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英汉互译原理

英汉互译原理
英汉互译原理

由于英汉两种语言的文化背景差异如地理环境、风俗习惯、对同一数字有不同的理解、历史背景、文学典故、宗教信仰等,所以同样字面意义,可能具有完全不同的隐含意义,而隐含意义才是说话人或作者所要表达的真正意义。

语言和文化的密切关系注定了翻译与文化的密切关系。所以在翻译谚语时,要掌握一定的方法仅仅寻求词汇间的对等是不够的。关于翻译标准,中外翻译家们提出了各种主张,虽然这些主张侧重点不同,但中心都是译文要忠实准确地表达原文的意义,保持原作的风格。所以翻译一般有四种方法,第一种直译法,指在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式———特别指保持原文的比喻,形象和地方色彩等。因此,为了读者能对译后的谚语寓言一目了然,我们首先用直译法。例如: A home without love is no more than a baby without a soul. 没有爱的家庭就像一个没有灵魂的躯体。

中文的谚语则有:

明枪易躲,暗箭难防。It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrowshot fromhiding.

第二种是意译法,由于语言结构和文化背景的缘故,有一部分谚语无法进行直译。这部分谚语一般没有很强的比喻,或者根本没有比喻。且这类谚语的特点是寓意较深且隐含于较浅显的字面下,带有浓厚民族色彩且多来源于历史典故,我们就没有必要去追求原文的形式了。应选用意译法表达出来。这类汉谚如下:

塞翁失马,焉知非福?Aloss may turn out to be a gain.

第三种是直译兼意译,在翻译某些谚语时,单纯的直译使读者不能理解其含义,而意译也不能准确地表达原来谚语的涵义。这时可采用直译兼意译的方法翻译,以弥补直译难达意,意译难传神的不足。译文可直译其字面意义,再点出隐含意义,使译文形象生动,以期收到画龙点睛的效果。如:Cut your coat according to your cloth. 量衣裁布,量入为出。第四种是对等翻译,虽然英汉在语言习惯,民族特色,地方风情等方面有极大的差别,但在某些谚语无论内容,形式都有相似之处。其运用的对仗比喻等修辞手法也大致相同,且表达的意思也大致相同。对这些谚语采用对等翻译,即用同义谚语翻译,一方面可使译文更加通顺;另一方面更容易为译文读者理解和接受。

Alion in the way. 拦路虎。

汉谚:说曹操,曹操到。Speak of the devil, and he will appear.

总之语言是丰富和变化的。作为语言固定形式的英汉谚语蕴含了丰富的文化知识。如果不能很好地理解两种文化,译者就不能精准地翻译。

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