英语翻译理论与实践

黄山学院

外语系

课程讲稿

专业名称：英语专业

课程名称：《英汉翻译理论与实践1》主导教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》授课教师：程汕姗

A Brief Introduction to Translation

◇Teaching Contents:

I.Discussion:

●What is translation?

●What is a successful translation?

●What difficulties might occur in translating process?

A.What is translation?

1.Key words:

source language(SL) / receptor language / target language(TL); reproduce; message /

information; equivalence / correspondence

2.Nature of translation

Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural

equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in

terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)

德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation：Problems & Methods一书中说：Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with

similar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language.

Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form

from the source language to the target language.（翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找

意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义，

也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。）

这说明了翻译是语义的翻译，不是语言形式的翻译，是运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容，而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言

中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面的束缚，必须着眼

于传达原文的内容和意义。换句话说，翻译的基本单位应该是语篇，而不是词

语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言

语单位，而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、

一个句段、一个句群，也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，

其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻

译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出

来的语言活动。

3.Classification of translation:

a.Oral interpretation / written translation

b.Human translation / machine translation

c.Literary / scientific / political / commercial translation

d.Domestication (naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement, alienation)

e.Literal translation / free translation

B.What is a successful translation?

1.严复：信、达、雅(faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance)

2.傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似

3.钱钟书：诱、讹、化

4.Eugene A. Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional equivalence

C.What difficulties might occur in translating process?

Language / Cultural Barriers

Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.

→Betrayal: Loss / Distortion

1.Understanding

i.Word meaning

Example analysis

Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered her.

米勒为了逢迎柴斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅像。

（原文中的flatter 意为“超过”[to make better looking than the reality] ，

将其译为“逢迎”是理解上的错误。）

米勒给柴斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅像，该像之美简直超过了她本人。

ii.Sentence structure

Example analysis

The traditionalist type of composer begins with a pattern rather than with a

theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much

as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.

【原译】传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的

创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。

【改译】传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱

斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思，而是对固定形式的个性化处理。

iii.Background knowledge

Example analysis

Then he was off to Columbia Business School , where he found his Rosetta Stone

of investing. (Roger Lowenstein: An Unassuming Billionaire )

Rosetta Stone 是古埃及石，意为“提供线索”，这儿喻指“帮助了

解难题的事物”。

后来他进了哥伦比亚商学院，在那里找到了自己的投资指南。

2.Expressing

i.Literal translation Vs. liberal translation

Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into

consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce

both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as

much as possible the figures of speech.

Liberal Translation mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original

without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech.

Example analysis

To kill two birds with one stone.

直译：一石二鸟

意译：一箭双雕，一举两得

树倒猢狲散

直译：When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.

意译：Members run away when the family falls. / Rats leave a

sinking ship.

ii.Free translation

Example analysis

This was one of the secrets of his great popularity, but it was a popularity which

was as unsettled as the waves. It swelled, and bubbled, and foamed for a while,

only to recede, and be lost to its former possessor.

【原译】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：

在短暂的时间内如日中天，盛极一时，炙手可热，但转瞬间又烟消云散，

终于在原来有些声望的人身上消失了。

【改译】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：

一时间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终于在原来享有这种声

望的人身上荡然无存。

iii.Translationese

Example analysis

The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.

【原译】他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。

【改译】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。

iv.Cohesion and coherence

Example analysis

There was a menu , but it didn’t make any difference , everything tasted the same.

Monumental portion. You’d stand up at the end and want to die.

(M. Lurie , A Beacon in the Night)

【原译】那儿有菜单，可没什么区别。所有东西味道都一样。份量惊人，

你最后会站起来想死。

【改译】那儿是有菜单，可完全派不上用场，因为所有东西味道都一样。

只是份量惊人，你吃完后一站起身来就会感觉胀得要死。

D.How can we improve our translation?

1.English reading

2.Chinese writing

3.Translation practice

II.The Role of Translator:

The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation.

— George Steiner 译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。

A.Metaphors for translator:

1. A courier of the human spirits （普希金）

2. A sculptor who tries to recreate a work of painting

3. A straitjacketed dancer

4. A musician / an actor

5.Traduttori-traditori (Translators are traitors.)

