大英综合教程第3册答案

Key to Exercises of Book 3

of

New College English

Unit 1

Vocabulary

I.

1. On balance

2. resist

3. haul

4. wicked

5. illustrated

6. budget

7. lowering

8. boundary

9. involved 10. economic 11. blasting 12. just about

II.

1. cut back / down

2. pick up

3. get by

4. get through

5. face up to

6. turn in

7. making up for 8. think up

III.

1.pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy.

2.often generated misleading thoughts.

3.attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work.

4.be suspected of doing everything for money.

5.before he gets through life.

IV.

1.…their indoor… a profit… to invest in

2.…device… the improvement… on a global scale

3.…stacked… temptation… never dined out

Confusable words

I. 1. house 2. Home 3. home…family 4. household

II. 1. doubt 2. suspected 3. doubted 4. suspected 5. suspect

Word Formation

1. rise

2. final

3. regular

4. cash

5. hows …whys

6. upped

7. yellowed

8. bottled

9. lower 10. search Comprehensive Exercise

I.

1. gets by

2. temptation

3. get through

4. improvement

5. aside from

6. suspect

7. supplement

8. profit

9. stacking

II.

1. replaced

2. consider

3. quit

4. world

5. tough

6. fuels

7. provide

8. luxuries

9. balance 10. ideal Translation

I.

1.We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.

2.My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown took

over (responsibility for) my upbringing at that point.

3.The toys have to meet strict / tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children.

4.Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as a carrier of

news and opinion.

5.When it comes to this magazine, it is / carries a digest of articles from many newspaper and

magazines around the world.

II.

A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened / set up a household device store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives.

But, to run a business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed.

Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.

Text B

Comprehension check: a c d b a c

Language practice

1.g f e d b h a c

2.1) roast 2) cable 3) at one time 4) get along 5) missed out on 6) commute

7)taken over 8) make sense 9) go with 10) dizzy 11) gasped 12) networks

Unit 2

Vocabulary

1. 1）decades 2）historic 3）imposed 4）religious 5）slender 6）web 7）bade

8）site 9）on the side 10）authorized 11）terminal 12）make the best of

2. （1）went through（2）stood up for（3）laid down（4）take on（5）let (us) down

（6）draw on （7）fall into （8）pass for

3.（1）are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect

the struggling American steel industry.

（2）in the eyes of Joe Klain, staff writer of the New Yorker and author of The Natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.

（3）people are really intent on destroying themselves with drugs.

（4）could forget a completely different approach to life.

（5）is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run.

4.（1）As for, do not comple, capture of, have forged

（2）At huge risk, the mission, shelter

（3）who abolished, In the eyes of, racial

Words with multiple meanings

1. I’ll tell you in a minute how I have attained the genuine sense of belonging in America, but first

let me hear about your French trip.

2. Most McDonald’s look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different

basic designs.

3. Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to get through a financial crisis.

4. This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble; it’s always breaking down.

5. In your résuméyou’ve mentioned everything but one vital point.

6. Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.

7. I am sorry, but I think you shouldn’t have lingered on over coffee and missed the last bus.

8. The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance.

Usage

1. lonely

2. friendly

3. weekly, monthly

4. lovely

5. cowardly

6. kindly/saintly

7. lively 8. motherly

Comprehensive Exercises

I . Cloze

1. (1)forged (2)stand up (3)compelled (4)convictions (5)mission (6)abolish (7)intent

on (8) risk (9)In the eyes of (10)threats

2. (1) assistance (2) involved (3) estimated (4)coincidence (5)emerged (6)referred

(7) numerous (8) stationed (9) concern (10)capture

II. Translation

1.

(1)Though grealty affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident

that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.

(2) Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and

move to the new settlement.

(3) According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider

buying products shown in TV commercials.

(4) Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man

reported to the police at once.

(5) Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified

crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.

2.

Shortly after he achieved freedom Henson became intent on assisting fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some salve catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully acoided capture. Later he built a small settlement in Dresden, Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.

