for different intrusion types also need to be detailedly discussed. To solve the above scientific problems is very important for improving opinion on CBM reservoir evaluation and favorable reservoirs prediction.

CBM reservoirs in China are commonly associated with high rank coals, characterized by low porosity, low permeability and high heterogeneity. It is thus necessary to study the advanced reservoir characterization and comprehensive evaluation. On the one hand, conventional petroleum reservoir characterization methods are still insufficient in characterizing coal reservoir more systematically, normatively, quantitatively and nondestructively. Consequently, seeking nondestructive new techniques, improving the current characterization system, and proposing a new CBM reservoir evaluation model are very important subjects. These studies would provide immediate theory and technique guidance for CBM exploration and development in China.

The study carried out the geological survey of 43 underground mines and numerous experimental analyses. These analyses include 180 coal petrology and pore-fractures, 145

traditional mercury porosimetries, 121 N2 adsorptions, 70 porosity and permeability measurements and 83 CH4adsorption analyses, and also with some innovative experiments such as low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR), microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) and constant-rate-controlled mercury porosimetry. As a conclusion, an advanced characterization technique system and a comprehensive evaluation model for CBM reservoir were founded.

The main research achievements are as follows.

1. The study proposed a comprehensive characterization technique system for coal pore-fractures and methane adsorption characteristics by integrating methods of N2adsorption, mercury porosimetry, fluorescent microscope and methane isothermal adsorption analyses. The characteristics and their geological controls of the developments of pore-fractures system and the methane adsorption characteristics were systemically studied for North China coals. Firstly, it was found that the seepage pores (>100 nm) is best developed for the coals in Huainan and Huaibei coalfields, but is worst developed for the coals in Xinggong, Datong and Yongxia coalfields. Secondly, it was found that the adsorption pores (<100 nm) has good connection for coals in Datong and Huaibei coalfields. The coals in Xinggong, Pingdingshan, Anhe and Huainan coalfields are developed with characteristic ―double-peak type‖ pores that are unfavorable for CBM desorption. The pores in Jiaozuo coalfield and Qinshui basin are mainly of adsorption pores that is favorable for adsorption and accumulation of gas, but unfavorable for desorption and recovery of gas. Thirdly, it is demonstrated that there are commonly two typical differences between exo-microfractures and endo-microfractures. The exo-microfractures are commonly densely developed, with typical textures of irregular dendritic, filamentous, turtleback, and with typical frequency of hundreds per 9cm

2. Comparably, the endo-microfractures commonly have the frequency < 100 per 9cm2, and they are generally developed with regular texture, good connectivity and orientation. Fourthly, it was found that the microfractures are selectively developed in the submacerals of telocollinites, and the lithotype of banded bright coals and vitrite. It was found that the environment of low-flowing swamp water, good tissue preservation and relatively stagnant forest peat swamp are favorable for microfracture development. Finally, it was found that from lignite to anthracite the methane adsorption capacity exponentially increases with increasing coal rank. For bituminous coals and anthracites, the adsorption capacity of inertinite is higher than other coal maceral compositions. Additionally, the existence of moisture and ash in coals can result in the decrease of methane adsorption capacity.

2. The study researched the heterogeneities of adsorption and seepage pores by fractal analyses. It was found that the heterogeneities of pore surface and pore structure of adsorption pores have different influences on methane adsorption capacity of coals. The pore surface and pore structure fractals represent the adsorption actions of Van der Waals forces of gas/solid interface and

molecule agglomeration of liquid/gas interface, respectively. High pore surface fractal dimensions correlate to more irregular surfaces that provide more space for methane adsorption, whereas high pore structure fractal dimensions represent high heterogeneity of pore structure that reduces methane adsorption capacity. Therefore, more irregular coal surface and more homogeneous pore structure indicate higher methane adsorption capacity of coals. It was also found that the heterogeneity of seepage pores is negative to coal permeability. It presents a U-shaped relationship with coal rank, with the minimum fractal dimensions occurring at 1.1–1.3% R o. The effects of coal rank upon fractal dimensions are mainly due to the variety of coal macerals, micropore contents and aromaticity of coals during coalification.