B.Responsibility of translator:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,petent linguistic ability & bicultural knowledge

2.Being as transparent as possible

3.Being a good negotiator

III.The Development of Translation in China:

翻译史上的三个高峰期：

1.汉至唐宋佛经的转译：支谦；鸠摩罗什；道安；玄奘

2.明清以后西欧科技文化的引进：徐光启；严复；林纾；（译才并世数严林－康有

为）

3.五四之后的现代阶段：郭沫若；鲁迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；钱钟书

Contrast between English and Chinese (1)

◇Teaching Contents:

I.Thinking Style and Diction

A.Abstract vs. Concrete

An excessive reliance on the noun at the expense of verb will, in the end, detach the mind of the writer from the realities of here and now, from when and how and in what mood the thing was done, and insensibly induce a habit of abstraction, generalization and vagueness.

─G. M. Young

1.Embodiment

e.g. The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of

administration.（Times）

It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified.

行政系统需要改革，这一点已经越来越清楚了。

e.g. There seems to have been an absence of attempt at conciliation between rival

sects. (Daily Telegraph)

The rival sects seem never even to have tried mutual conciliation.

对立的派别似乎从未试图谋求和解。

2.Visualization

e.g. utterly quiet鸦雀无声

e.g. In 1966 the North Korean team made it to the quarter finals.

译：1966年，北朝鲜队成功地踢进了四分之一决赛。

B.Static（静）vs. Dynamic（动）

Examples:

1) 名词化（Nominalization）

Comparison:

a)The doctor arrived extremely quickly and examined the patient uncommonly

carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.

The doctor’s extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the

patient brought about his speedy recovery.

医生迅速赶到，并非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。

b)Freedom-loving people everywhere condemned them because they violated the

agreement reached at Helsinki and abused basic human rights in their own country.

The abuse of basic human rights in their own country in violation of the agreement

reached at Helsinki earned them the condemnation of freedom-loving people

everywhere.

他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内践踏基本人权，因此受到各地热爱

自由的人们的谴责。

e.g. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great

propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.

他头脑灵活，讨人喜欢/很好相处，可是学习不用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢

上酒馆喝点小酒。

2) 介词充斥(prepositionitis)

e.g. He has someone behind him.

Someone supports him.

e.g. With these words she went away.

After saying these, she went away.

e.g. He is at his books.

He is reading his books.

II.Thinking Style and Syntax

A.形合与意合(Hypotactic vs. Paratactic)

形合（Hypotactic）

句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。

The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.

(The American Heritage Dictionary)

e.g. I shall despair if you don’t come.

意合（Paratactic）

词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。

The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. (The World Book Dictionary)

e.g.大雨倾盆，河水泛滥，冲毁了很多民房。

英语造句多用各种形式手段连接，注重显性接应（overt cohesion），重形式，重结构。相对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用频率极高。

e.g.The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace

of mind.

现如今车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。

B.Impersonal vs. Personal

It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.

近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少，此事令人关切。现要求学生切记图书借还规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。

1.Inanimate noun (无灵名词) as subject

e.g. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.

我激动得什么话也说不出。

e.g. The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.

我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声响都没有。

2.Preparatory word: it

e.g. It hurts! (―it‖: unspecified word 虚义词) ——好疼！

e.g. It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.

我从未想到她会这么不老实。

3.Passive voice (hidden agent/doer)

e.g. The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are

known.

只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。

C.Subject-Prominent（主语句）vs. Topic-Prominent（主题句）

Examples:

1) She showered us with telegrams.

译：她的电报纷至沓来。

2) There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.

译：这个方案富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很满意。

3) Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his early painting.

译：他的早期绘画

．．．．．．色彩明亮、笔触大胆。

Contrast between English and Chinese (2)

◇Teaching Contents:

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,ment on the homework

II.Lexical Differences

英汉词类系统比较

A.Word order

1.Attributive modifiers

英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一般放在被修饰词的后面。

汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面。

Examples:

1) something important 重要

．．的事

2) the ancient Chinese poet中国古代

．．．．诗人

3) a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个身材瘦小

．．．

．．．．的叫化子，面黄肌

瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．

4) a candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微

．．．．．．的候选人

2.Adverbial modifiers

英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。

Examples:

1) to develop rapidly迅速发展；extremely fast快极了/ 极快

2) With a bag of books we walked across the garden in the gray light of the dawn. 我

们提着一袋书

．．．．穿过了花园。

．．．．．，在晨曦中

3) He was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw anyone off the scent.

为了迷惑别人

．．．．．．，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。

4) He was born in Rome on May 27, 1980.

