VB环境下计算机与全站仪的数据通讯方法大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
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翻译日期： 2017.02.14
communication method of computer and total-station
instruments of data at VB environment [Summary]
this text mainly inquiry in to carried out communication between computer and the total-station instrument data under VisualBasic6.0(call VB as follows) environments. Two kinds of communication methods: the usage mscomm control and the function of windows API. The application that also combined a solid example to carry out their string to go communication Procedure and step. Finally carried on comparison and summary to two kinds of methods.
[Keyword]
Visual Basic 6.0 data communication the mscomm control
All of the electronics total-station instrument because its function is strong and operate convenience and consumedly raised an open country homework efficiency. Therefore it just and gradually replace traditional diagraph instrument and it is expanded for an application. Although making use of the system menu function of total-station instruments can immediately complete normal regulations diagraph, monitor in the big dam safety, side the ascent transform a monitor etc. this kind of data is a little bit greatly and need solid the applied situation of processing data, it is will not satisfy demands only by function and amount of memory of instrument. The data at this time can be output a computer by the instrumental data exportation port, and the data can be processed and saved by software. Along with the extensive usage of calculator, many local open country digatial measure diagram method also need to carry out real-time transport. VB is released by the Microsoft company of according to visual programming language, its adoption faces to the program design method that object, affairs drives and operate simple, therefore doubly be subjected to program design personnel's favor.Underneath with Leica Tc 2002 whole station instrument for example, introduce how to carry out the communication between computer and total-station in the VB 6. 0 environment by making use of mscomm and the function of Windows API
One,usage MSComm control a piece VB 6.0
provided an ActiveX to control Communication of a Microsoft Control, brief name MS Common controlled a piece, customer can at own of imbed MSComm to control a piece in the applied procedure, should control a piece to deliver and receive a data through a string of line port, for applied the procedure provide a string of line communication function. Choose VB 6.0"engineering" menus, open "parts" dialog box, pick out Microsoft Comm Control 6.0, can immediately control the piece to the mscomm and add a box of controlling of person VB. The mscomm that may use
controls the attribute of piece to have several followings:
The CommPort: the constitution string go slogan;
Settings: constitution string the line communication parameter;
Portpopen: constitution or return to a string of communication appearance of;
InputMode: the constitution put off to a later time blunt area to read numeral format;
Input: from receive buffer area to read data;
Output: Write a number toward the buffer area according to:
In Buffer Size: receive the size of buffer area;
Out Buffer Size: send out the size of buffer area;
Out Buffer Count: send out the word stanza of buffer area number;
Input Len: constitution or return to Input to read the word stanza of each time number;
MS Comm controls the way that the piece provided two kinds of processings string communication: search method and affairs drive I/O method. Searching a way is direct and be easy to comprehension, but take up for a great deal of CPU time;The affairs drives a way from Windows 98 notice applied the procedure some affairs when take place, then according to the matter taken place The feeling comes to carries on an operation to the string. These two kinds of methods each beneficial fraud and oneself apply of realm, so in the different correspondence system, can according to the dissimilarity's requesting adoption different technique. In the middle of monitoring system, because of the contingency and request transmission data of affairs of solid sex, the calculator often adopts affairs to drive I/O method to carry on the spot monitor. It uses a step for:
1, open the port that needs to carry on communication, accept for communication and send out a data brigade the row assign memory area.
2, carry on a beginning to start to turn to the communication port, lead especially such as the wave, strange accidentally the school check, data, stop etc..
3, carry on reading and writing an operation to the communication port.
4, such as the be over string go communication, the close beats to rise of communication port.
For example, control Leica with the calculator when the Tc2002 whole station instrument auto measure writing the following code can nicely carry out two of communication:
The MS CommlCOmmPort=1'the constitution string go a communication
The MS CommlSettings=''2400, e.7, IP1'constitution wave especially rate, strange accidentally check a school, data number and stop number
The MS Comml InputLen=1'constitution or return to receive to use Input inside the buffer area an attribute to read the person's character list piece
The MS Comml InbufferSize =4096'establish Buffer area size
The MS CommlPortOpen=True'open a communication port
Attention:1, be the string that the procedure would automatically close to open while terminating line.2, if receiving buffer area is more big, the effective memory of procedure usage more small, whereas probably receive buffer area spillage, therefore should pass an experiment to enlarge its size gradually. According to the constitution like this, get up a calculator, the whole station instrument conjunction with an electric cable, can carry out the string of calculator and whole station instruments line communication.
