自考英语翻译历年真题第二大题汇总及答案

2011 7月

II.Words and phrases translation（20 points，1 point for each）

A.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.

16.a slender man一个身材瘦长的人17.country-wide trade全国贸易18.the Ethiopian highlands埃塞俄比亚高原19.economic policy经济政策20.great-grandmother(外)曾祖母21.open sea公海

22.part-time river季节性河流23.mineral oil矿物油

24.environmental law环境法25.welcoming banquet欢迎宴会

B.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26.逃学Play truant 27.军阀政府The warlord government

28.九龙壁The nine dragon wall 29.基本方针Basic principle

30.游记Travel notes 31.祥林嫂Xiang Lin's wife

32.排队to stand in a queue to line up 33.大陆架Continental shelf

34.董事会Board of directors 35.深刻影响 Profound impact

2011 4月

II. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point each)

16. appreciation dinner 答谢宴会17. birth defect先天性生理缺陷

18. applied entomology应用昆虫学 19. member state会员国、成员国

20. maternity hospital 妇产医院21. over-the-counter medicine非处方药

22. green belt 防护林、绿化带23. inland waters内陆水域

24. room temperature 室温、常温25. debt chain三角债、债务链

B. Directions: Translate the following words and phrases into English. (Please write the answer on your Answer Sheet.)

26、中低纬度 medium and low latitudes27.双向贸易two-way trade

28、噪音污染noise pollution 29.版权保护copyright protection

30、客串演出guest performance 31.福利基金welfare fund

32、社会保障social security 33.国际竞争力international competiviveness

34、候机室waiting hall 35.防火墙fire wall

2010 7月

二、词语翻译(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)

（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）

16. pottery industry陶瓷业17. summer resort避暑胜地

18. 1.8 trillion dollars1.8万亿美元19. investment policy投资政策

20. keen interests浓厚的兴趣21. county history（annals）县史（志）

22. soda fountain汽水柜台;冷饮柜23. living organisms活生物体

24. court of appeals上诉法院25. Contracting States缔约国

（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）

26. 流传久远Widely circulated 27. 五卅运动The May 30th Movement

28.十五世纪初At the beginning of fifteenth Century29. 有利因素Favorable factors

30. 游记Travel notes31. 试工期trial period

32. 排队queue up33. 大陆岸线Mainland coastline

34. 注册资本Registered capital35. 区域自治Regional autonomy

2010 4月

II. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)

A. Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into Chinese. (Please write your answer on the answer sheet.)

16. anti-doping agency反兴奋剂机构17. Achilles’heel唯一致命的弱点、阿基里斯的脚踵18. enforcement power执法的权利 19. geologist地质学家

20. entrepreneurial spirit进取精神21. life imprisonment无期徒刑、终身监禁

22. duty-free goods 免税商品23. the New Testament《新约》

24. global positioning system 全球定位系统

25. blue chips蓝筹股B. Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into English. (Please write your answer on the answer sheet.)

26.琉璃瓦 glazed tiles27.残奥会the Paralympics

28.丝绸之路Skill Road 29.旅游旺季tourist season\tourist boom

30.余震aftershock 31.中国红十字会Red Cross Society of China

32.履行义务to fulfill obligations 33.知识密集型产业konwledge-intensive industry 34.多边外交multilateral diplomacy 35.同声传译 simultaneous interpretation

2009 7月

二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）

（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）

16. full diplomatic relations外交关系17. graduate school研究院;研究所

18. racial discrimination种族歧视19. bilateral trade双边贸易

20. a major economy一个主要的经济21. sustainable development可持续发展

22. traffic congestion交通拥塞23. the international community国际社会

24. gene mutation基因突变25. income tax所得税

（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）

26. 全国人民代表大会The National People's Congress

27. 北洋军阀政府The Northern Warlord government

28. 劳动密集型产业Labor intensive industry29. 固定资产Fixed assets

30. 外交部The Ministry of Foreign Affairs31. 副教授Associate Professor

32. 国民生产总值Gross national product33. 自然遗产Natural heritage

34. 全球化Globalization35. 生物工程Bioengineering

2009 4月

Ⅱ．Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)