Text B

Comprehension Check: 1. b c d b b a

Translation

1. 这一和平的不服从行为在蒙哥马利引发了抗议，最终使少数民族权利在法律上发生了变

化，开创了美国民权运动的新时代。

2. 后来她解释说，这儿似乎是她结束受人摆布、弄清如果有的话她究竟有何人权的地方。

3. 但是，蒙哥马利的黑人团体认为应该团结在她周围组织抗议活动，她是适合担此重任的

公民，因为她是该市最优秀的公民之一。

4. 他说：“只有极少人能说自己的行动和行为改变了国家的面貌。罗莎·帕克斯就是那些人

中的一个。”

Language Practice

1. d e f b g a h c

2. 1)trial 2)activist 3)equality 4)arrested 5)transportation 6)representatives 7) legal

8) boycotts 9)fame 10)representation 11)ushered in 12)lain in honor/in state

Unit 3

Vocabulary

1.

1) threatens 2) by a small margin 3) civilize 4) closed up 5) wandered 6) paste

7) without so much as 8) sideways 9) hook up to 10) universal 11) chart 12) bathed in 2.

1) narrowed down 2) looked back on 3) cut off 4) fit into

5) wear (the other) down 6) lies in 7) put up 8) stand for

3.

1) which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by researchers at the

Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford.

2) with mirrored doors had to be built in so as to make their small bedroom look larger.

3) feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986 – killing all seven crew.

4) threatened to keep the pupils in after school they were quieted at once.

5) are a major barrier to the country’s economic growth due to the fact that imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange/because imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange.

4.

1) looked back on atmosphere urban life 2) era hooked up to the the electronic 3) the suburb a sophisticated system analyze make errors

II. Collocation

1) away 2) inside/in 3) forward/through 4) back 5) off 6) home 7) back down 8) in out

III. Usage

1.Internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be

2.Most men do not look unattractive in them

3.Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment

4.This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city’s violent crimes

5.His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life

Comprehensive Exercises

Cloze

1. (1) Statistics (2) rural (3) era (4) stood for (5) on the latch

(6) vulnerable (7) barriers (8) electronic (9) reflection (10) civilized

2. (1) tougher (2) liable (3) shift (4) electric (5) cautious

(6) sophisticated (7) thieves (8) break (9) chances (10) signs

Translation

1.The internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural

areas.

2.Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the economic crisis

than large ones.

3.With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment

first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development.

4.It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.

5.Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,

talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.

2.

It is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes, thus exposing him to police patrols. Common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Make sure/Assure yourself that you don’t leave the door on the latch if happen to be the last to come in. If you decide to buy a sophisticated electronic alarm system, be sure to ask for its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. In addition you may have it hooked up to a police station.

Text B

Comprehension check: b b b d a d

Language practice

1. d f h a g e b c

2.1) belief 2) wrapping 3) draw the line at 4) break into 5) take the plunge

6) squeeze 7) advocated 8) insure 9) in his favor 10) Under no circumstances

11) on the line 12) aimed at

Unit 4

Vocabulary

1. 1) accordingly 2)loose 3)concentration 4)stimulating 5)fabric

6) if anything 7)reality 8)intuition 9)trifle 10)at the turn of the century 11)mess 12)undermine

2. 1)approve of 2)slow down 3)taken in 4)sucked into 5)set…apart 6)dozed off 7)call forth 8)stretch into 9)keep up with 10)believe in

3.

1) provided inspiration for many artists and musicians over the decades

2) is credited to his powers of imagination

3) on the foundations of an agricultural revolution

4) not to make any complaints in the presence of the nurse

5) the outbreak of the Second World War

4.

1) flaw; came to the conclusion; would get nowhere

2) in a row; dozed off; a mess of

3) outbreak of; has undermined; has strained

II. Collocation

1.with Christmas only a week away

2. With his physical condition improving day by day

3. With our GDP growing steadily

4. With all the shops closed

5. with her eyes closed

6. With the fog lifting during the night

III. Usage

1.like / as

2. as

3. like

4. like / as

5. as / like

6. as

7. like

8. as

Cloze 1

1.caution

2. came to the conclusion

3. never get anywhere

4. undermining

5. not give / care a fig

6. flaw

7. beyond any doubt

8. foundation

9.remarkable / impressive 10. imagination

Cloze 2

1.extent

2. inventions

3. bet

4.manages

5.vision

6. eventually

7. achievement

8.poverty 9. utilized 10. breakthrough

Translation

1.The volunteers sent / assigned by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution , the drinking

water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.