他是1980

．．。

．．．．年．5．月．27．．日在罗马

．．．．年．5．月．27．．日．出生于罗马

．．．．出生的。/ 他于1980

III.Syntactic Differences

A.Transformation of sentence structure

1.Simple Sentence →Complex Sentence

e.g. His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free

College of the City of New York.

由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,plex Sentence →Simple Sentence

e.g. That he will come to the discussion is certain. 他肯定会来参加讨论的。

e.g. He doesn’t know what life means to him. 他不知道人生的意义。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,plex Sentence →Complex Sentence

e.g. Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy reinforcement troops

came up. 我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。

e.g. This place is really beautiful, and many people bring their wives and families out

here to live. 这地方实在漂亮，（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。

4.Inverted Order →Natural Order

e.g. Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.

当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。

5.Passive V oice →Active V oice

e.g. He is respected by everybody. 人人都尊敬他。

e.g. I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper. 有人告诉我不要相信报纸

上读到的消息。

B.Sentence order

1.Time order

e.g. He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spent his

vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction

job he had been engaged in in the South.

译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去度假，享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。

2.Logic order

a.Cause-result order

e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday owing to the bad weather.

b.Condition –result order

e.g. She will play the piano only if she is paid. 只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演奏

钢琴。

=

Understanding Source Text

◇Teaching Contents:

I. Comment on the homework

II. The three levels of meaning

美国语言教学家Wilga M. Rivers 说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义，即词语意义、语法或结构意义以及社会和文化意义（the three levels of meaning: lexical meaning, structural or grammatical meaning, and social-cultural meaning）。

Examples:

1 So that's how I became just another kid in school.

就这样，我成了学校里一名和其他孩子一样的普通孩子。

2 At first, they were being nice.

起初人们只是出于一时的好心。

3 John Major faces severe social and economic problems as well as tough debate over European integration, but his top priority will be to maintain the Tories' long lease on 10 Downing Street.

梅杰面临严重的社会和经济问题以及关于欧洲统一的艰苦辩论，但是他的当务之急将是维系保守党的长期执政。

III、Approaches to correct understanding

1. 要理解原文语句的内部关系：

Examples:

Go to hell! You report what I have done to the authorities.

去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我对他们的不敬吧！

【译文】去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我的所作所为好啦！

He ate his savoury, and hurried the maid as she swept the crumbs.

他一边吃着最后的一道消食小吃，一边催促女佣人赶快打扫碎屑。

【译文】他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。

2. 要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：

John is now with his parents in New York; it is three years since he was a high school teacher in Washington.

【译文】约翰现在同父母一起住在纽约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三年了。

Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking.

德里克自以为是讨女人喜欢的人，可是为了讨我喜欢，他却花很多时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。

【译文】德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。

3. 要结合上下文语境进行理解：

The tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people would oppose their bravery.

【译文】暴君恣意肆虐，人民则奋勇反抗。

Managers face a host of new business realities, such as changing patterns of employment that include an explosion of outsourcing and new alliances.

管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如就业的模式不断变化包括外购。重组等现象的猛增。

【译文】管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如企业用工方式的不断变化包

括大幅度增加外部采办和新建联产单位。

4. 要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：

While many women are comfortable being close and sharing secrets, men often struggle to express their emotions in relationship with other men.

虽然许多女人对与他人亲密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人的关系中表达感情。

【译文】许多女人亲密相处互吐隐秘感到心安理得，而男人要对其他男人表露感情却非易事。

On the drunken occasion in question, I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish you would forget it.

在那次大醉时，我老考虑是不是喜欢你，搞得我无法忍受，希望你忘了它。

【译文】那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，希望你忘了它吧。

5. 要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：

Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were shipped from Shanghai to New York. They were products of the city's first joint venture. Owing to a storm at sea, some of the cargo got stained by seawater. However, the goods duly arrived yesterday.

【译文】有50箱羊毛衫从上海发往纽约。这些羊毛衫是上海首家合资企业的产品。由于海上遇到风暴，其中一部分遭到海水污损，但这批货物已于昨天按时运抵。

"Heaven bless you, my child," said she, embracing Amelia, and scowling the while over the girl's shoulder at Miss Sharp. "Come away, Becky," said Miss Jemima, pulling the young woman away in great alarm.

她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从女孩的肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着年轻女子出来，口里说：“来吧，贝基。”

【译文】她搂着爱米丽亚说：“求老天保佑你，孩子。”一面说，一面从爱米丽亚肩头对夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着夏泼小姐出来，口里说：“走吧，小姐。”

I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury.