16．exclusive right专利权17．A1-Qaeda 基地组织

18．livestock raiser 家畜养殖者19．epicenter震中

20．bear market熊市21．arable land可耕地

22．CPI消费者价格指数23．historic sites历史古迹

24．bull’s-eye靶心25．urban dweller城市居民

B．Directions: Turn the following words and phrases into English．(Please write your answer on the answer sheet.)

26.文学界literary circles 27.节能减排 energy-saving and emission reduction

28.火炬接力 torch relay 29.一项长期的战略任务a long-term strategic task

30.法律咨询legal advice/councel 31.反腐败anti-corruption

32.畅销书best-seller33.自然资源natrual resource

34.海峡两岸关系cross-strait relations35.双赢win-win

2008 7月

II. Words and phrases translation（20 points，1 point for each）

A. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.

16. VIP重要人物,大人物17. arteries of communication 交通的动脉

18. annual flood 每年洪水19. global economy 全球经济

20. maternal grandmother 外祖母21. Gone with the Wind 随风而去

22. in one's early teens一个早期的青少年23. the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋

24. to enact legislation 颁布法令25. magnificent dinner 盛大的晚宴

B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26. 大思想家 A great thinker 27. 第一次世界大战 The first World War

28. 文物 Historical relics 29. 宜农荒地 Appropriate farming moorland

30. 儿童文学 Children's Literature 31. 初冬 Early winter

32. 中国大戏院 Chinese Theater 33. 可持续发展战略Strategy of sustainable development 34. 平等互利原则 The principle of equality and mutual benefit

35. 归根到底 In the final analysis

2008 4月

Ⅱ. Word and Phrase Translation(20 points,1 point for each)

16. man of letters文学家作家17.Roman Catholic cathedral罗马天主教（大教）堂18.maternal grandfather外祖父19.mineral deposits矿藏

20.offshore oil exploration近海石油勘21.arteries of communication交通动脉

22.director-general总干事23.the Clean Air Act Amendment空气洁净法修正案24.Olympic mascot奥运吉祥物25. global warming全球变暖

B．Directions:Put the following words and phrases into English and write your answer on the answer sheet.

26.外汇交易 foreign exchange dealing 27.手语sign language

28.荒漠barren desert 29.海洋旅游业marine(sea\ocean)tourism

30.水产品aquatic products 31.调解或仲裁conciliation or arbitration

32.上海合作组织Shanghai Corporration Organization 33.食品安全food saftty(security)

34.中共十七大the 17th National Congress of the CPC 35.志愿者volunteers 2007年7月

16. candidate候选人17. to build canals 开凿运河

18. wild west 西部荒原19. surveyor general 测量总监

20. aggregate output总产量21. ownership 所有权

22. registered capital注册资本23. popular science 科普

24. the World Health Organization世界卫生组织25. environmental quality assessment 环境质量评估

（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）

26. 工业产权industrial property right 27. 交通阻塞 traffic jam

28. 生态平衡ecological balance 29. 平民文学 literature for the commom people 30. 故宫博物馆the Palace Museum 31. 合营企业 joint venture

32. 丝绸之路 the silk road 33. 希望工程Hope Project

34. 可持续发展sustainable development 35. 国际经济合作international economic cooperation

2007 4月

A．Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.