Two, make use of the function of Windows API
Under the some condition, MSComm, control a piece isn't suitable for our requests. We can use Windows at this time API provides of communication function to carry out can transplant sex strong string of line of communication procedure with writing. Windows 98 correspondence the system provided the string of an improvement line application the procedure pick up a people API to use to carry on handing over type string with each other line correspondence. Among them, string the and other correspond by letter an equipments is a document to carry on the processed, open, close, reading of string and write in the function used similar to the function of the operation document.
Before adjusting to use APIA function, have to the first essentials pronouncement change to measure and function.
Dim dcb As DCB
Dim ofstructl As OFSTRUCT
Dim operport As Long
Open an API text to originally look into a machine in the V B wreath territory bottom, open Win32. Txt document, at"pronouncement"ing can the options win election in OpenFilc and Setup Cornm, Setup CommState and ReadFile, WriteFile, CIoscHand, le etc. function, in "type" can the options win election in DCB, OVERLAPPED etc. structure, in "constant" can the options win election in ODDPARITY, EVRXCHAR etc. often quantity, then choose a "replication", make duplicate them to the scrapbook, and glue to stick application procedure code in. Adjust to carry on a string of line communication with API in the VB 6.0 timeses: 1,adjust to use CreateFile line communication first carry on a beginning to start to turn to the string. CreateFile function for read an interview or write an interview to beat
Open a string of, return to that string of sentence handle after opening successfully, then adjust to use SetComm function is in a string of line allotment buffer area size, provide to read and write a string of usage, immediately after use DCB the structure change to measure a constitution to need to change the
communication parameter of lacking the string line of saving the value, such as wave especially rate, strange accidentally the school check a , data, stop.
2,adjust to use Write File, the Read File function carries on reading and writing an operation to the string line. Carry on a data to send out with Write File, for synchronous I/O operation, its last parameter can be NULL, but tread an I/O operation to the difference, its last parameter musts be a direction OVERLAPPED structure of point needle, make reading and writing of data the operation carry on in the backstage and pass this OVERLAPPED'structure to acquire current operation appearance. Use Read File receive buffer area to read from the string data, data before reading, use Clear Comm Error the function acquire word stanza within buffer area number.
3, use Clothes Handle function close string line communication
This method communication code is as follows:
The Dim ComDev, Err, Errl, bWriteState, dwBytesRead,dwBytesRead As Long The ComDev = CreateFiles("COM 1", GENERIC-READ|GENERIC -WRITE, 0, NULL,
OPEN -EXISTING, FILE -ATTRIBUTE NORMAL, NULL) open COM 1
The if ComDev=-1 ThenMsgbox"can not open in a string of line":Exit Sub
Err= SetupComm(hComDev, 1024, 512), establish to place the size of receiving the buffer area and exportation buffer area
The GetCommState(hComDev, &cb)'return the constitution circumstance of current string of
dcb .BaudRate=2400'the wave lead to 2400 bpses especially
dcb .f Parity=NOPARITY'have no strange accidentally the school check
Dcb.ByteSize=7'data is 7
dcb . StopBits=1'establish a stop
Errl =SetCommStates'( hComDev, & dcb)DCB the contents within structure write to establish toward the string
Do Events
The bWrite State= WriteFile(hComDev,1plnBuffer, 1, dwBytesRead, NULL)'send out
Result
Read File(hComDev, 1 pinBuffer, 1, dwBytesRead, NULIJ'read data
Close Handle(h Comdev)'close an equipments sentence handle
Three, end language
In the VB under 6.0 environments in two kinds of methods of development string line communication procedure, make use of API the function write a string of communication procedure more complicated, need to have a certain plait distance experience, its advantage is to carry out function more abundant, application noodles
more extensive, more complicated communication function. But MSComn: control a piece is packed by a series of Windows API function to gather but become, its usage door averted from to carry on to the complicated and low level function direct operation, provide standard affairs processing function, process, and carry on the constitution of communication parameter in a string of line in the way of attribute, can a little bit easily solution string z'Xun problem. Customer while being physically applying can according to the circumstance that review request and oneself, choose an appropriate method, develop a foolish good whole station of an effect the instrument and calculator carry on the procedure of data communication.