我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的受害者扑了过去。

【译文】我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。

6. 要注意省略和替代部分的理解：

"Has he sold his collection yet?" "He has some of the paintings; I'm not sure about the rest."

―他的藏画全都卖了吗？”―他有一些画，其他的我说不准。”

【译文】“他的藏画全都卖了吗？”“有一部分画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。”

In other words there is at work in the language of a man, or of an age even,

a constant principle of selection.

【译文】换句话说，不仅一个人的语言，甚至于一个时代的语言，都不断受到淘汰原理的影响。

A causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any more than we can of a stick with only one end.

【译文】我们不可能设想有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍子只有一头一样。

We are human and human beings are far from perfect. To be human implies that we will make mistakes. But it's more than that we feel human. We now feel entitled.

【译文】我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说我们会犯错误。但是，我

们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权利犯错误。

Transfer of Word Meaning

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,ment on the homework

II.Choice of Wording Meanings（词义的选择）

A.Context:

A word used in a new context is a new word.

一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多变，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较狭窄，比较精确、固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言，它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性上。汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，尤其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用词讲求词义精确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦谲为不法、诫绝生造词义。

刘宓庆《文体与翻译》The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme can only be decided in certain context. For example:

1.story:

a.Oh, what a story!哦，好个谎言！

b.To make a long story short.长话短说。

c.It is another story now.这是另外一个问题。

d.He storied about his academic career and his professional career.他编造了他的学

历和经历。

e.Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.要是这个奇闻一旦传

了出去，就会讨论个没完没了。

f.I don’t buy your story.我不相信你的话。

g.Stories circulated first in Moscow.流言起初是在莫斯科传播的。

h.I have tried all I could do to silence such a story.我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣

传了。

i.Her story is one of the saddest.她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。

j.John’s tale sounded to me exactly like a fish story.我认为约翰的故事荒唐无比。

k.The story about him became smaller and faded from the public eye by and by.报道对他的渲染已减少，不久他就不再受公众注意了。

l.I don’t want to get a wrong idea of me from all these stories you hear.你听那么多闲话，我不希望你从中得出一个对我的错误看法。

m.You put me on the spot. I have to cook up a story this time.你把我拖下水，这回我要找借口了。

n. A young man came to the police office with a story.一个年轻人来到警察局报案。

o.It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.

据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这个消息。

2.kill:

a.He killed the man. 他杀了那个人。

b.He killed the dog.他宰了那条狗。

c.They killed the proposal.他们断然拒绝该建议。

d.Please kill the engin

e.请把发动机熄火。

e.He is dressed to kill.他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人。

f.You are killing me.你的话笑死我了。/你的动作笑死我了。

g.She kills her child with kindness.她宠坏了小孩。

h.He took a snack to kill her hunger.他吃零食充饥。

i.9. H e killed time every day at the park.他每天上公园消磨时间。

j.He killed the motion when it came from the committee.他否决了委员会提出来的建议。

k.He killed himself with overwork.他因工作过劳而死。

l.He killed the spirit of the group.他抹杀了团体的精神。

m.The news killed their hope.这消息使他们的希望破灭。

n.These flowers kill easily.这些花容易枯死。

o.He killed three bottles of whiskey in a week.他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。

还如：

kill one’s appetite 使某人倒胃

kill time 打发时间

kill the peace 扼杀和平

kill the mood 破坏气氛

kill a marriage 解除婚姻

B.Collocation:

Sometimes different Chinese Words should be employed to transfer the same English word in order to form proper collocation.

e.g. exercise:

exercise options（行使

．．垄断）；

．．选择权）；exercise monopoly（实施

exercise judgment（作出

．．民主）；

．．判断）；exercise democracy（实行

exercise responsibility（履行

．．影响）

．．责任）；exercise influence（施加

C.Word Form:

In many cases, different word forms (such as tense, plural form, etc.) lead to great difference in word meaning. For example:

1) The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.

这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色

．．．．．．．．．．的琉璃瓦盖成的。

2) She rejected his advances during the trip to Cannes.

在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱

．．。

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/c215829861.html,mendatory Sense or Derogatory Sense（词义的褒贬）

A.The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense.

For instance:

1.He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望

．．的人。

2.His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.

他作为流氓/放荡的恶名

．．是他死后才传开来的。

3.The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy.