16．Ethiopia埃塞俄比亚17．Encyclopaedia Britannica大英（不列颠）百科全书

18．the budget for revenues and expenditures收支预算

19．investment in cash and in kind以现金和实物进行投资

20．multilateral principles多变规则21．geneticist遗传学家

22．self-sufficiency through self-reliance通过自力更生实现自给自足

23．diesel locomotive柴油机车24．aviation and marine insurance航空和海事保险

25．appreciation of RMB人民币升值

B．Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26．润滑油lubrication oil27．《世界版权公约》Universal Copyright Convention 28．欢迎宴会welcoming banquet29．欧洲联盟European Union

30．非政府组织non-governmental organization31．文学流派literature schools 32．京杭大运河Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal33．专属经济区the exclusive economic zones 34．青藏铁路the Qinghai-tibet-railway35．社会保障social security

2006年7月

16. environmental law环境保护法17. industrial revolution工业革命

18. the gold rush淘金热19. floods and droughts旱涝两害

20. British Association for the Advancement of Science英国科学促进学会

21. foreign exchange外汇22. self-reliance自力更生

23. infrastructure基础设施24. copyright protection版权保护

25. World Cultural Heritage世界文化遗产

（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）

26. 国民生产总值Gross National Product 27. 福利工厂welfare factory

28. 战争与和平war and peace 29. 新民主主义New demoracy

30. 十五世纪初in the early 15th century 31. 儿童文学 children's literature

32. 双边贸易two-way trade\bilateral trade 33. 知识经济knowlege economy

34. 个人所得税individual income tax 35. 发展中国家developing country

2006年4月

16、Saint Valentine's Day情人节 17、right to know知情权

18、the stock of foreign investment外资存量19、summer 避暑胜地resort 20、a breach of contract违约21、presidential campain 总统大选22、advanced agrotechnology 先进的农业技术23、economic sanctions 经济制裁 24、pharaoh 法老25、G8 Summit八国集团首脑会议6、互不干涉内政non-interference in each other's internal affairs

27、互利平等原则the principle of equality and mutual benefit

28、科教兴国 rejuvenate China through science and education

29、享受免税的优惠待遇Enjoy the preferential treatment of tax exemption 30、社会主义市场经济The socialist market economy

31、完成祖国统一大业 achieve national reunification

32、七届人大第三次会议 the third session of the Seventh National People's Cngress

33、合同的中止或终止 the suspension or termination of the contract 34、安理会常任理事国 permanent menber of the Security Council

2005年 7月

二、词语翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）

（一）将下列词语译成中文（10分）

16. artery of communication交通动脉 17. sounding-line测深索

18. per capita按人计算的(地),人均的(地) 19. copyright proprietor版权所有者

20. pitch lake沥青湖 21. summer resort避暑胜地

22. BCCI国际商业信贷银行23. bell-boy侍者

24. the Blue Nile蓝尼罗河 25. infertile eggs不孕鸡蛋

（二）将下列词语译成英语（10分）

26. 巴黎和会 paris peace conference 27. 单产 per unit yield

28. 梵蒂冈Vatican 29. 个人所得税individual income tax

30. 可持续发展sustainable development 31. 阿克苏Akzo Nobel

32. 辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911 33. 专属经济区abbr. EEZ

34. 太庙 the Imperial Ancestral Temple 35. 落汤鸡like a drenched chicken

2004年4月

II. Word and Phrase Translation(20 points,1 point for each)

A. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.

16．articles of association公司章程 17．telecommunications电信

18．come into force生效19．poisonous chemicals有毒化学物质

20．Vatican梵蒂冈21．the science of biotic control生物控制学

22．academic exchanges学术交流23．weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器

24．undermanned人员不足25．instrument of ratification批准书

B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26．诺贝尔奖获得者Nobel Prize Winner 27．奥运会Olympic Games

28．北洋军阀政府the Northern Warlord government

29．预算budget 30．生产力productive force\productivity

31．御花园the imperial garden 32．基金会foundation

33．渔场fishing ground 34．振兴中华rejuvenation of China

35．人类文明的发祥地the cradle of human civilization

2004 7月

11.tangible assets有形资产12.the Nile Delta尼罗河三角洲

13.a summer resort 暑胜地14.job market 就业市场

15.CEO执行总裁16.the realm of cyberspace网络空间王国

17.strong currency 强势货币；硬通货https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,ser typesetting激光照排