VB环境下计算机与全站仪的数据通讯方法
[摘要 ]
本文主要探讨了在VisualBasic6 .0(以下简称VB)环境下实现计算机与全站仪数据通讯的两种方法:使用mscomm控件和windows API函数。并结合实例给出了实现两者串行通讯的应用程序及步骤，最后对两种方法进行了比较和总结。
[关键词]
VisualB asic6 .0 数据通讯mscomm控件
电子全站仪由于其功能强大，操作方便，大大提高了野外作业效率。因此它正逐步取代传统的测量仪器被推广应用。虽然利用全站仪本身的系统菜单功能即可完成常规测量作业，但在大坝安全监测、边坡变形监测等这种数据量较大、需实时处理数据的应用场合，单靠仪器本身的功能和内存量将不能满足要求。此时可将数据通过仪器的数据输出端口输出到计算机，并由软件对数据进行处理和存储。随着计算机的广泛使用，目前国内许多野外数字测图也要实现数据的实时转输。VB是由微软公司推出的基于Windows的可视化编程语言，它采用面向对象、事件驱动的程序设计方法，操作简便，因此倍受程序设计人员的青睐。下面就以Leica Tc2002全站仪为例，介绍如何在VB 6. 0环境下利用mscomm控件和Windows API函数实现计算机与全站仪的数据通讯。
一、使用 MSComm控件
VB 6 .0 提供了一个ActiveX控件MicrosoftCommuniacation Control，简称MSComm控件，用户可以在自己的应用程序中嵌入MSComm控件，该控件通过串行端口传输和接收数据，为应用程序提供串行通讯功能。
选择VB 6.0 “工程”菜单，打开“部件”对话框，选中Microsoft Comm Control 6.0，即可把mscomm控件加人VB的控件箱。可能用到的mscomm控件的属性有以下几个:
CommPort:设置串行口号;
Settings : 设置串行口通讯参数;
PortPopen: 设置或返回串口的通讯状态;
Input Mode: 设置从缓冲区读取数字的格式;
Input : 从接收缓冲区读取数据;
Output: 向缓冲区写人数据:
InBufferSize: 接收缓冲区的大小;
OutBufferSize: 发送缓冲区的大小;
OutBufferCount: 发送缓冲区的字节数;
InputLen:设置或返回Input每次读出的字节数;
MS Comm控件提供了两种处理串口通讯的方式:查询方式和事件驱动I/O方式。查询方式直接，易于理解，但占用大量CPU时间;事件驱动方式是由Windows 98通知应用程序某些事情什么时候发生，然后根据所发生的事情来对串口进行操作。这两种方式各有利弊和自己适用的领域，所以在不同的通信系统中，可以根据不同的要求采用不同的技术。在监测系统中，由于事件的偶然性和要求传送数据的实时性，计算机常采用事件驱动I/O方式来进行现场监测。其使用步骤为:
1、打开需要进行通讯的端口，为通讯接受和发送数据队列分配内存区。
2、对通讯端口进行初始化，如波特率、奇偶校验、数据位、停止位等。
3、对通讯端口进行读写操作。
例如，用计算机控制LeicaT c2002全站仪自动测量时，编写下列代码能很好地实现二者的通讯:
MS CommlCOmmPort=1 ’设置串行通讯口
MS CommlSettings=‘2400,e.7，IP1 ’设置波特率、奇偶检校、数据位数、停止位数
MS Comml InputLen= 1 ’设置或返回接收缓冲区内用Input属性读人的字符个数
MS Comml InbufferSize = 4096 ’设置缓冲区大小
MS CommlPortOpen=True ’打开通讯端口
注意 :1、当程序终止时将自动关闭打开的串行口。2、如果接收缓冲区越大，程序使用的有效内存就越小，反之有可能接收缓冲区溢出，因此应通过实验逐渐增大其尺寸。
依据这样的设置，用RS-232型电缆将计算机、全站仪连接起来，就能实现计算机与全站仪的串行通讯了。
二、利用 WindowsA PI函数
在有些情况下，MSComm、控件不适合我们的要求。这时我们可以用Windows API提供的通讯函数来实现，以编写出可移植性强的串行通讯程序。Windows 98通信体系提供了一个改进的串行应用程序接口API用来进行交互式串行通信。其中，串口和其它通信设备是作为文件进行处理的，串口的打开、关闭、读取和写入所用的函数和操作文件的函数相同。
在调用 APIA函数之前，必须先要声明变量和函数。
Dim dcb As DCB
Dim ofstructl As OFSTRUCT
Dim operport As Long
在 V B环境下打开API文本查看器，打开Win32. txt文件，在“声明”可选项中选中OpenFilc、SetupCornm, SetupCommState、ReadFile, WriteFile, CIoscHand,le等函数，在“类型”可选项中选中DCB,OVERLAPPED等结构，在“常数”可选项中选中ODDPARITY,EVRXCHAR等常量，然后选择“复制”，将它们复制到剪贴板，并粘贴到应用程序代码中。
在 VB 6 .0 下调用API进行串行通讯:
1、首先调用CreateFile对串行通讯口进行初始化。CreateFile函数为读访问或写访问打开串口，打开成功后返回该串口句柄，然后调用SetComm函数为串行口分配缓冲区大小，供读写串口时使用，接着用DCB结构变量设置需改变缺省值的串行口的通讯参数，如波特率、奇偶校验位、数据位、停止位。
2、调用WriteFile,ReadFile函数对串行口进行读写操作。用WriteFile 来进行数据发送，对于同步I/O操作，它的最后一个参数可为NULL，而对异步I/O操作，它的最后一个参数必须是一个指向OVERLAPPED结构的指针，使数据的读写操作在后台进行，通过这个OVERLAPPED’结构来获得当前操作状态。用ReadFile来从串口接收缓冲区读取数据，数据读取前，用ClearCommError函数获得缓冲区中的字节数。
3、用 CloseHandle函数关闭串行通讯口
此方法通讯代码如下:
Dim ComDev，Err，Errl，bWriteState，dwBytesRead,dwBytesRead As Long ComDev=CreateFile(”COM 1"，GENERIC一READ|GENERIC一WRITE，0，NULL，OPEN一EXISTING，FILE一ATTRIBUTE一NORMAL,NULL) 打开COM 1
if ComDev= -1 ThenMsgbox “不能打开串行口”:Exit Sub
Err= SetupComm (hComDev,1024，512)，设置接收缓冲区和输出缓冲区的大小
GetCommState(hComDev,&dcb) ’返回当前串口的设置情况
Dcb.BaudRate= 2400 ’波特率为2400bps
dcb.f Pa rity=NOPARITY ’无奇偶校验
dcb . ByteSize=7 ’数据位为7
dcb .StopBits=1 ’设置一个停止位
Errl =SetCommState( hComDev,& dcb) ’将DCB结构中的内容写向串口设置
DoEvents
bWrite State = WriteFile (hComDev，1plnBuffer,1 ,dwBytesRead,NULL) '发送结果
Read File(hComDev，1pinBuffer，1，dwBytesRead,NULL) ’读取数据
Close Handle(hComdev) ’关闭设备句柄
三、结束语
在 VB 6 .0 环境下开发串行通讯程序的两种方法中，利用API函数编写串口通讯程序较为复杂，需具备一定的编程经验，其优点是可实现功能更丰富、应用面更广泛、较为复杂的通讯功能。而MSComn:控件本身是由一系列WindowsAPI函数封装集合而成，它使用户避了对复杂的低层次函数进行直接操作，提供标准的事件处理函数、过程，并通过属性的方法进行串行通讯参数的设置，可以较容易地解决串口z'讯问题。在实际应用时，用户可根据通评要求和白身的情况，选择适当的方法，开发出效果良好的全站仪与计算机进行数据通讯的程序。实践证明，使用多媒体教学即可加大课程的信息量，同时又能将抽象的解释直观化。特别对于涉及空间动态的内容，可以收到事半功倍的效果。
英文论文注释和论文格式
