变速器设计,中英文带翻译

原文：

Transmission design

As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve.

Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions.

General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1.

When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps

to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle.

When the growth rate of car drivers choose two stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2-file synchronization and file a joint separation after 2 stall and lock the output shaft gear, power transmission line similar, the difference is that the output shaft gear of a stall 2 stall replaced by the output shaft gear driven. 2 stall Biansuchilun typical transmission ratio is 2.2:1, 2.2 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle than a stall speed increase, lower torque.

When refueling vehicle drivers growth stalls option 3, Plectrum to 1 / 2 back to the free file-synchronization position, and also allows the 3 / 4 file synchronization Mobile stall until 3 in the output shaft gear lock, power can be into the shaft axis - intermediate shaft - the output shaft of the three stalls Biansuchilun, led through three stalls Biansuchilun output shaft. 3 stalls typical transmission ratio is 1.7:1, 1.7 laps to the input shaft and output shaft to a circle is further growth.

When car drivers Option 4 refueling growth stalls, Plectrum will be 3 / 4 from the 3-file synchronization stall gear directly with the input shaft gear joint initiative, and power transmission directly from the input shaft to the output shaft, the transmission ratio at 1:1, that the input shaft and output shaft speed the same. The driving force without intermediate shaft, also known as direct file, the file transmission than the maximum transmission efficiency. Most cars run-time files are used directly to achieve the best fuel economy.

Shift into the first interval when, in a free transmission when Biansuchilun output shaft is not locked in, they cannot rotate the output shaft driven, not power output.

General automotive manual transmission than the main 1-4 stalls, usually the first designers to determine the minimum (one stall) and maximum (4 files) transmission ratio, the middle stall drive by geometric progression than the general distribution. In addition, there are stalls Daodang and speeding, speeding file is also known as the five stalls.

When the car to accelerate to more than car drivers with the choice of five stalls, and a typical five-transmission ratio is 0.87:1, which is driven by a pinion gear, the

gear when the initiative to 0.87 zone, passive gear have been transferred to a circle of the End.

Dao Dang, the opposite direction to the output shaft rotation. If one pair of meshing gears when we reverse rotation, with a middle gear, it will become the same to the rotation. Use of this principle, we should add a gear Daodang the "media" will be rotational direction reversed, it will have a Daodang axis. Daodang installed in the transmission shaft independent crust, and the intermediate shaft parallel axis gear with the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, will be contrary to the output shaft.

Daodang usually used for the synchronization control also joins five stalls, stalls and Daodang 5 position in the same side. As a middle gear, the general transmission Daodang transmission ratio greater than 1 file transmission ratio, by twisting, steep slope with some vehicles encountered on the progress stalls falters with a Daodang boost.

Ride from the driver of the considerations, better transmission stall, stall adjacent stall more than the transmission changes the ratio of small, and easy to shift smoothly. However, the short comings of the stalls is more transmission structure is complicated, bulky, light vehicle transmission is generally 4-5 stalls. At the same time, transmission ratio is not integral, but with all of the decimal point, it is because of the gear teeth meshing is not caused by the whole multiples of two gear teeth can lead to the whole multiples of two meshing gears of uneven wear, making the tooth surface quality have a greater difference.

Manual transmission and synchronizer

Manual transmission is the most common transmission, or MT. Its basic structure sum up in one sentence, is a two-axle shaft, where input shaft, the shaft axis and intermediate shaft, which constitute the main body of the transmission and, of course, a Daodang axis. Manual transmission known as manual gear transmission, which can be in the axial sliding gears, the gears meshing different variable speed reached twisting purpose. Typical manual transmission structure and principles are as follows.

Input shaft also said that the first axis, and its front-end spline driven directly

with the clutch disc sets with the spline , by the transfer of torque from the engine. The first axis of the intermediate shaft and gears meshing gears often, as long as the shaft axis to a turn, the intermediate shaft and gear also will be rotating. Vice also said intermediate shaft axis, the axis-even more than the size gear. Also known as the second output shaft axis, the axis of various sets of gear stall progress can be manipulated at any time in the role of the device and the corresponding intermediate shaft gear meshing, thus changing its speed and torque. With the end of the output shaft spline associated with the drive shaft through the drive shaft torque transmitted to the drive axle reducer.