19.financial executive财务主管20.child abuse摧残儿童

B. Direction: Put the following phrases into English.

21.集装箱港口Container port 22.汉白玉White marble

23.世界贸易组织WTO 24.可持续发展sustainable development

25.净利润net margin 26.永久正常贸易关系Permanent normal trade relations

27.环保革命green revolution 28.水陆交通Water and land transportation

29.议案motion 30.军事法庭military court

2004年4月

Ⅱ. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)

16. Premier 17. foreign exchange dealings 18. financial deficit 19. arbitration agency仲裁机构

20. regional autonomy 21. waste disposal

22. automobile components 23. sum total

24. inland waters 25. ASEAN东南亚国家联盟

B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26. 金字塔pyramid 27. 中国公民

28. 维生素vatamin

29. 载人飞船Manned spacecraft

30. 生态环境Ecological environment

31. 世界贸易组织

32. 平等互利的原则

33. 内燃机Internal-combustion engine

34. 版权保护

35. 可耕地

2012 4月

II. Word and Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point each)

A. Translate the following words and phrases into Chinese. Write down your translation on

your Answer Sheet.

16. gamma rays 伽马射线 17. the New Testament新约

18. ecologist 生态学家19. entrepreneurial spirit进取精神

20. court of appeals上诉法院 21. Royal Society皇家学会

22. a letter of patent 一个专利证书23. consecutive interpretation交替传译

24. instrument of ratification批准文书 25. the six-party talks六方会谈

B. Translate the following words and phrases into English. Write down your translation on your Answer Sheet.

26.诺贝尔奖获得者Nobel laureates 27.福利基金Welfare fund

28.国际经济合作 International Economic Cooperation29.珠江三角洲Zhujiang Delta 30.北洋军阀政府The Northern Warlord government 31.民族团结National unity

32.金融服务业The financial services industry 33.大陆架Continental shelf

34.世界文化遗产World Cultural Heritage 35.联合国教科文组织United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization 简称UNESCO

03.7

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation：(20 points,1 point for each)

A. Directions: Put the following phrases into English.

11.人均 12.可再生资源Renewable resources

13.专属经济区 14.统一战线United Front

15.北伐战争 16.故宫博物院

17.单位面积产量 The per unit area yield 18.归根到底

19.君主专制制度 Autocratic monarchy 20.董事会

B. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,mon ground https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,e into force

23.strip mining 24.The European Union

25.the international community 26.international bank lending国际银行贷款https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,bor intensive industry 28.knowledge economy

29.coastal erosion 海岸侵蚀 30.subsistence agriculture生存农业03.4

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points ,1 point for each)

A.Directions: put the following phrases into Chinese.

16. natural enemies of insects17.consumer goods 消费品

18.sedimentation basins 沉积盆地

19.footbridge 人行桥

20.keen interest 浓厚的兴趣 21.subtropical plant 亚热带植物22.the Nile Delta 23.social security system

24.pension fund 养老金 25.financial institutions 财政机关

B.Directions: Put the following phrases into English.

26. “三个代表”重要思想 three represents important idea 27.辛亥革命 the revolution of 1911

28.淡水资源 fresh water resources 29.纬度 latitude

30.郁金香 tulip 31.首相 prime minster

32.百科全书 encyleopedia 33.失业率rate of unemplyment 34.知识产权 intellectual property 35.集装箱 container 02.7

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points,1 point for each).Write the answer on the Answer Sheet.

A.Directions:Put the following phrases into English.

11.丝绸之路 12.社会动荡Social unrest

13.区域自治14.和平共处五项原则The five principles of peaceful coexistence

15.仲裁机构 16.个人所得税

17.联合国海洋法公约 The United Nations Convention on the law of the sea

18.可持续发展

19.大陆架 20.半封建半殖民地社会Semi colonial and semi-feudal society

B.Directions:Put the following phrases into Chinese.