论文注释和参考文献格式1 2.1注释Citations 2.1.1夹注In-text Citations 转述、阐释、总结他人主要观点、引用某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者，以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。夹注与“参考文献”结合，形成一种方便、快捷说明引用出处的注释形式。夹注的构成形式有以下几种情况： 1）来自英语文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现： 格式：出版年份：页码 例：Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986: 241), … 2 ) 来自英语文章、专著的直接引语，作者姓名在文中没有出现： 格式：作者姓名，出版年份：页码 例：The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3). 3 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在文中已经出现： 格式：出版年份：引文页码 例：According to Alun Rees (1986: 234)〔夹注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation. According to Alun Rees，the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986: 234). 〔夹注也可以位于 引语的最后〕 4 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语，作者姓名在文中没有提到： 格式：作者姓名出版年份：引文页码 例：It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136). 5)来自汉语文章、专著，间接引用，作者姓名在文中已经出现2： 格式：作者姓名拼音＋夹注（出版年份：引文页码） 例：Wang Datong（2002: 111, 2005: 191) believed that…； 6)来自汉语的文章、专著，间接引用，作者姓名在文中没有出现： 1本格式主要参阅了APA，《外语教学与研究》杂志以及部分大学外语学院毕业论文格式要求；日语毕业论文格式另列。第二章的内容适用于用英文写作的毕业论文，要求采用随文夹注和文末“参考文献”相结合的注释方法；如采用此方法注释后仍有一些问题需要说明的，可酌情使用脚注。凡是用汉语撰写的论文，统一采用尾注加参考书目的格式，具体的严格按照《手册》第14-17页的规定执行；日语毕业论文的有关规定见第五章。 2第（5）、（6）项仅适用于用英语撰写但引用到汉语文献的论文，相应的参考书目著录方法见2.3.3。
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文翻译 - 英文
The smart grid Smart grid is the grid intelligent (electric power), also known as the "grid" 2.0, it is based on the integration, high-speed bidirectional communication network, on the basis of through the use of advanced sensor and measuring technology, advanced equipme nt technology, the advanced control method, and the application of advanced technology of decision support system, realize the power grid reliability, security, economic, efficient, environmental friendly and use the security target, its main features include self-healing, incentives and include user, against attacks, provide meet user requirements of power quality in the 21st century, allow all sorts of different power generation in the form of access, start the electric power market and asset optimizatio n run efficiently. The U.S. department of energy (doe) "the Grid of 2030" : a fully automated power transmission network, able to monitor and control each user and power Grid nodes, guarantee from power plants to end users among all the nodes in the whole process of transmission and distribution of information and energy bi-directional flow. China iot alliance between colleges: smart grid is made up of many parts, can be divided into:intelligent substation, intelligent power distribution network, intelli gent watt-hourmeter,intelligent interactive terminals, intelligent scheduling, smart appliances, intelligent building electricity, smart city power grid, smart power generation system, the new type of energy storage system.Now a part of it to do a simple i ntroduction. European technology BBS: an integration of all users connected to the power grid all the behavior of the power transmission network, to provide sustained and effective economic and security of power. Chinese academy of sciences, institute of electrical: smart grid is including all kinds of power generation equipment, power transmission and distribution network, power equipment and storage equipment, on the basis of the physical power grid will be modern advanced sensor measurement technology, network technology, communication
关于力的外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
五、外文资料翻译 Stress and Strain 1.Introduction to Mechanics of Materials Mechanics of materials is a branch of applied mechanics that deals with the behavior of solid bodies subjected to various types of loading. It is a field of study that i s known by a variety of names, including “strength of materials” and “mechanics of deformable bodies”. The solid bodies considered in this book include axially-loaded bars, shafts, beams, and columns, as well as structures that are assemblies of these components. Usually the objective of our analysis will be the determination of the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads; if these quantities can be found for all values of load up to the failure load, then we will have obtained a complete picture of the mechanics behavior of the body. Theoretical