Thus, progress stalls drive transmission path is: input shaft gear often rodents - often rodents intermediate shaft gear - corresponding intermediate shaft gear - the second axis corresponding gear. Reversing the gear shaft can be manipulated by the device pick in the axis movement, and the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing gears, to the contrary to the direction of rotation output.

Most cars have five stalls and a Daodang forward, a certain degree of each stall transmission ratio, the majority of stalls transmission ratio greater than 1, 4 file transmission ratio of 1, known as direct stalls, and transmission ratio is less than 1 No.

5 stall called accelerated stall. Free at the output shaft gear in a position of non-engagement, unacceptable power transmission.

The transmission input shaft and output shaft rotational speed to their own, transform a stall when there is a "synchronous". Two different rotational speed gear meshing force will impact the collision occurred, damage gear. Therefore, the old transmission shift to a "feet-off" approach, or stall on the location of the free stay for a while by stalls in the free position refueling doors, in order to reduce the speed differential gear. However, this operation is relatively more complicated and difficult to grasp accurate. So designers create a "synchronized," and allows synchronization through the meshing of gears to be consistent speed and smooth meshing.

At present Synchronous Transmission is based on the synchronization of inertia, mainly from joint sets, synchronous lock ring, and so on, it is characterized by friction on the role of synchronization. Splice sets Genlock engagement ring gear and the ring

gear when it had Chamfer (Lock angle), Genlock within the cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear contact friction. Lock and cone angle has been made in the design of an appropriate choice to be made friction cone of the teeth meshing with the ring gear quickly sets pace at the same time will have a Lock role and to prevent the gears meshing in sync before. When synchronization lock cone ring gear engagement with the question of cone ring gear after contact in the effects of friction torque gear speed quickly lower (or higher) with the same speed synchronous lock ring, the two synchronous rotation of the gear Genlock Central zero speed, thus moment of inertia also disappear, then in force under the impetus of engagement sets unhindered and synchronization lock ring gear engagement, and further engagement with the question of gear engagement and the completion Gear Shift Process.

The automatic gearbox

The automatic gearbox chooses to block the pole the equal to moving the stick shift of the gearbox, having generally below several blocks:P( parking), R( pour to block), N( get empty to block), D( go forward), S( or2, namely for 2 block soon), L.( or1, namely for 1 block soon)This several an usage for blocking a right usages coming driver the automatic gearbox is automotive of person to say particularly important, underneath let us very much familiar with once automatic gearbox eachly blockings main theme.

The usage of the P ( the parking blocks)

The launches the luck turns as long as choose to block the pole in driving the position, automatic gearbox car run about very easily.But park, choose to block the pole must pull into of P, from but pass the internal parking system in gearbox moves the device will output the stalk lock lives, combining to tense the hand system move, preventing the car ambulation.

The usage of the R( pour to block)

R a control for is pouring blocking, using inside wanting slicing recording, automatic gearbox car unlike moving gearbox car so can using half moving, so while reversing the car wanting special attention accelerating pedal.

The usage of the N( get empty to block)

The N is equal to get empty to block, can while starting or hour of trailer usage.At wait for the signal or block up the car will often often choose to block the pole keeps in the of D, trampling at the same time the next system move.If time is very short, do like this is an admission of, but if stop the time long time had better change into of N, combine to tense the hand system moves.Because choose to block the pole in driving the position, the automatic gearbox car has generally and all to drive the trend faintly, long hours trample the system move same as a deterrent this kind of trend, make gearbox oil gone up, the oil liquid changes in character easily.Particularly in the air condition machine work, launch the soon higher circumstance in machine bottom more disadvantageous.Some pilots for the sake of stanza oil, at made good time or go down slope will choose to block the pole pull the of N skids, this burn the bad gearbox very easily, launching the machine to revolves soon in the however because the gearbox outputs at this time the stalk turns soon very high,, the oil pump provides the oil shortage, lubricating the condition worsen, burn the bad gearbox easily.