3. Based on the underground geological investigation and experiments, five typical igneous intrusion models including the ―cutting-through coal seam with dike‖, ―cutting-in coal seam with dike‖, ―intrusion along bottom of coal seam‖, ―intrusion along roof of coal seam‖ and ―multilayer intrusion‖have been studied. The influences of igneous intrusions on coal seams structure, coal metamorphism, coal petrology, methane adsorption capacity and pore-fractures development were discussed for these intrusion models. 1) The study investigated the influences of localized intrusion activities on the methane adsorption capacity of coals. It was found that the altered adsorption capacity by intrusion mainly relates to coal rank influenced by the intrusions. Generally, the adsorption capacity was weaken by intrusion, while the extent of negative influence by intrusion relates to the extent of altered coal rank. For the coals whose altered coal ranks lower than the meta-anthracite rank with R o<3.45%, intrusion only reduces the adsorption capacity with a moderate extent, whereas for the coals whose altered coal ranks higher than the meta-anthracite with R o>3.45%, the intrusion can reduce the adsorption capacity with great extent, or make the coal un-adsorbable. 2) The study researched the influences of localized intrusion activities on the development of pores and fractures as well. On the one hand, pores and fractures are well developed close to the intrusion, on the other hand they are also related to other geological factors such as the occurrence and scale of the intrusion, the distance approaching the intrusion, coal seams structures and their heterogeneity, mono or multiple intrusion periods, and the tectonic and hydrology condition at the intrusion stage. 3) The study demonstrates CBM generation and accumulation characteristics and their geological controls nearby dikes and sills. The generation and accumulation of CBM nearby a sill commonly experiences four stages. First, a sill intrudes a coal seam and the coal plastically flows to accommodate the sill. This plasticity nature of the coal makes it less permeable, and may trap volatiles rather than allowing them to escape. Second, pyrolysis involves the loss of weight of coal as a result of thermal decomposition, which resulting in the generation of secondary gases. Third, coal matrix shrinkage accompanying with the formation of fractures occurred during cooling. When fracturing occurs, volatiles such as methane can be transported to

the contact zone of sills. Sills are commonly dense and low-permeable, thus two unconnected CBM accumulations commonly generate below and above of the sill. Comparably, the intrusion influences of dikes are different from sills in three aspects. First, dikes commonly intruded into multiple rock formations. Second, dike contacts resulted in shorter heating durations than sill contacts. Third, gas migration often occurred nearby the dike. For the dike intrusion, well-connected fractures and high permeability are common in the contact zones of conduits, thus coalbed gas accumulation commonly generated in the high permeable surrounding rock near the coal seams.

4. A novel LFNMR method was proposed to study the pore types, pore structures, porosity and permeability of coal. Firstly, adsorption pores, seepage pores and fractures in coal can be identified by using LFNMR, in which the transverse relaxation time (T2) at 0.5-2.5 ms, 20-50 ms, and >100 ms corresponds to adsorption pores, seepage pores and fractures, respectively. A much higher T2 spectrum peak reflects a much better development of pores (or fractures) corresponding to the T2, and vice versa. The T2spectra of coals are complex and generally characterized by multi-modal distribution, which indicating the coal commonly has very complex pore structures and very multiple pore types. Secondly, coal pore structure can be evaluated by a LFNMR-based model. It was found that although NMR relaxation method and mercury intrusion porosimetry are different in theory, they show high coincidence in studying pore types and pore structures, and thus coal pore structure can be efficiently estimated by a newly proposed ―T2 cutoff value (T2C) based model‖. It was proved that the model can efficiently estimate the pore size distribution of coals. Thirdly, total porosity and producible porosity can be calculated by a T2C–based method. T2C was defined to be a relaxation time that divides the T2 spectrum into two parts: the irreducible water and the free water. The irreducible water porosity has characteristics of T2< T2C, whereas producible porosity has characteristics of T2> T2C. Based on this theory, irreducible and producible porosities were calculated. It was found that for a coal with low T2C value (<10 ms), if there is not distinctive producible-peak in its T2 spectrum, then the coal commonly developed with dominating adsorption pores and very low permeability; whereas for a coal with very high T2C value, if there is a distinctive producible-pore peak in its T2 spectrum, then the coal is high permeable. Finally, by combining the LFNMR and a centrifuge method, the study proposed a NMR-based permeability calculation model. It was indicated that the measured air permeability presents a strong exponential relationship with the producible porosity, and thus NMR permeability can be estimated according to the producible porosity. The NMR-based permeability model provides significantly better permeability estimations than the classic (Coates and SDR) models originally developed for sandstones.

5. A new μCT method was used to study coal microstructures (including pore size, mineral

content and the spatial disposition of pores, fractures and minerals). 1) For the investigated coals, the CT number of minerals, coal matrix and pores are approximately of 3000, 1000–1800 and <600 Hounsfield unit, respectively, which provides a theoretical basis for advanced evaluation of coal by μCT. 2) Based on a segmentation method, the plane porosity, total porosity and minerals content were calculated, and at the same time the 3D distribution of porosity and mineral in coals was evaluated. 3) The aperture, spacing and spatial distribution of fractures, and mineral morphology are semi-quantitatively evaluated. By using a 3D-modeling technique, advanced 3D visualized characterization of pores, microfractures and minerals in coal was achieved.