2.Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but

failed.

3.Professor Wang received / won the Presidential Award for his excellence in stimulating

students’ creative imagination.

4.As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn’t approve of the economic

stimulus package.

Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up / meet the challenge by himself.

2．

What was remarkable about 2005 was perhaps that the United Nations declared it “The World Year of Physics ”. It was the 100th anniversary of Einstein’s theory of relativity and the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1905, Einstein published five highly important essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievements can be credited to his impressive powers of imagination, constant questioning, and not giving a fig for authority. It is beyond doubt that Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th century.

Text B

Comprehension check: c d b a c d

Language practice

1. e f h g a c b d

2. 1) contribution 2) find out 3) appreciate 4) overcome 5) consult 6) despite 7) widespread 8)come by 9) not…amount to much 10) resistance 11) conflict 12) disarmed

Unit 5

I. Vocabulary

1. 1) sprinkled 2) in turn 3) reversed 4) repay 5) at sea 6) traditional

7) statement 8) longed for 9)in secret 10) unloaded 11) weep 12) under way

2. 1) stretch out 2) make out 3) hope for 4) turns over 5) put away 6) bring back

7) got to 8) go about

3. 1) …diminish, people are working to increase the use of solar energy.

2) …accord high priority to meeting the challenges of economic and environmental

development in the region

3) …are exposed to more information than were children of the past, it does not follow that they

automatically become more sophisticated.

4) …has been immersed in British history and culture.

5) … in a flash on June 1, 2000 when he lost both legs in a serious traffic accident.

4. 1) my sincere, considerate of, with gratitude 2）assembled, amid the, in quest of

3) was marvelous, had undergone, swift, and the rest

II. Collocation

1.fond of

2. sick of

3. thoughtful of

4. confident of

5. conscious of

6. critical of

7.

guilty of 8. ashamed of

III. usage

1.To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.

2.It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve your success.

3.Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think.

4.I think I’ll stay at home this evening rather than go/going out.

5.Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather than plan/planning for

them.

Cloze

1.1) at sea 2) Turning over 3) reverse 4) got to 5) repay 6) gratitude 7) assembled 8)

immersed in 9) unloading 10) swift

2.1) Instead 2) possessions 3) richer 4) breath 5) cherish 6) special 7) specific 8)

shining 9) miracles 10) gift

Translation

1.

1)Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of prize.

2)I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.

3)The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.

4)Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.

5)Peter has worked in a law firm for many years,. You can consider having him as your lawyer

to act on your behalf when you need legal help.

2.

Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George’s father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop’s famous saying “Gratitude is the sign of noble soul s” and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it.

Text B

Comprehension Check: b d d a d a

Language practice:

1. e g b d h f c a

2.1) consistency 2) favorable 3) compassionate 4) perceived 5) volunteers 6) Negative

7) cut off 8) on a …basis 9) on average 10) per 11) concrete 12) enhancing

Unit 6

Text Organization

1.

1) She made up her mind to die when the last leaf fell.

2) She decided not to give up her life.

3) Behrman, a kind neighbor, wh o was aware of Johnsy’s state of mind, risked death to paint the last leaf and save her.

4) Because it was so perfect the girls both mistook it for the real thing.

2.

Two Paras. 3-8 the doctor, Sue

The doctor told Sue that Johnsy needed a strong will to live on.

Three Paras. 9-17 Johnsy, Sue

Johnsy decided that she would die when the last ivy leaf fell.

Four Paras. 18-21 Behrman, Sue

Sue told Behrman about Johnsy’s fancy.

Five Paras. 22-33 Sue, Johnsy

As Johnsy was encouraged by the last leaf tha t wouldn’t give in to the weather, her will ot live returned.

Six Paras. 34-37 the doctor, Sue

The doctor told Sue that Johnsy would recover, but that Behrman had caught pneumonia himself and his case was hopeless.

Seven Paras. 38-39 Sue, Johnsy

Sue told Johnsy that Behrman had performed a kind deed without any thought of self. Vocabulary

1. 1) masterpeices 2) fragile 3) fancy 4) nonsense 5) cling to 6) endure 7) acute

8) whistle 9) mock 10) subtracted 11) sin 12) flutter / fluttering

2. 1) gave in / gave up 2) figure out 3) sized up 4) wiped out 5) pulling up

6) wear away 7) sit up 8) hear of / about

3.