The usage of the D( go forward to block)

Will choose to block when is normal to drive the pole put in the of D, car can at 1 ～4 block( or 3 block) its change to block automatically.The of D drives the position most in common usely. What demand control is: Because the automatic gearbox is soon high and low with car to come to make sure to block according to the accelerator size a, so accelerate the pedal operation method is different, changing to block the hour of the car is soon too not same alike.If start hour quick accelerate the pedal tramples the bottom, rising to block the night, accelerating the ability is strong, arriving certain car soon behind, then will accelerate the pedal loosen to open very quickly, car can rise to block immediately, launch like this the machine voice is small, comfortable good.

The another characteristics of the D is a compulsory low blocking, easy to high speed the hour overtakes a car, will accelerate quickly in of D drove the pedal trample after all, connect the compulsory low fend off the pass and then can reduce to block automatically, the car accelerates very quickly, after overtaking a car loosen to open

the pedal of acceleration to can rise to block automatically again.

The usage of the S, of L low the usage that block

The automatic gearbox in in is placed in the low blocking the scope on of S or of Ls, can usage under an etc. circumstance.It change to can make use of to launch well into of S or of Ls the mechanism move, avoiding the car wheel system move the machine over hot, cause the system move the effect descent while going down slope.But change into from the of D of S or of L, car soon can't higher than rise to block the car homologously soon, otherwise strong vibration in opportunity to launch, make gearbox oil hoicked, even will damage the gearbox.

The is another at rain fog weather hour, if the road adheres to the term bad, can change into a position for or of L, fixing at somely first lowly blocking driving, doing not use can automatically changing blocking, in order to prevent the car beats slippery.Must keep firmly in mind at the same time, beat the slippery hour can will choose to block the pole pushes into a motive for, cutting off launching machine, toing guarantee a car the safety.

汽车变速器设计

----------英文文献翻译

我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。

汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为N = wT，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T 是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。

一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就

有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。

当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。

当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。

当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。

当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。

换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。

一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一般按等比级数分配。另外，还有倒档和超速档，超速档又称为5档。

当汽车要加速超过同向汽车时司机选择5档，典型5档传动比是0.87:1，也就是用大齿轮带动小齿轮，当主动齿轮转0.87圈时，被动齿轮已经转完1圈了。

倒档时输出轴要向相反方向旋转。如果一对齿轮啮合时大家反向旋转，中间加上一个齿轮就会变成同向旋转。利用这个原理，倒档就要添加一个齿轮做“媒

介”，将轴的转动方向调转，因此就有了一根倒档轴。倒档轴独立装在变速器壳内，与中间轴平行，当轴上齿轮分别与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合时，输出轴转向会相反。

通常倒档用的同步器也控制5档的接合，所以5档与倒档位置是在同一侧的。由于有中间齿轮，一般变速器倒档传动比大于1档传动比，增扭大，有些汽车遇到陡坡用前进档上不去就用倒档开上去。

从驾驶平顺性考虑，变速器档位越多越好，档位多相邻档间的传动比的比值变化小，换档容易而且平顺。但档位多的缺点就是变速器构造复杂，体积大，现在轻型汽车变速器一般是4－5档。同时，变速器传动比都不是整数，而是都带小数点的，这是因为啮合齿轮的齿数不是整倍数所致，两齿轮齿数是整倍数就会导致两齿轮啮合面磨损不均匀，使得轮齿表面质量产生较大的差异。

手动变速器与同步器

手动变速器是最常见的变速器，简称MT。它的基本构造用一句话概括，就是两轴一中轴，即指输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴，它们构成了变速器的主体，当然还有一根倒档轴。手动变速器又称手动齿轮式变速器，含有可以在轴向滑动的齿轮，通过不同齿轮的啮合达到变速变扭目的。典型的手动变速器结构及原理如下。

输入轴也称第一轴，它的前端花键直接与离合器从动盘的花键套配合，从而传递由发动机过来的扭矩。第一轴上的齿轮与中间轴齿轮常啮合，只要轴入轴一转，中间轴及其上的齿轮也随之转动。中间轴也称副轴，轴上固连多个大小不等的齿轮。输出轴又称第二轴，轴上套有各前进档齿轮，可随时在操纵装置的作用下与中间轴的对应齿轮啮合，从而改变本身的转速及扭矩。输出轴的尾端有花键与传动轴相联，通过传动轴将扭矩传送到驱动桥减速器。