6. Based on the underground geological surveys, laboratory analyses and field works, a GIS-based fuzzy analytic hierarchy process system and comprehensive evaluation model was proposed, which was successfully applied for quantitatively evaluating the CBM exploitation potential of the Qinshui basin and the east of Ordos basin. The evaluation system is composed of three main criteria (i.e., the coal geological characteristics, CBM storage capacity and reservoir physical property), 15 evaluation sub-criteria, and 18 evaluation parameters. It can be used for the evaluation of CBM potential of medium–high rank coal districts in China.

Key words: coalbed methane reservoir, reservoir physical property, reservoir characterization, reservoir evaluation, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR), microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT)

英语毕业论文最新英文论文的致谢词

最新英文论文的致谢词 论文英文答谢词1 First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis. High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English. I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me. Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft. Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement. 论文英文答谢词2 I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.

毕业论文中英文摘要及目录(供参考)

密级：立体停车库的PLC控制系统设计 Design of PLC Control System for Parking Garage 学院： 专业班级： 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师： 2018年6月

摘要 随着我国国民经济的不断发展及城市现代化要求，汽车在我国越来越普及，而这将导致大中等城市“停车难”问题日益凸显。在现有的土地资源条件下，多层的机械式立体停车库可以很好的提高现有土地资源的利用率，充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，使得汽车的存放数量得以优化，从而快速有效地解决大中等城市“停车难”问题。本论文以一个三层三行三列二十一车位的升降横移式自动化立体停车库为主要研究对象，在深入分析了立体停车库运行原理的基础上，采用可编程控制器（PLC）为主要控制单元对该立体停车库控制系统进行设计。论文研究的主要内容为： 1、针对机械式立体停车库类型、国内外发展现状以及我国行业发展中存在的问题等进行研究。 2、选定以三层三行三列6+6+9结构二十一车位升降横移式立体停车库为研究模型，研究该立体停车库的总体结构设计及车库运行原理等。 3、对升降横移式立体停车库的硬件系统进行设计。内容包括：主回路设计，手动控制系统设计，PLC外围硬件设计，绘制了车库主电路图，手动控制电路图和PLC外围电路接线图等。 4、对升降横移式立体停车库的软件系统进行设计。内容包括：PLC总体介绍，PLC编程语言的选择，设计了程序主框架流程图，各基本功能程序流程图，按要求编写了梯形图程序等。 5、采用S7-200仿真软件对升降横移式立体停车库进行在线仿真与调试。 本论文重点对升降横移式立体停车库总体结构和控制系统的硬件、软件系统进行设计。设计过程采用模块化设计思路，结构灵活，通过对PLC软件系统设计及优化，使得本立体停车库具备智能化控制的功能，实现了立体停车库停车位能够安全、稳定、准确、快速的移动至人车交接处进行存取车操作。该立体停车库充分发挥土地资源的空间优势，大大提升了土地资源的空间利用率，是应对大中等城市停车难问题的有效解决方案。 关键词：立体停车库；升降横移式；PLC；控制系统设计 Abstract

毕业论文摘要格式

毕业论文摘要格式 论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。为了国际交流,还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的,具有短、精、完整三大特点。摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文.就能获得必要的信息。摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文.可以独立使用,也可以引用,还可以用于工艺推广。其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息.以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文,也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等.而重点是结果和结论。中文摘要一般不宜超过300字,外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。除了实在迫不得已,摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前,学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后,论文正文之前。 论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围,采用的手段和方法,得出的结果和重要的结论,有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并且拥

有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不阅读全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。为此,我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。 a.目的(Objective):简明指出此项工作的目的,研究的范围。 b.方法(Methods):简要说明研究课题的基本做法,包括对象(分组及每组例数、对照例数或动物只数等)、材料和方法(包括所用药品剂量,重复次数等)。统计方法特殊者需注明。 c.结果(Results):简要列出主要结果(需注明单位)、数据、统计学意义(P值)等,并说明其价值和局限性。 d.结论(Conclusion):简要说明从该项研究结果取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值、推广前景。 中、英文摘要前需标明中、英文文题,作者姓名(至多3名)及作者单位(邮政编码)。英文摘要应隔行打字,以便修改。 2摘要的写作注意事项 1)摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容;切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要;一般也不要对论文内容作诠释和评论(尤其是自我评价)。

论文致谢词范文(英文版)

论文致谢词范文（英文版） 第1篇论文致谢词范文（英文版） First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible. Second, I also owe a special debt

of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis. Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint. 第2篇论文致谢词范文（英文版） I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis，she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert

毕业设计中英文摘要

摘要 本毕业设计选取的题目是东天山小区2-1楼工程造价与施工组织设计。本工程负一层为半地下车库，地上六层，外加一阁楼层，建筑高度26.15m，建筑面积9119.7m2，结构形式为砖混结构。本毕业设计由工程造价、施工组织设计、工程项目管理、专题设计等四个部分组成。 第一部分工程造价。通过福莱一点通软件计算工程量，综合分析现行建筑市场的人工、材料、机械等市场价格，编制设计任务书规定范围的工程量定额报价和工程量清单报价。 第二部分施工组织设计。根据工程特点划分施工段，确定合理的施工顺序，选择主要分部分项工程施工方法和主要施工机械，根据工期要求编制合理施工进度计划表，并绘制施工平面图，以及采取有效的质量、安全等保证措施，例如安全文明施工措施、季节性施工措施等。 第三部分工程项目管理。包括工程进度、质量、造价三大控制以及工期索赔和项目管理机构设计。根据工期要求，在工程进度调整条件下，绘制调整后进度计划表并依据索赔程序，编制工期索赔文件。另外根据工程特点，确定本工程的质量、进度、造价等控制要点，进行项目管理机构设计。 第四部分专题设计。根据工程特点进行外脚手架计算和模板设计。并绘制脚手架设计图和模板设计图。 关键词：工程量计算；工程造价；施工方案；脚手架设计

Abstract The graduation design subject is Easten sky mountain district 2-1# building project cost and the construction organization design.The -1 layer of the project is a underground garage,there are 6 layers overground and a attic, the building is 26.15 meters tall and it’s construction area is 9119.7 square meters, the structure form is brick and concrete structure. the graduation design consists of four parts which are construction cost ,the construction organization design, project management and scaffolding template special design The first part is construction cost .The cost of construction project is calculated by Fly. Analysis the current price of labor, materials, machinery in the construction market and work out the Fixed price and the detailed list of engineering quantity price.choose construction measures of main component project and major machine, The second part is construction organization design. Devide the construction period according to the features of the project, make sure a reasonable construction sequence, Prepare the reasonable construction progress schedule on the basis of construction time limit, draw the construction plan chart and make some measures to protect the quality and safety of the project like safety civilized construction measures and seasonal construction measures. The third part is project management. It includes progress,quality and cost control,claim for extension of time and project management institutions desigh. Draw adjusted progress schedule in the progress of the projects under the condition of adjustment, Draw the construction plan chart, and prepare period claim document depend on the claim program. Make sure the project quality, progress, cost and control points and desigh project management mechanism. The fourth part is project design.Desigh the scaffold and template according to engineering characteristics and draw their figures. Key words: Quantity calculation ;Construction cost ; Construction method;Scaffold design

论文中英文摘要格式

附件2： 论文中英文摘要格式 作者姓名：陈骏 论文题目：钛酸铅基化合物晶体结构及其负热膨胀性 作者简介：陈骏，男，1979年8月出生；2001年9月在北京科技大学攻读冶金物理化学硕士学位，2003年9月提前攻读博士学位，一直师从北京科技大学邢献然教授，2007年3月获博士学位；2007年4月留在北京科技大学物理化学系，加入邢献然教授长江学者学术梯队从事教学科研工作；2008年得到德国洪堡博士后研究基金资助，在TU-Darmstadt继续开展钛酸铅基化合物相结构等方面的研究。读博士及其后的一年期间内，在国际著名期刊上发表第一作者论文12篇、第二作者论文5篇，作为主要研究人员获教育部科技奖励（自然科学奖）一等奖1项、授权专利2项；2008年获得北京市首届优秀博士论文称号。 中文摘要 钛酸铅（PbTiO3）是一种重要的钙钛矿结构的铁电体，在介电、压电、铁电、热释电等 方面具有重要的研究与应用价值；同时，它在室温至居里温度范围内还表现出奇特的热缩冷 胀行为，即负热膨胀性（NTE），这种负热膨胀行为是其它钙钛矿结构化合物所不具有的，如CaTiO3、BaTiO3、KNbO3、BiFeO3等。研究PbTiO3的负热膨胀性将有利于开发出负热膨胀性 可控以及零膨胀材料，拓展负热膨胀材料在实际中的应用，PbTiO3负热膨胀机理的研究可指 导新型负热膨胀材料的开发。本论文主要以钙钛矿结构的铁电化合物Pb1-x A x Ti1-y B y O3（A＝La、Sr、Cd、Bi、（La1/2K1/2）等；B＝Fe、Zn等不同价态金属原子）为中心，研究A位与B 位替代对其负热膨胀性、晶体结构、点阵动力学的影响，实现负热膨胀性能可控，开发零膨 胀材料，并研究PbTiO3负热膨胀机理。 本文研究了Pb1-x A x TiO3（A＝La、Sr、（La1/2K1/2）、Cd）体系的固溶体特性、晶体结构以 及负热膨胀性能受掺杂的影响。La、Sr、（La1/2K1/2）的掺杂都使PbTiO3的轴比（c/a）及居里 温度（T C）不同程度地线性下降，La的掺杂大幅度地降低了PbTiO3的负热膨胀性能，在0.15