1) usually stand out in childhood memories.

2) a joint bachelor’s degree program in environmental studies together with Duke University.

3) still stalks the country.

4) scarcely any surface water in the desert.

5) for change in the election law is so persistent that both houses have promised to consider it.

4.

1) dreary, mingled with, not to excess, a merry

2) called to us, in a whisper, in tune with

3) backward, wet through, won’t hear of, turn loose your

Words with Multiple Meanings

1.He went to Paris on business last month.

2.The train to Brussels goes at 2:25 p.m.

3.As soon as they arrived at the meadow, the shepherd let the sheep go.

4.We went exploring together in the mountains. / We will go exploring together in the

mountains.

5.Let’s go and have a drink in the bar.

6.The store is going to close up soon.

7.South Koreans went crazy when their soccer players beat the Spanish team in the

quarter-finals.

8.When the mother came out of the house, she found her children gone.

Usage

1. a little white wooden house

2.long, curly red hair

3. a large old round table

4. a cheap Indian restaurant

5. a huge cool chocolate ice-cream

6.rapid technological advance

7. a handsome young Chinese American

Comprehensive Exercises

1. (1) in tune (2) Scarcely (3) in a whisper (4) cling to (5) merry

(6) sat up (7) nonsense (8) fancy (9) sin (10) masterpiece 2. (1) mission (2) involve (3) jail (4) not (5) collect

(6) deliver (7) beautiful (8) vacation (9) need (10) small Translation

1.

1) The red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky.

2) The salary in / for my new job in great, but for the rest, I’m not satisfied.

3) The waters of the two streams mingle near our village.

4) We should not mock at other people’s religious beliefs.

5) The curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture.

2.

Here and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn-out jeans all the year round, or walk barefoot / in bare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work. In fact, many of them act like this just to look the part, or to be in tune with other artists. They have forgotten that only through persistent effort can one achieve success.

Text B

Comprehension check: b c b c d a

Language practice

1. f c a g b e h d

2. 1) conscious 2) outline 3) enables 4) moans 5) started off 6) cut…short 7) serial

8) toughen 9) Military 10) pulled out 11) collapsed 12) encouragement

Unit 7

I. Vocabulary

1. disabled

2. impatient

3. solitary

4. crushed

5. feel like

6. lashed

7. echoing

8. paused

9. betrayed 10. laundry

11. section 12. tilted

2. Fill in phrasal verbs

1. cared for

2. hang on

3. was laid up with

4. are gaining on

5. kicked up

6. went off

7. drop off

8. straighten out

3. Rewrite sentences

1. sometimes didn’t register with her

2. in disorder, drawers pulled out, shoes and boots scattered

3. was transferred from Father’s account to my account

4. a pledge to contribute 100,000 dollars to the Children in Need charity campaign

5. the most profitable business in that province

4. Complete sentences

1. gaining on, off balance, was laid up in, scar on

2. a cripple /crippled, surgery, limitations, in literature

3. commission, on the phone, his territory, never registers with

II. Usage

1. I never did go over these books, although I probably should have.

2. I know this is a personal question. You don’t have to answer me if you don’t want to.

3. I think this topic should have attracted far more attention from philosophers than it has.

4. “I think you’re right.” --- “I’m sure I am.”

5. “He thought that the condition was hereditary in his case.” --- “Well, it might be.”

6. “Sugar?” --- “No, maybe next time.”

7. The house is only a building. It is a place to live, nothing more.

8. Diane: You didn’t! Tell me you didn’t!

Father: Oh, yes. Anything for my children.

III. Word Family

1.1 bored 1.2 boredom 1.3 bored 1.4 boringly 1.5 boring

2.1 encouraged 2.2 encouragingly 2.3 encouraging 2.4 encouragement

3.1 frozen 3.2 freeze 3.3 freezing 3.4 freezer 3.5 freeze

Cloze

1. 1. off … feet

2. signature

3. commission

4. on the phone

5. laid up

6. surgery

7. territory

8. disorder

9. applying for 10. dignity

2. 1. didn’t 2. read

3. come

4. money

5. because

6. earning

7. doing 8. own 9. obviously 10. value

II Translation

1.