由此可知，变速器前进档位的驱动路径是：输入轴常啮齿轮－中间轴常啮齿轮－中间轴对应齿轮－第二轴对应齿轮。倒车轴上的齿轮也可以由操纵装置拨动，在轴上移动，与中间轴齿轮和输出轴齿轮啮合,以相反的旋转方向输出。

多数汽车都有5个前进档和一个倒档，每个档位有一定的传动比，多数档位传动比大于1，第4档传动比为1，称为直接档，而传动比小于1的第5档称为加速档。空档时输出轴的齿轮处于非啮合位置，无法接受动力传输。

由于变速器输入轴与输出轴以各自的速度旋转，变换档位时合存在一个"同

步"问题。两个旋转速度不一样齿轮强行啮合必然会发生冲击碰撞，损坏齿轮。因此，旧式变速器的换档要采用"两脚离合"的方式，升档在空档位置停留片刻，减档要在空档位置加油门，以减少齿轮的转速差。但这个操作比较复杂，难以掌握精确。因此设计师创造出"同步器"，通过同步器使将要啮合的齿轮达到一致的转速而顺利啮合。

目前全同步式变速器上采用的是惯性同步器，它主要由接合套、同步锁环等组成，它的特点是依靠摩擦作用实现同步。接合套、同步锁环和待接合齿轮的齿圈上均有倒角（锁止角），同步锁环的内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触产生摩擦。锁止角与锥面在设计时已作了适当选择，锥面摩擦使得待啮合的齿套与齿圈迅速同步，同时又会产生一种锁止作用，防止齿轮在同步前进行啮合。当同步锁环内锥面与待接合齿轮齿圈外锥面接触后，在摩擦力矩的作用下齿轮转速迅速降低（或升高）到与同步锁环转速相等，两者同步旋转，齿轮相对于同步锁环的转速为零，因而惯性力矩也同时消失，这时在作用力的推动下，接合套不受阻碍地与同步锁环齿圈接合，并进一步与待接合齿轮的齿圈接合而完成换档过程自动变速器

自动变速器的选挡杆相当于手动变速器的变速杆，一般有以下几个挡位：P(停车)、R(倒挡)、N(空挡)、D(前进)、S(or2，即为2速挡)、L(or1，即为1速挡)。这几个挡位的正确使用对于驾驶自动变速器汽车的人来说尤其重要，下面就让我们一起来熟悉一下自动变速器各挡位的使用要领。

P(停车挡)的使用

发动机运转时只要选挡杆在行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车就很容易地行走。而停放时，选挡杆必须扳入P位，从而通过变速器内部的停车制动装置将输出轴锁住，并拉紧手制动，防止汽车移动。

R(倒挡)的使用

R位为倒挡，使用中要切记，自动变速器汽车不像手动变速器汽车那样能够使用半联动，故在倒车时要特别注意加速踏板的控制。

N(空挡)的使用

N位相当于空挡，可在起动时或拖车时使用。在等待信号或堵车时常常将选挡杆保持在D位，同时踩下制动。若时间很短，这样做是允许的，但若停止时

间长时最好换入N位，并拉紧手制动。因为选挡杆在行驶位置上，自动变速器汽车一般都有微弱的行驶趋势，长时间踩住制动等于强行制止这种趋势，使得变速器油温升高，油液容易变质。尤其在空调器工作、发动机怠速较高的情况下更为不利。有些驾驶员为了节油，在高速行驶或下坡时将选挡杆扳到N位滑行，这很容易烧坏变速器，因为这时变速器输出轴转速很高，而发动机却在怠速运转，油泵供油不足，润滑状况恶化，易烧坏变速器。

D(前进挡)的使用

正常行驶时将选挡杆放在D位，汽车可在1～4挡(或3挡)之间自动换挡。D位是最常用的行驶位置。需要掌握的是：由于自动变速器是根据油门大小与车速高低来确定挡位的，所以加速踏板操作方法不同，换挡时的车速也不相同。如果起步时迅速将加速踏板踩下，升挡晚，加速能力强，到一定车速后，再将加速踏板很快松开，汽车就能立即升挡，这样发动机噪声小，舒适性好。