英语毕业论文论文的英文致谢词

论文的英文致谢词 英语论文英文致谢篇一： I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor Professor Zhu Jimei. I do appreciate her patience, encouragement, and professional instructions during my thesis writing. Also, I would like to thank Miss Wen Pingzhen and Miss Li Wenying, who kindly gave me a hand when I was making the questionnaire among the college English learners. Last but not the least, my gratitude also extends to my family who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life. 英语论文英文致谢篇二： I am greatly indebted to my supervisor, Professor Wang Shuting, for his valuable instructions and suggestions on my thesis as well as his careful reading of the manuscript. I feel grateful to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages of China University of Petroleum who once offered me valuable courses and advice during my study. My sincere thanks are also given to Pro.

论文写作规范(中英文摘要及正文)-译文格式

要 随着时代的发展，人们对纺织品的要求也已经不再仅仅局限于实用。激烈的国际竞争逼使纺织企业采用高新 技术重视绿色工艺，开发环保产品则已成为新世纪市场竞争的新焦点。欧共体的Eco-label 倡导的是全生态的概念，欧盟委员会（2002/371/EC ）生态标准中，在纺织纤维中列出腈纶纤维的考核指标：原料纤维中丙烯腈的残留量应低于1.5mg/kg 。 丙烯腈是一种有毒物质，且有致癌作用。其极毒，对温血动物的毒性约为氰化氢的1/30。丙烯腈不仅蒸气有毒，而且附着于皮肤上也易经皮肤中毒。长时间吸入稀丙烯腈蒸气，则能引起恶心、呕吐、头痛、疲倦和不适等症状。由此可见，丙烯腈直接危害着人们的健康。 本文依照欧盟（2002/371/EC ）生态标准对腈纶纤维中丙烯腈残留量的控制，通过试验论证，确立了采用顶空固相微萃取和色质联用技术（HS —SPME —GC/MS ），由此建立腈纶纤维中丙烯腈残留量的测定方法。该方法具有操作简单，便捷，灵敏度高，准确性好的优点，而且仪器价格适中，便于推广。本文实验所使用的方法检测限低于0.5mg/kg ，回收率在86.2～ 关键词：腈纶，丙烯腈，残留量，气相色谱/质谱

competition, developing environmentally safe products has already become the new focus of the market competition in the new century. What Eco-label of European Community is advocated is all ecological concept , in the ecological standard of EU Committee (2002/371 / EC ), list the examination index of the fibre of the acrylic fibres in the dope-dyed fiber: The residue amount of the acrylonitrile should be lower than 1.5mg/kg in the raw materials fibre. The acrylonitrile is a kind of noxious substance extremely poisonous , the toxicity to the warm-blooded animal is about 1/30 of the hydrogen cyanide. Not only the vapour is poisonous for the acrylonitrile , but also adhere to the skin book of changes skin is poisonned. Suck the vapour of the rare acrylonitrile for a long time, can cause such symptoms as the nausea , vomitting , have a headache , tired and uncomfortable ,etc. . Therefore, the acrylonitrile is endangering people's health directly. Describe the HS-SPME-GC/MS procedure of determination method for acrylonitrile residue in acrylic fibre according to the limit control of European (2002/371/EC). The method provided very good linearity data. This method is easy to operate, highly sensitive and lower cost, easy to be extend. The limits of detection were below 0.5mg/kg, Acerage recovery between 86.2~98.6%.

2021年毕业论文致谢词中英文范例

毕业论文致谢词中英文范例 acknowledgements my deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidan ___. she has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present form. second, i would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. i am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the department of english: professor dddd, professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years. last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confiden ___ in me all through these years. i also owe my sin ___re gratitude to my friends and my fellow class ___tes who gave me their

毕业论文标题中英文摘要关键词和目录的格式

毕业设计（论文） 新民本主义： 传统民本思想与现代民主理念的契合（字体:黑体小一） 专业年级 学生学号 学生姓名 指导老师 评阅人 二○○年月 中国·南京

摘要 （“摘要”两字的字体为黑体三号,居中。） 正文字体均为：宋体小四号，行距为倍 （不低于400字） 关键词：民本；民主；新民本主义 （“关键词”三字字体为黑体，内容(3-5)个，宋体小四号。各关键词之间用；）注意：摘要和关键词只能单独一页.