1. I grew terribly scared when I heard sounds of footsteps echoing round the hallway at midnight yesterday.

2. The name-brand sports shoes are guaranteed for 12 months.

3. Snowstorms threw communications and transportation into disorder.

4. I’ve been suffering a lot of stress from work lately. I feel like taking a vacation at the seaside.

5. Living in an apartment is all right, but it has its limitations --- for example, you don’t have your own garden.

2.

Tom was born a cripple, with one of his lower limbs useless. Early in his childhood, he learned that unless he so exerted himself as to rise above his limitations, he could not earn a living, and unless he succeeded in making a living on his own, he could not win /gain the respect of others. That was the price he had to pay for his dignity as a human being.

Tom applied for numerous jobs, only to be turned down, before he finally got one as a delivery boy for a Pizza Hut. He then worked as a sales representative for a sportswear company in a territory no one else would want. Today he owns a fairly profitable retail shop in his hometown, and hires several people to work for him.

Text B

Comprehension check: c d a d d b

Language practice

1. h c e f b d a g

2.1) institutions 2) campus 3) myth 4) advertise 5) criticized 6) took on 7) putting…through 8) settled into 9) come down to 10) lucrative 11) loaded 12) scratch

Unit 8

Vocabulary

1. 1) complications 2) tremendous 3) brilliant 4) analysis 5) transplant 6) In a sense

7) consented 8) In some ways 9) eyesight 10) in reality 11)implanted 12) procedures 2. 1) focus on 2) come forward 3) result from 4) go through

5) carry out 6) work on 7) feed on 8) settled over

3. 1) …resulted from a childhood illness

2) …was condemned by the trade unions as endangering jobs

3) …in place, even those with persistent, long-term mental illnesses can usually learn to manage

their symptoms and live productive lives.

4) …but apparently showed disapproval of his behavior

5) …you should make the most of any advice which you can get from the interviewer.

4. 1) misconceptions, potential, make the most of 2) donated, contentious issue

3) a fraud, in some ways, condemn him

II. Collocation

1) permission to adopt her 2) a willingness to restart peace talks

3) failure to find meaning in life 4) his determination to realize his ideals

5) attempt to blow up the bridge 6) an opportunity to pursue a college degree

III. Usage

1) Do you consider it any good continuing your investigations?

2) It is reported that two people wee killed in the explosion

3) I owe it to you that I have been able to get back to my studies

4) It is no good bothering about such a trifle

5) It won’t do you any good to hide your sickness for fear of treatment

6) We all think it a pity to give up the experiment half way

Cloze

1. 1) issue 2) contentious 3) clones 4) potential 5) condemn 6) misconceptions

7) opponents 8) results from 9) come forward 10) donated

2. 1) prospect 2) intention 3) Despite 4) developing 5) publish 6) condemned

7) among 8) standpoint 9) standard 10) rejection

Translation

1.

1) Medical experts debated whether the cloning of human beings should be permitted and what its potential effects on society might be.

2) Eighty-five per cent of the people in the local area are in full-time employment: only 3% describe themselves as unemployment.

3) The departments concerned in China will speed up legislation to protect rights of migrant workers.

4) In recent years, some psychologists have tried to explain intelligence from a biological standpoint.

5) The global financial crisis has had a huge impact on that country’s export industry. In no more than six months, many factories have closed down by necessity.

2.

Dolly the sheep resulted from a cloning experiment by a group of Scottish scientist in 1997.A fierce debate on human cloning has ever since been going on. This contentious issue has focused on ethical and social implications of the technology: what the technology might do to the very meaning of human reproduction, child rearing, individuality, et cetera.

The majority of scientists are adamantly opposed to reproductive cloning and support therapeutic cloning for treating diseases. The reason is that therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of risk to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in human beings. Scientists believe that with policies and monitoring in place to ensure that therapeutic cloning is used safely, we can all benefit from this procedure.