D位的另一个特点是强制低挡，便于高速时超车，在D位行驶中迅速将加速踏板踩到底，接通强制低挡开关就能自动减挡，汽车很快加速，超车之后松开加速踏板又可自动升挡。

S、L位低挡的使用

自动变速器在S位或L位上处于低挡范围，可以在坡道等情况下使用。下坡时换入S位或L位能充分利用发动机制动，避免车轮制动器过热，导致制动效能下降。但是从D位换入S位或L位时，车速不能高于相应的升挡车速，否则发动机会强烈振动，使变速器油温急剧上升，甚至会损坏变速器。

另外在雨雾天气时，若路面附着条件差，可以换入S位或L位，固定在某一低挡行驶，不要使用能自动换挡的位置，以免汽车打滑。同时必须牢记，打滑时可将选挡杆推入N位，切断发动机的动力，以保证行车安全。

变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译 汽车变速器设计 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档

齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。 当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。 当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。 换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。 一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一

室内(办公室)设计装修合同-中英文

办公室设计合同 合同号：________________ 签订日期：________________ 签订地点：________________ 根据《中华人民共和国合同法》以及其他相关法律、法规，结合室内装饰的特点，经甲、乙双方友好协商，甲方委托乙方承担室内装饰设计，并达成如下协议。 一、甲方委托室内设计的地址________________________，房型____________，总面积 ____________平方米。 二、甲方委托乙方室内设计，且乙方不负责施工，其设计收费标准为每平方米 ____________美元，收取设计费共计____________美元。甲方应在合同签署时付首期50% 设计费，并与乙方约定上门测量的时间和地点。乙方设计师在测量后____天内完成平面布置图及顶面布置图。 三、乙方完成初步设计方案后，甲方与乙方设计师经过沟通同意，填写设计方案进程表。甲方应支付设计费余款，乙方设计师将在____天内完成全套装潢设计图。 四、图纸完成后，甲方如有更改意见，再与乙方设计师沟通。乙方根据协商方案，绘制更改图纸，双方再次填写设计方案进程表。图纸更改确认后，乙方将全套图纸交给甲方使用。 五、施工过程中，乙方设计师应至少有三次去现场指导施工，以达到设计效果。 六、违约责任： 1.乙方未在约定时间内完成设计图且延期时间在_____天内的，每延期一天应当支付设计费总价的 3% 违约金给甲方。

2. 乙方延期____天以上未完成设计图的，甲方有权解除合同，乙方应退还甲方的设计费用，并承担设计费总价 50% 的违约金。 3. 乙方无故终止合同，除退还甲方所交的设计费用外，还应按合同规定的设计费总价的 50% 作为违约金付给甲方。 七、设计合同经双方签字认可后，甲方必须按合同约定支付设计费。如甲方中途取消合同，乙方不再退还已收取的设计费。 八、除本合同外，甲乙双方之间的所有往来函件，乙方给甲方的资料、图纸等均采用英文。 九、本合同中如有未尽事宜，由双方协商解决,协商不成，由甲方所在地人民法院裁决。 十、本合同经甲、乙双方签字或盖章后生效。本合同用中英文两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等效力。本合同正本一式四份，双方各二份。 委托方: ___________________服务方: _____________________ 授权代表签字: ____________授权代表签字：________________ 签字日期: ________________签字日期：___________________

室内设计空间-中英文对照1

室内设计空间-中英文对照 General: 一般 Plan - 平面图 Elevation -立面图 Section - 剖面图 Detail Drawing- 大样图 Ceiling Plan - 天花图 Plan: 平面 lighting layout Plan - 灯光设计图 Electrical Layout Plan - 电图 (一般指带有电制-socket 的图) Fire Service Layout Plan - 消防系统 MVAC Layout Plan - 空调系统 Detail Drawing: 详图 Floor Pattern Detail - 地板图 Stone Pattern Detail - 石图 Schedule: ( 附助图表 ) Lighting Schedule - 灯具表 1\ Florescent Light 2\ Spot Light (directional /non-directional) 3\ Light trough Socket Schedule - 电气表 Window and Door Schedule - 门窗表 Hardware Schedule - 五金器具表 Sanitary fixture Schedule - 洁具(卫生设备)表 家居篇: Living Room - 客厅 Dining Room - 饭厅 foyer - 玄关 Kitchen – Bath - 厕所、浴室 Study - 书房 Store - 贮物室 Master Bed Room - 主人房 Guest Bed Room - 客房 Suite - 套房 Balcony - 露台