21.national security 22.on behalf of

23.copyright protection 24.energy consuming society

25.Per capita GNP 26.The World Trade Organization

27.self made career 28.drainage system排水系统

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,bor Union 工会 30.crude oil

02.4

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)

A. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.

16.a man of letters 17.the gold rush

18.national census 全国人口普查 19.sustainable development 20.arid gully 干涸的峡谷 21.science fiction科幻小说

22.like a drowned rat 23.applied entomology

24.an insect-free world https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,mon ground

B. Directions: Put the following phrases into English.

26.手语 27.《新民主主义论》on new demoracy

28.北伐 the northern expedition 29.市政府 the municipal gov 30.跨国公司 multinational cor 31.丝绸之路

32.泰晤士河 the thames 33.安理会 the security council

34.大陆架 35.祝酒词

2001年4月

II. Phrase Translation (20 points, 1 point for each)

A. Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.

16.the Industrial Revolution 17.joint venture

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,bor intensive industries 19.court of appeals

20.registered capital 21.force majeure 不可抗力

22.Universal Copyright Convention 世界版权公约23.per capita人均

25.economic globalization经济全球化

B. Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.

26.自然资源natural resources 34.原油crude oil

27.营业执照 business license 28.修正案amendment

29.香港特别行政区 hongkong special administrative region

30.保险公司insurance company31.原料 raw material

32.太和殿 the hall of super harmony 33.金融危机 finacial crisis

2000年4月

Ⅱ.Phrase Translation（20 points, 1 point for each）

A、Directions: Put the following phrases into Chinese.

11.stock market 股票市场12.overseas investment 海外投资13.trade surplus贸易顺差14.mean temperature平均温度15.continedtal shelf大陆架16.freedom from noise pollution无噪音污染https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0f1304463.html,rmation superhighway信息高速公路18.full diplomatic relations正式外交关系19.the principle of equality平等原则20.books on popular science科

普书籍22.市场经济market economy 24.纯利润net profit

25.故宫博物馆The Imperial Palace

26.世界贸易组织WTO(world trade organization) 27.和平共处peaceful coexistence 28.个人所得税individual income tax 29.版权公约WIPO Copyright Treaty

30.社会稳定social stability

2011自考英语翻译试题

2011年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语翻译试题 I. Multiple Choice (30 points, 2 points each) A. Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best translation of the original statement in terms of meaning and expressiveness. (Please write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.) 1. A nations greatest wealth is the industry of its people. A.一个国家最大的财富就是民族工业。 B.一个国家最大的财富就是人民的勤劳。 C.一个民族最大的财富就是人民的工业。 D.一个民族最大的财富就是民众的兴旺。 2. Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil. A.科学家们确实知道煤是怎样形成的，但要是问他们石油是怎样形成的，他们似乎就不那么有把握了。 B.科学家们对煤的形成非常有信心，但是当被问到石油的形成时，他们好像没有那么确信。 C.科学家们对煤的形成非常有信心，但是当被问到石油是怎样形成的，似乎就不那么确信了。 D.科学家们确实知道煤的形成，但要是问他们石油的形成时，似乎就不那么有把握了。 3. I wasnt their enemy, in fact or in feeling. I was their ally. A.在事实上或感情上，我不是他们的敌人。我是他们的盟友。 B.我不是他们的敌人，在事实上或感情上。我是他们的盟友。 C.我不是他们的敌人，在事实上或者在感情上，而是他们的盟友。