Abstract （“Abstract”一词用Times New Roman字体三号,加黑,居中。） Thought of people as the center is the marrow of our traditional culture and the core of the theory of managing state affairs. It germinates in the early state of antiquity society and is based on patriarchal clan system. It is also a kind of value seeking for the realization of the ethic reason and moral justice. Its basic thinking is that the monarch is defined by people and conversely people are defined by the monarch. At first appearance, its purpose is to value people’s suffering,fate and interest on the ruler’s position. However, its real intention is to fool the people so as to strengthen and consolidate the ruler’s rule. The theory of “people-oriented concept” includes nine topics such as “the theory of people is being the root of the monarch’s rule”, “the theory of people is being more valuable than the monarch”, “the theory of the monarch is being people’s servant”and so on. People –oriented means “value the people ”in essence, which sees “people”as its foundation of politics rule, ranking official, and administration. （正文字体为：Times New Roman字体，小四号，且行距为单倍或倍。） Key words：people- oriented concept；democracy；new people-basisism （“K ey words”一词用Times New Roman字体小四号,加黑。） 注意：英文摘要和关键词只能单独一页.

【开题报告】毕业论文“英、中文摘要、关键词”样式

毕业论文“英、中文摘要、关键词”样式abstract this paper begins with a brief introduction to chomsky’s methodology of idealization in linguistic research. although the idealization in physical research from which chomsky’s idealization deprives can still keep natural laws’ validity, the author points out chomsky’s idealization is not accessible. the key point lies in the exclusion of social factors in his research. then the author demonstrates the reason why chomsky’s exclusion of social factors is not accessible from two aspects: (1) language is a concrete system of signs. (2)language is a social institution. only in the context of society are these features significant and integrate, can language bear its form and forward its development and keep up the interaction with the society. therefore instead of “being idealized” out of linguistic research, social factors should be regarded as the base of the research. otherwise the object of the research will be totally changed and the research itself will be misguided. as for what factors can be temporarily idealized without changing language’s fundamental features? this is a question worth our further study in the future. 摘要：本文从chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手，认为chomsky为了使研究变得简单，便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外，这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因：一是语言作为一种符号系统，只有在社会的环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构，无论是它的产生还是发展过程，都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学，我们就不能将社会因素“理想化”。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑，这仍有待进一步的研究。 1 / 1

论文中英文摘要格式

论文中英文摘要格式

附件2 作者姓名：顾振华 论文题目：2,3-联烯酸(酰胺)与联烯和炔烃的偶联环化反应研究 作者简介：：顾振华，男，1979年02月出生，2002年09月师从于中国科学院上海有机化学研究所麻生明教授，于2007年7月获博士学位。 中文摘要

联烯是一类含有1,2-丙二烯官能团的化合物。在联烯的三个碳原子中，末端的两个sp2杂化的碳原子以剩下的未杂化的p轨道与中间的sp杂化的碳原子的两个互相垂直的p-轨道交盖形成两个互相垂直的π轨道。当联烯末端的同一碳原子上的取代基两两不同时，联烯则具有轴手性，其构型可通过Cahn-Ingold-Prelog规则判定。联烯化合物独特的反应性一方面来自这种独特的互相垂直交盖π-轨道，另一方面来自联烯末端的两个碳原子（四个取代基）对不同取代基的装载能力。通过对底物及反应条件的调控，反应可以选择性的发生在联烯的三个不同的碳原子上。由于其独特的结构及反应性，联烯在天然产物的合成中也有比较广泛地应用。近年来越来越多的含联烯结构的天然产物被分离和鉴定，到目前为止已有约150个，这也极大地推动了联烯化学的发展。 我们小组在官能化的联烯的环化反应方面也作了一些研究。最近我们小组发现并发展了官能化联烯的双分子氧化偶联反应，该反应能有效的一步构建双环化合物。基于这些发现，我的工作就是设计和发展联烯与联烯、联烯与炔烃的偶联环化反应。主要包括以下三大部分：第一部分：2,3-联烯酸(酰胺)与联烯的偶联环化反应 1．我们研究了2,3-联烯酸双分子氧化偶联反应。在研究过程中我们发展了三套氧化体系(a) n-C3H7I + O2, (b) KI + O2, (c) 苯醌来实现钯物种的催化循环，并且还研究了 在这三套氧化体系下的取代基效应。 2．在实现了2,3-联烯酸自身双分子氧化偶联反应之后我们又研究了2,3-联烯酰胺与1,2-联烯基酮的交叉偶联反应。根据我们小组以前的研究2,3-联烯酰胺有两种环化方 式：即氧进攻生成Furanimine结构的化合物，或氮进攻生成内酰胺的产物。通过 X-射线单晶衍射和核磁研究，我们确认了在这一双分子氧化偶联反应中联烯酰胺的 关环方式是氧进攻生成Furanimine结构的化合物，并且产物亚胺部分的结构是顺式 的。同时我们还观察到了2,3-联烯酰胺自身双分子偶联环化后部分水解的产物。 (a)来自亲核试剂进攻碘鎓三元环时的立体位阻效应。这是少数几例非杂原子导向的 高选择性羟碘化反应。 (b)我们还初步研究了β-联烯基呋喃酮的γ-羟基化反应。在有氧和碱性条件下，2(5H)- 呋喃酮能发生γ-羟基化反应生成5-羟基2(5H)-呋喃酮。当底物是β-联烯基呋喃酮时，γ-羟基化产物在I2存在下能有效的发生碘环化反应，有效地构建了双环化合物。 (c)我们发现了1,2,4(Z),7-四烯(α-烯丙基-β-联烯基呋喃酮)异构环化成八元环的反 应。该反应操作非常简单，只要将1,2,4Z,7-四烯在二甲苯中100 o C搅拌反应6小时 即可，产率高达98%。当向体系中加入亲双烯体，如马来酰胺时我们能得到一系列 结构新颖的桥环化合物，反应的立体选择性是单一的，即亲双烯体是以endo方式