他们进行的事业是值得赞扬

．．．．的。

4.Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President.

亨利总是吹嘘

．．说他曾同总统谈过话。

B.The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain context.

For example:

1.Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it.

凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙

．．．．。

2.He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the

reputation was not deserved.

他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声

．．．。

．．．。我相信他不该有这个坏名声

C.The word itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory sense.

译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。

For example:

1.He is an aggressive salesman. 他是个很有进取心

．．的销售员。

．．．．/干劲

2.Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media

with photos of her private life.

无孔不入

．．．．的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。

3.Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power.

希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略

．．政策。

IV.Amplification of Word Meaning（词义的引申）

A.虚实引申

1.具体化引申

英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体化引申（concretion) 。

e.g. During the meeting, the Chinese Premier met respectively with his German,

British and Japanese counterparts.

会议期间，中国总理

．．和日本国内阁总理大臣

．．．．．．。

．．、英国首相

．．分别会晤了德国总理

2.抽象化引申

英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词义加以抽象化引申（abstraction)，

使译文流畅、自然。

e.g. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his character.

他的性格既凶暴

．．。

．．又狡猾

B.术语移用

e.g. Ulysses Grant once explained his military success by writing, ―The fact is I think I am

a verb, instead of a personal pronoun.‖

尤利西斯格兰特将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：―事实上，我认为自己

是个动词

．．．．（从属而被动

．．．．．）。‖

．．．．．．．）；而不是个人称代词

．．（独立而富于行动

e.g. U.S. influence and prestige nosedived in Africa

美国在非洲的影响和声望急剧下降

．．．．。

C.逻辑引申

e.g. Really, though, the books were about money – who has it, where to hide it, what a suit

of clothing costs, how long you can keep the butcher waiting.

实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关——谁得到了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多

．．．．．．

少钱，你能在肉贩那儿赊多久的帐

．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

V、Register (语域)

Register is a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific

situation.

Different groups within each culture have different expectations about what kind of

language is ppropriate to particular situations. A translator must ensure that the

translation matches the register expectations of its prospective receivers, unless, of

course, the purpose of the translation is to give a flavor of the source culture. This might

be well shown in the different versions of the following poem by Tennyson:

Man for the field and woman for the hearth;

Man for the sword and for the needle she.

Man with the head and woman with the heart:

Man to command and woman to obey.

Version one: 男人耕种女持家，男战沙场女绣花，男人多思女多情，男人尊贵女卑下。Version two: 男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐。男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线。

男人头脑理智，女人感情用事。男人发号施令，女人言听计从。

Version three: 哥哥持外，妹妹佑内，哥哥侠胆，妹妹细腻，哥哥理智，妹妹温顺，哥哥下令，妹妹俯首。

Version four: 牛郎躬耕忙，荆钗理家瘦。飞骑赴戎机，红妆织锦褛。

须眉频谋计，朱颜多凝愁。百令生百诺，琴瑟两相受。

Version five: 男种田来女做饭，男打仗来女缝衫。男多理智女多情，男发号令女照办。Version six: 男人围着事业转，女人围着家庭转。男人遮风避雨，女人针线持家。男人处理理智，女人情感细腻。一个成功的男人背后必然站着一位伟大的女性。

Version seven: 壮士荷锄兮女持家，壮士征战兮女纺纱。壮士运筹兮女多情，壮士发号兮女服从。

Expressing in the Target Language-operational principles

◇Teaching Contents:

1要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：

Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多来自于历史学家们内部的争论。

【译文】人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。

Distance from the event should make the memories less painful.

事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。

【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。

It was an elderly woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.

【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。

2.要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：

His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night.

他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。

【译文】更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。

But this arms race strained the government's principles as well as its budgets.

【译文】但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。

The team is famous for its arsenal of veteran players.

【译文】这个球队拥有众多经验丰富的老队员，很有名气。

3.要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势：

Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.

无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。

【译文】想吃什么，只要告诉我。

Even if you go there, there wouldn't be any result.

即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。

【译文】你去了也是白去。

A big nation has its problems while a small nation has its advantages.

【译文】大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。

Foreign intervention will thus find justification.

外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。

【译文】外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。

He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes were dim.

他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。

【译文】他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。

He was but a man with many grey hairs, with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts and worries.

他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。

【译文】他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。

Gathering facts, confirming then, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings --

this is all the work of science.