Text B

Comprehension check：d c b d b c

Language practice

1. c h g e a b d f

2. 1) artificial 2) labeled 3) objections 4) appealed to 5) reinforce 6) by virtue of 7) come to terms with 8) In essence 9) prohibited 10) origin 11) debate 12) arise

大学英语泛读第三版book213.全文翻译

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UNIT14 你怎么知道艺术品的优劣? 玛丽亚·曼尼丝 你喜欢艺术吗？你能说出哪些艺术品好哪些不好？是否存在评价艺术的标准？读一读下面这篇文章，看看玛丽亚·曼尼丝如何回答这样的问题。 设想没有评论家告诉我们，对一幅画，一个剧本或一段新乐曲怎样反应。设想我们无意间步入一个未署名油画的画展。我们依据什么标准，依据什么价值来评判它们是优是劣，是天才的还是没有天才的，是成功还是失败?我们又怎能知道自己的想法是正确的? 近十五或二十年来，艺术的批评与欣赏流行否认任何合理标准的存在，使“好”与“坏”成了无关紧要，无足轻重、无可适用的字眼。我们被告知，根本不存在先通过知识与经验获得，然后加在讨论的对象上的一套标准这回事。这一直是受到欢迎的方法，因为它解除了评论家评判的责任，公众也无须知识。它迎合那些不愿受规则约束的人，称头脑空虚者为开明来讨好他们，并使不知所措的人得到安慰。在民主平等之旗的掩护下--当然不是我们祖先所说的那种平等--它实际是在说：“你是谁，要来告诉我们什么是好，什么是坏?”这与大众传媒制作者的一贯伎俩如出一辙。他们坚持认为，由公众而不是由他们决定的它想要听和看的什么，而评论家说这个节目好而这个节目不好，这纯粹是个人趣味的反应。没有谁表达这一哲学，比近来弗兰克·斯丹坦博士，哥伦比亚广播电视公司极其睿智的总裁更为简明。在联邦通讯委员会的一次听证会上，他在接受询问时漏出此言：“一人眼里的平庸之作，却是另一人的佳作。” 最妙不过的说法是：“没有一个标准是绝对的”。造成这种放任观念的另一重要因素是：畏惧感----所有艺术形式的观察者们都有唯恐猜错的担心。这种担心极易遇到，谁没有听说当初饱受世人指摘的艺术家后来被称为大师？每个时期都有一些评判者，他们不和时代一起前进，无法区分进化和革命，风行一时的时尚、业余的实验与深刻的必然的变化之间的区别。谁愿意作出这样严重的判断错误而贻笑大方?安全得多，当然也容易得多的做法是：看着一幅画，一个剧本或一首诗，说道：“它很难懂，但也许很好”；或者干脆把它当作新形式加以欢迎。“新的”这个词--尤其在我们这个国度--具有魔力般的涵义。凡是新的都是好的；而旧的则极可能是不好的。如果评论家能用无人理解的语言描述新事物，那么他就更为安全。倘若他掌握了说话的艺术，用精巧复杂的言辞，却什么也没说，日后就无人能够说他曾经说过什么。 但是我认为，所有这一切实质上都是对评判责任的背弃。艺术家在创作中表现自己，而你则在欣赏中有自己的承诺。毕竟还是观众成就了艺术。欣赏的气氛对于艺术的繁荣不可或缺。公众的期望愈高，艺术家的表现就愈好。相反，只有被评论家误导的社会，才会在这几年把既不是艺术也不是文学的东西当做艺术和文学接受。如果一件东西没有了，一切也就没有了，而在废物堆最底层的是被抛弃的标准。 但这些标准究竟是什么?你怎样得到它们?你如何知道它们是正确的?你又如何能在这许多不可捉摸的东西，包括最不可捉摸的自我本身，理清出一个清晰的模式? 首先，很明显，你愈是多读、多看、多听，你将愈好地被装备起来实践建立在所有的理解与判断之上的联想艺术。愈是见多识广，愈能深刻意识到一个连贯一致的规律--犹如星辰、潮汐、呼吸、白昼黑夜一般具有普遍性--存在于万事万物中。我把这一规律与这一节奏称为一种秩序。并非秩序，而是一种秩序。其中存在着变化万千的各种形式。其外则是混乱--疯狂的毁灭因素----病态。最终应由你来区分健康的多样性与病态的混乱，而不运用联想的过程是无法做到的。没有联想的过程，你就不能将莫扎特乐曲的一节和维米尔油画的一角，斯特拉文斯基的乐谱与毕加索的抽象画，或者一个挑衅性的行为与弗兰茨·克兰的油画，一阵咳嗽声与约翰·凯奇的作品联系起来。 某些艺术表现形式是永恒的，而另一些却转瞬即逝，这并非偶然现象。尽管你不一定总要解释原因，但你可以提出问题。艺术家说了些什么永恒的东西?他怎样说这些?有多少是时尚，多少纯是反映?为什么如今沃尔特·司各特的作品如此难读，而简·奥斯丁却不是这样?为什么巴洛克艺术风格适合某一时期，而另一时期却显得过于炫目辉煌? 是否存在一个技巧标准，能够适用于所有时代的艺术，还是每个时代对标准都有各自不同的定义?你也许已不经意地意识到，这些年“技巧”已变成不入流的字眼，因为它含有“标准”的意思--即作品完成得好不好。这种方便的逃避的结果，导致了大量不能发出声音的演员，不会解释歌曲涵义的歌手，不能交流感情的诗人，词汇贫乏的作家--更不用说不会作画的画家。现在的教条是，技巧阻碍表达。不必说你不知道自己在做什么，如果你不知道怎样去做，那么你就能做得更好。 我认为，到了你帮助扭转这一潮流的时候了，方法是努力重新发现技巧：掌握选择的工具，无论是画笔、字词还是声音。当你开始觉察自由与草率，严肃的实验与自我疗法，技艺与即兴，力量与暴力之间的区别时，你就逐渐能够将山羊与绵羊区分开来，而这种区分形式我们竟阔别已久。所有你需要重新拥有的，不过是几条标准和能够看穿骗局的盖氏测量仪，而我们可以在急切需要这两者的领域－－当代绘画开始艺术之旅。 我不知道什么更糟糕：不得不面对大面积的拙劣艺术，为的是发现些许可取之处，还是阅读评论家对此说的一切。其他任何一个表现领域都不会象画界一样如此盛行煞有其事的言谈，流行如此多的废话：艺术与艺术生存的评论氛围之间紧密地相互依赖的进一步证据。我将很乐意和你共享我们时代典型的故弄玄虚的东西。