自考英语翻译历年真题第二大题汇总及答案

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2007年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语翻译试卷 Ⅰ．Multiple Choice Questions （30 points, 2 points for each） A．Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D．Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness. 1．I always found myself a dread of west and a love of east in Eden. A．我总是在自己身上找到对伊甸之西的畏惧和对伊甸之东的喜爱。 B．我总是在我内心深处找到对伊甸之西的畏惧和对伊甸之东的喜爱。 C．我发现自己身上一直有对伊甸之西的畏惧，对伊甸之东的喜爱。 D．我发现自己一直对伊甸之西怀有畏惧，而对伊甸之东怀有喜爱。 2．No man is so foolish but he may give another good counsel sometimes. A．没有人如此愚笨，他有时也能给别人提出好的忠告。 B．没有人愚笨到偶尔也给别人提出好的忠告。 C．人再愚笨，有时也能给别人提出好的忠告。 D．偶尔愚笨的人也能给别人提出好的忠告。 3．A pretext was the last thing that Hastings was likely to want. A．最后，哈丁斯好像需要一个借口。 B．哈丁斯可能不需要任何借口。 C．最后，哈丁斯可能想要的那个东西就是借口。 D．借口好像是哈丁斯想要的最后的东西。 4．A powerful indictment of America’s disregard of ecology, Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use of chemical pesticide．especially DDT. A．有力地控诉了美国对生态的忽视，《沉默的春天》主要是针对大规模使用农药，特别是滴滴涕。 B．一个对美国忽视生态的有力控诉，《沉默的春天》主要是针对大规模使用农药，特别是滴滴涕。 C．《沉默的春天》是对美国忽视生态的有力控诉，它主要是针对大规模使用农药，特别是对滴滴涕的使用进行了控诉。 D．《沉默的春天》对美国忽视生态，主要是针对大规模使用农药，特别是滴滴涕的使用，进行了有力的控诉。 5．Tobacco addicts remain hopelessly blind to signs that say NO SMOKING A．瘾君子仍然绝望地对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌视而不见。 B．瘾君子绝望了，他们对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌都视而不见了。 C．瘾君子对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌视而不见，因为他们绝望了。 D．瘾君子对那些“严禁吸烟”的布告牌视而不见，真是不可救药。 6．这些计划反映了中国人民把经济落后的中国尽快变为世界强国的决心。 A．These plans show the determination of the Chinese people to change China as quickly as possible from an economically backward country into one that ranks with the foremost in the world. B．These plans show the determination of the Chinese people as quickly as possible to change China from an economically backward country into one that ranks with the foremost in the world. C．These plans show the determination of the Chinese people to change as quickly as possible China from an economically backward country into one that ranks with the foremost in the world. D．These plans show the determination of the Chinese people to change China from an economically backward country into one that ranks as quickly as possible with the foremost in the world. 7．仅去年一年这个工厂的工程师和技术员就开发了不少新产品。 A．Lonely last year the engineers and technicians in the factory developed quite an amount of new products. B．Last year alone the engineers and technicians in the factory developed quite a number of new products. C．Last year alone the engineers and technicians in the factory developed quite an amount of new products. D．Lonely last year the engineers and technicians in the factory developed quite a number of new products. 8．直到在法庭受到审讯时，他才明白了事情的真相。

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自考英语翻译技巧一 定语从句：定语从句是由一些关系代词或者关系副词引导的从句组成，用来修饰名词中心词。 Person has pieced togethter the workd of hundereds of researcher around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest date when we can expect hundreds of key breakthrough and discoveries to take place.皮而森汇集了……生产出独特的千年历，这种千年历（它）能够…… 定语的翻译要特别注意位子上的变化，即：如果是单词修饰名词就放在中心词的前面，这和汉语的词序是一样的；如果定语太长，定语就要放在中心词的后面，这时就要注意断句，重复先行词，例如：1.I have the same problem as you concerning the learning of English 在学英语的问题上，我和你有同样的问题。 2.She has a perfect figure. 她身材不错。 3.This is indeed a most pressing problem. 这的确是一个非常棘手的问题。 4.The only other people who knew the secret were his father and mother. 别的知道这个秘密的人就是他的父母。 5.The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities 有效的维持纪律通常是由一些学生来做的，而这些学生则负责给学校的领导提建议。 6.The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting a d fishing