平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面

设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。

外文文献翻译：汽车的发展

The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities

Quotation of design 室内装修设计合同 中英文

MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN CLIENT & DESIGN CONSULTANT MEMORANDUM OF AGREEMENT made this 29 May 2013 between A (hereinafter called "the Client" which expression includes their legal representatives, successors in title an assigns) of the one part and B practising as design consultant at C (hereinafter called “the Designer" which expression includes his/legal representatives, successors in titles and permitted assigns) of the other part. WHEREAS the Client intends to construct and complete . (hereinafter called 'the project'); AND WHEREAS the Client is desirous of appointing the Designer to provideprofessional design services for the Project on the terms and conditions hereinafter appearing IT IS HEREBY AGREED BETWEEN THE PARTIES HERETO AS FOLLOWS: 1.0 SCOPE OF WORK 服务范围 1.1 Interior layout and spatial re-planning of all areas. 室内布局和所有领域的空间重新规划。 1.2 Interior design conceptualisation and design implementation. 室内设计构思和设计实施。 1.3 Interior finishes advice, specification and implementation. 室内饰面咨询，规范和实施。 1.4 Interior lighting conceptualisation, selection and implementation. 室内灯具构思、选择和实施。 1.5 Interior fixtures specification and design for custom made & built in furniture or doors not already in the architectural schedule. 为客户制作或建造于不包括建筑物内已有的家具或门上的室内固定物或附着物的规范和设计 1.6 Loose furniture consultation and selection. 活动家具的咨询和选择 1.7 Preparation of all necessary documents for the implementation for the project. 本项目实施所需全部必要文件的准备 1.8 Co-ordination with appointed contractors, suppliers, specialists and other consultants. 与指定承建商、供应商、专家和其他顾问的协商 1.9 Periodical project supervision of items 1.1 to 1.8 during construction. 施工期间对条款1.1至1.8的履行进行阶段性项目监督 1.10 Sketches followed by computerized 3D perspectives (in house) of main areas. 室内主要领域的三维电脑视觉效果的草图 2.0 EXCLUSIONS 除外方面 2.1 Areas not included in the Design Consultant’s scope of work are External Building Works, Civil and Structural Engineering, External Landscape, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Plumbing & Air Conditioning Engineering, Quantity Surveying & Computer 3D animation. 不包含在设计咨询服务范围的领域是室外建造工程，土木及结构工程，外部景观，机电工程，水暖和空调系统工程，工料测量和电脑三维动画。

室内设计中英文对照

常用室内设计词汇-中英文对照 室内设计-interior design 室内设计师- interior designer 建筑-architecture 建筑师-architect 景观-landscape 家具-furniture 灯光-lighting 照明-illumination 家居设计-residential design 商业设计-commercial design 软装-FF&E（furniture fixture and equipment) 人体工程学-ergonomics 空间-space 精品酒店-boutique hotel 草图-draft or sketch 规格-specification 汇报或讲解-presentation 渲染或着色-rendering 透视-perspective 规范-code 对称-symmetry 不对称-asymmetry 轴线-axis 空间篇 住宅类 客厅，起居室—living room 餐厅-dinning room 玄关-foyer 卧室-bedroom 主卧-master bedroom 次卧-second bedroom 客卧-guest bedroom 厨房-Kitchen 厨岛kitchen island 书房-study room 衣帽间-cloakroom 卫生间-bathroom , toilet , bath 储藏室-storage 楼梯-stair 阳台-balcony 花园-garden 露台-patio 商业类 1办公类 接待处- reception 候客区-waiting Area or lounge 会议室（小型的）-meeting room or seminar 会议室（大型的）-conference room 办公室- office 经理办公室manager office 开放式的工作区-work area 多功能室-multi-function room 2酒店类 入口-entrance 出口-exit 大堂-lobby 前厅-vestibule 过道-corridor 休闲区,等候区-lounge 宴会厅-ballroom 客房-guestroom 套间-suite 行政套房-executive suite 总统套房-presidential suite 健身中心—fitness center or gym 瑜伽-yoga 泳池-swimming pool Spa 咖啡厅-cafe 酒吧-bar 餐厅-restaurant 备餐-pantry 电梯-elevation or lift 卫生间-restroom 男-men's 女women's 影院-cinema 商务中心-business center 行李间-luggage store 盥洗室-lavatory 3其他类 天花-ceiling 长廊-pavilion 零售店-retail store 大厅(堂）-hall 展览-gallery