analyses and experimental results have equally important roles in the study of mechanics of materials . On many occasion we will make logical derivations to obtain formulas and equations for predicting mechanics behavior, but at the same time we must recognize that these formulas cannot be used in a realistic way unless certain properties of the been made in the laboratory. Also , many problems of importance in engineering cannot be handled efficiently by theoretical means, and experimental measurements become a practical necessity. The historical development of mechanics of materials is a fascinating blend of both theory and experiment, with experiments pointing the way to useful results in some instances and with theory doing so in others①. Such famous men as Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made experiments to adequate to determine the strength of wires , bars , and beams , although they did not develop any adequate theo ries (by today’s standards ) to explain their test results . By contrast , the famous mathematician Leonhard Euler(1707-1783) developed the mathematical theory any of columns and calculated the critical load of a column in 1744 , long before any experimental evidence existed to show the significance of his results ②. Thus , Euler’s theoretical results remained unused for many years, although today they form the basis of column theory. The importance of combining theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident theoretical derivations with experimentally determined properties of materials will be evident as we proceed with
中英文论文对照格式
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
外文翻译computerprogram英文.doc
Computer Program 1 Introduction Computer Program, set of instructions that directs a computer to perform someprocessing function or combination of functions. For the instructions to be carried out, a computer must execute a program, that is, the computer reads the program, and then follow the steps encoded in the program in a precise order until completion. A program can be executed many different times, with each execution yielding a potentially different result depending upon the options and data that the user gives the computer. Programs fall into two major classes: application programs and operating systems. An application program is one that carries out somefunction directly for a user, such as word processing or game-playing. An operating system is a program that manages the computer and the various resources and devices connected to it, such as RAM,hard drives, monitors, keyboards, printers, and modems,so that they maybe used by other programs. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows 95, OS\2, and UNIX. 2 Program Development Software designers create new programs by using special applications programs, often called utility programs or development programs. A programmer uses another type of program called a text editor to write the new program in a special notation called a programming language. With the text editor, the programmer creates a text file, which is an ordered list of instructions, also called the program source file. The individual instructions that make up the program source file are called source code. At this point, a special applications program translates the source code into machine language, or object code— a format that the operating system
10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译
在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.
机械设计外文翻译(中英文)
机械设计理论 机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。 进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。 应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。 一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。 新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。 在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0d4790517.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材