全新版大学英语综合教程教案

Teaching Planning College English Integrated Course Book Three Unit Two The Freedom Givers Zhong wen 1.Background Information Teacher: zhong wen Students: 56 sophomores Content of the textbook: unit-2 text A the Freedom Givers Textbook: foreign language teaching and research press Time duration：10 minutes 2.Textbook Analysis The author tells three stories about the Underground Railroad and early Black civil rights movement. The three stories are chosen because they are representative of all participants in this movement: John Parke r is a freed slave who later turned into a courageous “conductor”; Levi Coffin is a brave white “conductor”; Josiah Henson is a slave who struggled his way to freedom with the help of the Underground Railroad. We learn about the name of Josiah Henson at the beginning of the text, yet his full story is not told until the last part. In this way the author achieves coherence of text. 3.Students Analysis The class is made up of 56 students, with 30 girls and 26 boys ,who have a good knowledge of Basic English, but know very little about the American culture behind the language. So in this introduction part, It is necessary to introduce some background information to the students before reading 4.Teaching Objectives Students will be able to: 1.understand the main idea(early civil-rights struggles in the US, esp. the underground Railroad) 2.grasp the key language points and grammatical structures in the text, 3.conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of the unit 4.Appreciate the various techniques employed by the writer (comparison and contrast, topic sentence followed by detail sentences, use of transitional devices,etc.); 5.Teaching Procedures: Greetings Step 1 Lead-in T: Today we are going to talk about the ethic heroes in American history, before the class, I’d like to introduce the slavery to all of you. T: Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States, during his term of office; he led the civil war and abolished the slavery. T: In the battle against slavery, not only did the president try his best to abolish this system, but also the people, especially the black people living in the South America try hard to fight for their own feat. Today, we will introduce some freedom givers in the American history. Before