收集资料，对它们进行论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加上对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是全部的科学工作。

【译文】收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－这就是科学工作的全部内容。

4.要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：

Before we can learn to appreciate those different from us, we must open our hearts to tolerance.

在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。

【译文】我们要心胸开阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。

Any person not leaving litter in this basket will be liable to a fine of ￡5.

凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款5镑。

【译文】杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者罚款5镑。

At the sight of Napoleon, the young Frenchman clicked his heels together.

年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。

【译文】年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。

5.遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：

If a heavy body is to be lifted to a certain height, work must be done, or energy expended, equal to the weight of the body multiplied by the height through which it is raised.

【译文】如果把重物举到一定高度，一定要做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体重量乘以物体举起的高度。

The continental United States stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches south to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.

【译文】美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨4,500公里。北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西哥和墨西哥弯毗邻。

新视野大学英语翻译答案

汉译英 Unit1 1.无论你是多么富有经验的演说家，无论你做了多么充足的准备，你都很难在这样嘈杂的招待会上发表演讲。（no matter how） No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech ，you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2.就像吉米妹妹的朋友都关系吉米一样，吉米也关系他们（just as） Just as all his sister ’ s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them 3.汽车生产商在新车的几处都印有汽车识别号码，以便帮助找回被盗的车辆。（track down）Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4.老师回来时你敢告我状的话，我就不再和你说话了。（tell on） If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5.有些老年人愿意独自过日子，但大多数老人选择和儿女一起生活。（on one’s own） Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6.现在需要面对的事情是：如何筹集创建公司所需的资金。（reckon with） Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. Unit2 1.被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚持称自己无罪 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2.总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron . 3正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4.考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订旅馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5.服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并立刻咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6.总结这次讨论时，他说双方都要好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. Unit3 1.在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2..教师一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3.从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one ’ s study after graduatin g from university instead of going to work directly. 4.由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5.据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。

翻译大一下学期

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全新版大学英语第二版综合教程1学生用书答案大一课后翻译答案

Unit 1 1. sentences 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/ purchase it? 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. 2. passage translation To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English. Unit 2 1. Translate the Sentences 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose. 2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly. 3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school. 4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life. 5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs. 2. Translate the passage With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better off financially next year. We will thus be able to focus on the most important task that we, educators, must take on: to encourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals,

英语翻译理论与实践

第二讲 原句：I seized the largest brush and fell upon my wretched victim with wild fury. 译文：我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招架之力的画布。 原文：There is a definite link between smoking and lung cancer. But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. 译文：吸烟肯定与肺癌有关，但这并不能使你感到太不舒服，因为吸烟的人不止你一个。 原文：Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man, but he spends too much time admiring himself in the mirror for my liking. 译文：德里克自以为是个讨女人喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面前自我欣赏。 He is the last man to come. He is the last man to do it. He is the last person for such a job. He should be the last (man) to blame. 原文：John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 译文：约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。 Literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation. It strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech. 死译：one-to-one translation: each SL word has a corresponding TL word. 硬译：word-for-word translation: Transfers SL grammar and word order, as well as the primary meanings of all the SL words, into translation. It is normally effective only for brief simple neutral sentences. Literal translation goes beyond one-to-one translation, ranges from one word to one word, through group to group, collocation to collocation, clause to clause, to sentence to sentence. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure both in communicative and semantic translation, in that translation starts from there. ---by Newmark Liberal Translation mainly conveys the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of speech. 原文：我们的朋友遍天下。 错译：Our friends are all over the world. 译文: We have friends all over the world. 单词

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新视野大学第三版book1英语课后翻译答案 Unit1 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家，被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物，人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述，尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法，即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述观点。该方法在各种讨论中仍被普遍使用。他还在认识论和逻辑领域作出了重大而深远的贡献。他的思想和方法所带来的影响一直是后来的西方哲学的坚实基础。苏格拉底是古代哲学史上最丰富多彩的人物。他在他那个时代已威名远扬。虽然他未曾建立什么哲学体系，未曾设立什么学派，也未曾创立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就变得家喻户晓了。 Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history. He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”. His words and life story were recorded in The Analects. An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analectshas had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius. Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years’traditional Chinese culture. Much of Confucius’thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society. In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community. Unit2 圣诞节是一个被广泛庆祝的文化节日，全世界有许许多多的人在12月25日庆祝这一节日。它是为了纪念耶稣基督的诞辰。该节日最早可追溯到公元336年。渐渐地，这一节日演变为一个既是宗教又是非宗教的节日，越来越多的非基督徒也庆祝圣诞节。如今，圣诞节在全球被作为一个重大的节日和公共假日来庆祝。不同国家的圣诞节风俗也各不相同。现代流行的圣诞接风俗包括交换圣诞贺卡和圣诞礼物、唱圣诞歌曲、参加教堂活动、摆放各种圣诞装饰品和圣诞树、举行家庭聚会以及准备一顿特别的大餐。对小孩子们来说，这个节日充满了幻想和惊喜。据传说，圣诞老人会在圣诞夜从烟囱进入每户人家，给乖巧听话的孩子带来礼物。由于圣诞节送礼物以及许多其他方面推动了基督徒和非基督徒的经济活动，圣诞节也因此成为商家的一个重大活动和主要销售季。 According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival-the Mid-Autumn Festival. This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn. One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon. On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes. The festival is also a time for family reunion. People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival, all expressing people’s love and hope for a happy life. Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.