大学生毕业论文致谢词

大学生毕业论文致谢词 【第1篇】大学生毕业论文致谢词（本科生） 值此本科学位论文完成之际，首先要感谢我的导师ｘｘｘ教授，他们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样；他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪。 感谢我的小白老师，这篇论文的每个实验细节和每个数据，都离不开你的细心指导。而你开朗的个性和宽容的态度，帮助我能够很快的融入我们这个新的实验室。 感谢我的室友们，从遥远的家来到这个陌生的城市里，是你们和我共同维系着彼此之间兄弟般的感情，维系着寝室那份家的融洽。四年了，仿佛就在昨天。四年里，我们没有红过脸，没有吵过嘴，没有发生上大学前所担心的任何不开心的事情。只是今后大家就难得再聚在一起吃每年元旦那顿饭了吧，没关系，各奔前程，大家珍重。但愿远赴米国的ｘｘ平平安安，留守复旦的ｘｘｘ，ｘｘ快快乐乐，挥师北上的ｘｘ顺顺利利，也愿离开我们寝室的ｘ开开心心。我们在一起的日子，我会记一辈子的。 感谢我的爸爸妈妈，焉得谖草，言树之背，养育之恩，无以回报，你们永远健康快乐是我最大的心愿。 在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意！

【第2篇】大学生毕业论文致谢词（研究生） 岁月如梭，如歌。转眼间，三年的研究生求学生活即将结束，站在毕业的门槛上，回首往昔，奋斗和辛劳成为丝丝的记忆，甜美与欢笑也都尘埃落定。交通大学以其优良的学习风气、严谨的科研氛围教我求学，以其博大包容的情怀胸襟、浪漫充实的校园生活育我成人。值此毕业论文完成之际，我谨向所有关心、爱护、帮助我的人们表示最诚挚的感谢与最美好的祝愿。 本论文是在导师李霞副教授的悉心指导之下完成的。三年来，导师渊博的专业知识，严谨的治学态度，精益求精的工作作风，诲人不倦的高尚师德，朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力对我影响深远。导师不仅授我以文，而且教我做人，虽历时三载，却赋予我终生受益无穷之道。本论文从选题到完成，几易其稿，每一步都是在导师的指导下完成的，倾注了导师大量的心血，在此我向我的导师李霞副教授表示深切的谢意与祝福！ 本论文的完成也离不开其他各位老师、同学和朋友的关心与帮助。在此也要感谢王保民等各位老师在论文开题、初稿、预答辩期间所提出的宝贵意见，感谢管理学院能源课题组为本论文提供的数据和建议，还要感谢同门的师兄师妹们，在科研过程中给我以许多鼓励和帮助。回想整个论文的写作过程，虽有不易，却让我除却浮躁，经历了思考和启示，也更加深切地体会了法学的精髓和意义，因此倍感珍惜。 【第3篇】大学生毕业论文致谢词（博士生）