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Unit 1练习答案 Text comprehension IV. Explain in your own words the following sentences. (p7) 1.I planned to keep silent and act in such a way that nobody would notice that I was only a newcomer in college. 2.For three days, I had not been to the cafeteria due to my feeling of humiliation and shame. Instead, I stayed alone in my room and ate junk food of various kinds from a vending machine which was in just the right place to aid me in avoiding others. 3.It didn’t matter whether or not you were widely accepted or admired; you did not have to behave to the liking of everybody else. Vocabulary I.Explain the underlined part in each sentence in your own words. 1.I was feeling just a bit first-gradish:I had just the feeling of a newcomer at college without the strength a mature student might possess. 2.my airs of assurance: my apparent confidence 3. a little nourishment:some food to appease my hunger (as well as my anxiety) 4.running with the crowd was no longer a law of survival: going with the tide was no longer crucial to one’s success 5.massive mistakes: foolish and glaring mistakes II.Fill in the blank in each sentence with a word taken from the box in its appropriate form. 1.distress 2. clutched 3. pose 4. sneaked 5. preoccupation 6.shackles 7. curse 8. deliberation III.Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words. 1.assure 2. discretion 3. relaxation 4. humiliate 5. strategy 6.embarrassment 7. maneuverable 8. immaturity IV.Fill in the blanks in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation taken from the text. 1.lived up to 2. headed for 3. seek out 4. has broken out 5.groped for 6. trying…on 7. go out to 8. tipped off V.Give a synonym or an antonym of the word underlined in each sentence in the sense it is used. 1.distinct: vague (indistinct) 2. discreetly: inconspicuously 3.reserve: self-restraint(self-control) 4. dumb: clever (intelligent, sensible) 5.demeanor：manner（behavior） 6. composed: excited 7. slink: sneak 8. na?ve: mature (sophisticated) VI.Explain the underlined phrasal verbs in your own words. 1.caught on: became popular 2. look up to: respect 3. persist in: keep up 4.result in: lead to 5. figure out: understand 6. hit upon: found

北大综合英语课件(大英四)---综合教程U3-U7答案

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3. 1) Mary's parents grilled her about where she had been all night. 2) In order to meet the deadline, we worked 48 hours without sleep and finally made it. 3) The translation of the popular novel has just finished and a Chinese version will be in readers' hands soon. 4) As with anything else, it is important to do your homework before going on an interview. 5) Jim's car broke down last week and the repair cost was in the neighborhood of 150 dollars. 4. 1) The director of the Urban Development Office will interview the two local applicants, as well as the two other candidates recommended by the staff committee this afternoon, to pick out the prospective designer for the construction of the city square. 2) In the endeavor to clean up the river before the deadline set for this important municipal project, the project manager has tried every possible means to go after the best engineers for the work. 3) Time is money, as the sa in oes. People in my age bracket often want to have a crack at everything new, but they just cannot afford the time and energy. II. Words with Multiple Meanings

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several nights a week Joseph woke up screaming from the same terrible could never recall his whole dream， only remembered that someone was running after was trying to get away，but in his dream he could not move。he continued having this nightmare for months。he was so tired in the morning that it was hard for him to go to work。Joseph，you see，is not a frightened child，but a grown man。 Milton Kramer is a psychiatrist and dream researcher Cincinnati， believes that it is very important that people don't ignore their dreams，because they are messages from our sleeping Kramer studied dreams and dreamers，he found that people wake up feeling very discouraged after they have a bad also found that after having a good dream，people feel more ,dreams can have harmful or beneficial a result,Kramer believes that we need to learn how to change our bad we understand what happened in our dreams,we can change negative，hurtful dreams to positive，helpful ones。 Before we can begin to change a nightmare，however，we first have to remember what happened in our say there are many ways to do can keep a journal or diary of what we do when we are awake. Then，before going to sleep，we can review our practice helps us to stay in we wake up，we should lie still while we try to remember our researchers say that by staying in the same sleeping positive，we are more likely to recall the should also try to remember an important word or picture from the image makes the rest of the dream easier to longer we sleep，the longer and more complex our dreams will be. Cartwright is a dream researcher， has developed another dream therapy for changing to ,dream therapy involves four simple steps you can learn on your first step is to recognize when you are having a bad dream that will make you feel helpless or upset the next second step is to identify what it is about the dream that makes you feel bad-for example，weak instead of strong，or out of control instead of in control. Next，stop any bad do not have to continue your bad dream，because you are in last step is to change the negative part of the you may have to wake yourself up and change the dream before you return to times it is possible to change the dream while you are still asleep. By using dream therapy，Joseph was able to change his ,his bad dreams stopped