新视野大一下学期英语翻译

一单元A 1.She wouldn't take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner. 她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。 2.He thought I was lying to him,whereas I was telling the truth.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。 3.How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？ 4.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 他们利润增长，部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。 5.Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。 6.We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. 我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。 1. I don't think that he would commit robbery, much less would he commit violent robbery.我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了. 2. Men earn ten dollars an hour on average, whereas women only seven dollars.男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元. 3. Once the balance in nature is disturbed, it will result in a number of possible unforeseeable effects.自然界的平衡一旦遭到破坏,就会带来很多不可预知的影响. 4. The final examination is close at hand; you'd better spend more time reading.期终考试迫在眉睫,你最好多花点时间看书. 5. What is interesting is that consumers find it increasingly difficult to identify the nationality of certain brands. This is due partly to globalization and partly to changes in the location of production.有趣的是,消费者发现越来越难以辨别某些品牌的原产国.其部分原因来自于全球化带来的影响,部分原因是由于产地的变化. 6. A recent survey showed that women account for 40 percent of the total workforce.最近一次调查表明,妇女占总劳动力的40%. 二A 1. Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。 2. Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。 3. The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。 4. He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。 5. The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。 6. This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. 这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。 B 1. They persisted in carrying out the project despite the fact that it had proved unworkable at the

【太原理工大学现代科技学院】大一英语翻译句子

1.你愿意把你的经验和组里的其他人分享吗？ Would you like to share your experience with the rest of the group? 2.你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。 If your father were still alive,he would be very proud of you. 3.她开车转弯上了自家的车道(driveway)，不料发现路已被堵塞(block)。 She turned up the driveway,only to find her way blocked. 4.他没有告诉任何人就走了，因为他不想卷入那件事He went away without telling anyone,because he didn’t want to get involved in that matter. 5.最终，产品的成功还是取决于高明的销售手段Ultimately,the success of the product depends on good marketing. 1.我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。 I found myself having great interest in spoken English. 2.驱车行驶在高速公路上，我意识到近几年来，中国的公路系统发生了巨大的变化。 Driving on the expressway,I realized that enormous changes had taken place in China's highway system in recent years. 3.我简直不敢相信他这么快就学会了操作计算机。 I can hardly believe that he has learned how to work a computer so quickly/in such a short time. 4.三年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了：不到两周我就要回国了。 Three years have passed by and the final moment has come./After three years,the time has come. In less than two weeks,I will return home/go back to my country. 5.许多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要出国，而我却宁愿和家人一起呆在国内。 I know a lot of people who can't wait to go abroad, but I prefer to stay with my family in my own country. 1.我们急匆匆地赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚开走。We hurried to the railway station,only to find the train had just left. 2.你和你哥哥都不是细心的人，你们两个都不能做这件需要细心和技巧的工作。 You are no more careful than your brother.You two can’t do the work that needs care and skill. 3.多一个人参会对会议安排不会有什么影响。 One more person wouldn’t make any difference to the meeting arrangements. 4.他一直工作到昨天深夜，或者更确切地说，是到今天凌晨。 He worked till late last night,or rather,early in the morning. 5.“还有其他一两本书也值得一提，”教授给我们列了一个长长的参考书目后补充说。 “A couple of other books are also worthy of mention,”added the professor after giving us a long list of reference books. 1.并不是我不喜欢那个工作，而是我没有时间去做。Not that I dislike that job,but that I have no time to do it. 2.成功不是没有惧怕，而逆境也不是没有希望。Success is not without fear,and adversity is not without hope. 3.如果你就想要一份工作，我可以给你提供。 I could get you a job here if that’s what you want. 4.他们的钱花完了，不得不放弃这个项目。 They ran out of money and had to abandon the project. 5.直到1972年这个建设项目才最终结束。 It was not until1972that the construction project finally came to an end. 1.这钢琴有些不对劲，但是我无法说清楚。Something is wrong with the piano,but I can't put my finger on what it is. 2.这条裤子不但太大，而且也与我的夹克不相配。Apart from being too large,the trousers don't match my jacket,either. 3.不论理由是什么，反正我喜欢流行音乐。 I love pop music,for whatever reasons. 4.他对外国文化怀有浓厚的兴趣，经常博览群书以寻找有用的信息。 He has great interest in foreign cultures,often browsing through piles of books to look for any useful information. 5.在是否要创办一个新社团的问题上，我们意见很不一致。 Opinions on whether we should open up a new society vary a great deal.