变速器设计文献综述

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二.国内外变速器使用的现状 在欧洲市场上，原本手动变速器占据的绝大部分的市场,在不断被自动变速器侵占。例如在西欧，2005年生产的装配有自动变速器的汽车占汽车总量的23%。而10年前，这个数字仅为13%。可见自动变速器正在成为市场的主流。在中国市场上，配备自动变速器也已经成为车用变速器的重要趋势。然而，在自动变速器方面，由于其新工艺、新技术和设计原理与传统手动变速器有比较大的差异，导致国内厂家在自动变速器的研发上与国际先进水平存在较大差距，即使向国外厂商寻求技术帮助，他们也不约而同地对国内厂家进行了技术封锁，这导致我国的自动变速器相比国外产品性能低下，需要大量依赖进口。据统计，进口产品占我国自动变速器市场的78%。而在手动变速器方面，经过长时间的发展，设计原理和生产工艺等都较为成熟，技术难度也相对较低，因此我国通过引进国外先进技术，消化吸收并自主创新，能做到自主生产，基本满足了本土车辆厂商的生产需要。可以预见的是，未来汽车变速器的市场将以自动变速器为主，发展和掌握高端自动变速器制造技术是追赶世界变速器制造技术的重要途径。而优先开发手自一体变速器在技术上可以延续我国在手动变速箱上积累的经验，更有利于我国变速器产业的发展。 三. 国外变速器先进的设计方法 近10年以来，我国变速器产业特别重视新产品的开发研制，无论是从人力物力的投入，还是资金的投入，都是非常巨大的。

二轴式手动变速器外文翻译

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原文： Transmission design As we all know automobile engine to a certain speed can be achieved under the best conditions, when compared issued by the power, fuel economy is relatively good. Therefore, we hope that the engine is always in the best of conditions to work under. However, the use of motor vehicles need to have different speeds, thus creating a conflict. Transmission through this conflict to resolve. Automotive Transmission role sum up in one sentence, called variable speed twisting, twisting or slow down the growth rate by increasing torsional. Why can slow down by twisting, and the growth rate but also by twisting? For the same engine power output, power can be expressed as N = WT, where w is the angular velocity of rotation. When N fixed, w and T is inversely proportional to the. Therefore, the growth rate will reduce twisting, twisting slowdown will increase. Automotive Transmission speed gear based on the principle of variable twisted into various stalls of different transmission ratio corresponding to adapt to different operational conditions. General to set up a manual gearbox input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft, also known as the three-axis, as well as Daodang axis. Three-axis is the main transmission structure, input shaft speed is the speed of the engine, the output shaft speed is the intermediate shaft and output shaft gear meshing between different from the speed. Different gears are different transmission ratio, and will have a different speed. For example Zhengzhou richan ZN6481W2G manual transmission car-SUV, its transmission ratio are: 1 File 3.704:1; stalls 2.202:1; stalls 1.414:1; stalls 1:1 5 stalls (speeding file) 0.802: 1. When drivers choose a launch vehicle stalls, Plectrum will be 1 / 2 file synchronization engagement with a back stall gear and output shaft lock it, the power input shaft, intermediate shaft and output shaft gear of a stall, a stall the output shaft gear driven, and the output shaft power will be transmitted to the drive shaft (red arrow). A typical stall Biansuchilun transmission ratio is 3:1, that is to say three laps