(完整版)中英文翻译机械类机械设计外文翻译毕业论文

外文资料翻译译文 机械设计 摘要：机器是由机械装置和其它组件组成的。它是一种用来转换或传递能量的装置，例如：发动机、涡轮机、车辆、起重机、印刷机、洗衣机、照相机和摄影机等。许多原则和设计方法不但适用于机器的设计，也适用于非机器的设计。术语中的“机械装置设计”的含义要比“机械设计”的含义更为广泛一些，机械装置设计包括机械设计。在分析运动及设计结构时，要把产品外型以及以后的保养也要考虑在机械设计中。在机械工程领域中，以及其它工程领域中，所有这些都需要机械设备，比如：开关、凸轮、阀门、船舶以及搅拌机等。 关键词：设计流程设计规则机械设计 设计流程 设计开始之前就要想到机器的实际性，现存的机器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的机器必需具有以前机器所能执行的功能。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不要受到任何约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即在绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于阻断创新的思路。通常,还要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在这个计划最后决定中,使用了某些不在计划之内的一些设想。 一般的当外型特点和组件部分的尺寸特点分析得透彻时，就可以全

面的设计和分析。接着还要客观的分析机器性能的优越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且竞争力的成本也要考虑在分析结果之内。每一个至关重要的部分要优化它的比例和尺寸，同时也要保持与其它组成部分相协调。 也要选择原材料和处理原材料的方法。通过力学原理来分析和实现这些重要的特性，如那些静态反应的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像动力惯性、加速动力和能量；包括弹性材料的强度、应力和刚度等材料的物理特性，以及流体润滑和驱动器的流体力学。设计的过程是重复和合作的过程，无论是正式或非正式的进行，对设计者来说每个阶段都很重要。 最后，以图样为设计的标准，并建立将来的模型。如果它的测试是符合事先要求的，则再将对初步设计进行某些修改，使它能够在制造成本上有所降低。产品的设计需要不断探索和发展。许多方案必须被研究、试验、完善，然后决定使用还是放弃。虽然每个工程学问题的内容是独特的，但是设计师可以按照类似的步骤来解决问题。 产品的责任诉讼迫使设计人员和公司在选择材料时，采用最好的程序。在材料过程中，五个最常见的问题为：（a）不了解或者不会使用关于材料应用方面的最新最好的信息资料；(b)未能预见和考虑材料的合理用途（如有可能，设计人员还应进一步预测和考虑由于产品使用方法不当造成的后果。在近年来的许多产品责任诉讼案件中，由于错误地使用产品而受到伤害的原告控告生产厂家，并且赢得判决）；(c)所使用的材料的数据不全或是有些数据不确定，尤其是当其性能数据长期不更新； (d)质量控制方法不适当和未经验证；(e)由一些完全不称职的人员选择材料。 通过对上述五个问题的分析，可以得出这些问题是没有充分理由而存在的结论。对这些问题的研究分析可以为避免这些问题的出现而指明

关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧

关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧 下面是关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧，欢迎阅读借鉴，希望对你们有帮助。摘要,作为一篇学术论文中的部分,对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用.通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要,能够让读者大致了解到本文所提出的问题,所采取的解决方法以及其结果.而国际性刊物一般都要求以国际性语言英语写作,就是在中国,现在很多重要的刊物也都要求必须有相应的英文摘要.现在在很多重要国际会议上,是先让你把英文摘要给完成,他们直接根据摘要来决定你的文章是不是可以考虑录用,英文摘要的好坏决定了学术论文能否顺利的进行国际的交流,由此可以看出英文摘要的重要性.从这个意义上,作为一名学者,应该掌握英文摘要的写作方法. 下面作者结合两篇英文摘要对英文摘要的具体写作进行分析研究,并结合国际性学术刊物上发表论文所要求的英文摘要特点,谈谈英文摘要的写作方法. 下面两篇摘要第一篇是摘自国外学者写的,第二篇是摘自一名国内在校博士写的.通过对这两篇摘要进行对比分析研究,让我们更加明确的了解英文摘要的写作规范. 1(Written in original English)This paper describes a new “modifiedpulse arc evaporation process”which represents a combination of both d.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim is to

give a comparative overall view. The paper reports on measurements of spot movement on the target, arcvoltage response and ion current under different electric conditions, suchas current magnitude, current changing rate and pulse duration. There arepossibilities to improve the target consumption; to reduce the upperstability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, the bias current densityin the pulse phase and the plasma power. For optical measurements ofspot movement a new high-speed video camera was used. 2(Written by Chinese student in English) Every machining techniqueleads to distinguishing surface feature and precision characteristic. Thenon -traditional finish machining can improve the surface quality andprecision of parts. The improvement of these can advance the performanceand life of parts. The non-traditional machining has its superiority. 英文摘要大体上包括四个部分: 研究目的、方法、结果、结论. 研究目的主要说明作者写此文章的目的或主要解决的问题,表明研究的范围和重要性;研究的方法主要是提出解决问题的方法以及主要工作过程;研究的结果则是作者在此研究过程最后得到的结果;结论是说明该研究结果的实际应用价值.