汉英英汉翻译理论与实践

Clinton is the first black president . 克林顿是第一个重视黑人权益的总统 Clinton is the first woman president. 克林顿是第一个重视妇女权益的总统 1. We want to buy quality steel. 我们要买高质量的钢材。 2. I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S. business perspective on one of today’s great quality ch allenges: building a high skills/high wage workforce. 我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术，高薪金的劳动队伍。 3. The president now is on a poverty tour. 总统目前正在访问贫困地区。 4. noise abatement procedures. 抑制噪声的措施 5. She is on her listening tour of New York. 她正在纽约巡回访问，听取群众的意见。 6. Professor Smith is leaving the school. That is a stupid loss. 史密斯教授要离开学校了。这个损失实在是不明智才造成的。 7. The kiss represents the symbolic loss of the most famous American child. 那轻轻的一吻是一个象征，代表这个美国著名的孩子已经长大成人了。Criminal law 刑法； Criminal layer专门处理刑事案件的律师； Criminal attack构成犯罪的攻击； criminally insane 形式法庭鉴定为患有精神病 This is a thought-provokingly different explanation . 这个解释完全不同，但却很能给人启发。 Bryant Gumbel is sometimes favorably compared with Ted Koppel. 人们有时把布来恩特甘贝尔和特德考波尔相比，认为甘贝尔更好。The so-called critics are only generically mentioned, but not individually mentioned. 那些所谓的批评者，传媒提到他们时总是泛泛而指，从来不指名道姓。The areas could be profitably rehabilitated. 重建这些地区是有利可图的。 The consensus strategies for managing the world’s forests sustainably. 既能获得各方同意，又能使全球森林得以可持续生长的管理策略。 Men tend to enjoy public, referentially orientated talk, while women enjoy intimate, affectively orientated talk. 男人喜欢公开谈论有具体内容的话题，而女人则喜欢两三个人私下交流感情。 15．The joy of his return 由于他回来而有的喜悦 16. of humble parentage, he began his working life in a shoe factory. 由于出身低微，他的第一个工作是在一家制鞋厂。

大学英语翻译答案

Unit1 1. 背离传统需要极大的勇气。(departure, enormous) {It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.} 2. 汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。(performance, bold) {Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience.} 3. 很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 (creative, desirable) {Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.} 4. 假设（assume）那幅画确实是名作（masterpiece），你觉得值得购买吗？(worthwhile) {Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it's worthwhile to buy / purchase it?} 5. 如果这些数据统计上是站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。(throw light on , investigate, valid) {If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.} Unit2 1) 该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。(deny, commercial) {The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.} 2) 每当他生气的时候，他说话就有一点结巴。(stammer) {Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.} 3) 教育是我们家庭最看重的传统，这就是为什么我父母从不带我到昂贵的饭店吃饭，却送我到最好的私立学校上学。(cherish) {Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.} 4) 手术康复后不久，他失业了，因此经历了人生的又一个困难阶段。(shortly after, go through) {Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.} 5) 与我们的富裕邻居相比，我们的父母就相当穷了，但是他们总是努力满足我们最起码的需求。(affluent, minimal) {In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.} Unit3 1) 科学家们找到火星上有水的证据了吗？(proof) {Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?} 2) 计划委员会已经将建核电厂的可能地点缩小到了两个沿海城镇。(location, narrow down) {The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear power plant to two coastal towns.} 3) 任何一个有尊严的人都不会一辈子依靠社会救济过活。(welfare)